in our second lecture we will discuss about same function examples like here look we will found it function group like I mean please a group like that are contained in our double power it's an h2 it's a mean but this is here is a tertiary I mean like this tree this from x+ bhagsu for training I mean as a sole because it is ionized it looked like a petroleum from I'd see the coal female right hazel as a function like this which is that our N double bond in our - which is about site like close L prone to Z carboxylic acid group which is acidic group as a group like sequin Basel take ibuprofen the string s turn our - which is like that pretty lean try cold Mike's contain phthalates amide which is it are CO and h2 or in it hard - like soon 8 estimate n glow control indomethacin he might which is it RC o NH Co power - which is it look like - a might condense it with each other which is e might and it is like that macro bit Avandia nighttime viagra alcohol which is that roh like Metrodome Alegre pseudoephedrine this call about that either our - which is a derivative of water h2o H oh h okay but here it will be our omar - here it is like that prolific sir zone bluemax corporal zip it is beaten and flexing phenol which is that thin the moonship dead acidic which is that roh which is a pending antigens which if this to pitch in also position it will be catechol okay but this is phenol as a group like digital a magazine estimation as a call i'll heat which RC which o RC o carbonyl group was attached it was h this aldehyde function look like Xena can ketone which RC o R - like that Rana called per codon / good entry try core and warfarin CN which is like it contained in Sunita simondon memory known sulphonic acid which is that are see our so3h which is like that car urine and asked south on amides sulfonamides here it's acidic if our key and what are three is H which is that if it is secondary amine or tertiary or primary amine it will be more acidic but today we will be more predict which is sulfonamides as you see it will be like cell pricks viagra this true heretic and emerald serves a moon flomax self oxide which is like that ascetics robotic cell phone which is said like Mike's cell phone is not like that so2 and RT v either which is our is our it look like either but it is still oh oh it will be s like that the brakes and exit siftin nitro which is our in our to buy today in my crabbit exit Metro Joe and clone of a carbonate which is at are in HC over R which is look like carboxyl carboxylic and attach it with nitrogen world amine with Zed carboxylic group and our - which is that we call it as a carbonate and this is like clarity and skill XZ and sifting also when we talk about the area structure in case of urea structured urea is look like this area that's oh and in the durian derivative like a melon which is sulfonylurea sir zone dr. guru Bertrand it policies likes it here evident and about the phosphoric acid which is that the phosphoric acid as you see like this it is like phosphoric acid or the blissful Musa max like who xanax then I'll donate it will donate and song this family okay so it's about examples for function groups but what about the function it says it for a given drug molecule function groups play a significant role in their overall the function we can determine about the water with its ability over compound route of administration may be this motor if it is more water soluble or limit solute source is affecting the route of administration ability to interact with a specific biological targets which means that sometimes the drug can bind to the receptor due to presence of a function group that can make hydrogen bond with them receptor in the binding receptor pockets in the binding and some not have the ability to make that hydrogen bond so it will not bind to the receptor so direct was the specific biological targets mechanism of action route of metabolism and elimination it will be entwined through that is one then phase two or only the phase two or only the phase one or it will go through station reduction which metabolism rabbit it will go through that is according to the function group duration of action generation fractions sometimes we make some modification on the function group to increase the duration direction or decrease the duration sweet ability for a specific therapeutic situation tendency to cause adverse effect for drug interactions we will discuss this in details now firstly the rule of the function or the pharmaco force in receptor binding others I can example for inner product every we'll look at this example about in the probate okay so we will look here guys we will found that we have function a which is the carboxylic group function B which is another carboxylic group and the functional group C which is this painting for adult kind rank okay so the functional group a what is the importance of it in brine intercept a c e inhibitors which means that it should bind to the AC e in vine which is angiotensin converting enzyme to inhibit okay and it's helping that treatment of hypertension and make some action as important election in the decreasing preload and afterload then the thing people was conscious started okay what's bad so Z function group a function which is that carboxylic acid that provide initial ionic bond that allow this drug to interact with its target enzyme and here you guys what happened this see all and this which it will lead the protein lead and we've this was a negative charge this negative charge will be interact with a positive charge in the bucket of the receptor of the AC receptor so here it will make the ionic interaction between this function room see the function the carboxylic function and binding to the target enzyme and if we look guys about it the function would be which is that another carboxylic as a group this carboxylic acid group which is important to interact with zinc atom involved in normal substrate analysis here there is a sank okay that will interact with that function will be the zinc in the receptor the target receptors ooh this will help it to finding szura and the function group 3 C which is that interact with a hydrophobic side and greatly enhanced wine which means that in this area the pocket of the receptor will interact with a hydrophobic interaction so in the Emily permit presence of the function will be helped in the ionic interaction with their target receptors presence of the function will be helped in the interaction was the zinc part of the target receptor and presence of the function Group C is important to make the hydrophobic interaction with the target receptor so this can let that drag binding to the center of a C and zinc in its action which is that the crazy intrinsic activity which is that inhibit the drug the enzyme action okay so another example will be other example is a family which is paps Pepsi we can found with the a medium which is it imparts in the structure this structure in the past this function will call the penny Dean and as a hetero cyclic ring and the Guana D okay we can founded the ahmadiyya function that shown in the sparks in spurts waiting a key on the pool interaction was an ionized carboxylic acid group found in the h2 receptor binding region because that the tantalum is h2 blocker so it begin to pining with them h2 receptor and inhibit its action okay which is used for antique ouncers that use the forger use the for antacid and so on okay someone see how look with me guys as you see in the figure now that this is the Itchy to receptor okay and this h2 receptor contained the carboxylic acid group which is COOH and this edge is released and get the common which is that all - all that all with one electron this time will begin to make interaction with a deep pool part of the led okay and this is the eye on the bull interaction eye on the bull interaction someone say doctor first what is the meaning objet d'art pool or Debose the moon which is that when there is for example so2 that was me is this s I will explain here s oh oh and here was it n h2 okay if we know guys about it this is a covalent bond between the SMM there there's two type of covalent bond the polar covalent bond and the nonpolar covalent bond polar covalent bond which can make the dual action the D ball which means that per slice okay a partial partial charge look at me if we say here guys in this figure that the covalent world is composed of four cheering of victims this is electron from s and this Ektron from n okay when there is a difference in the electronegativity between the nitrogen and the sulfur as you see that the electronegativity of them nitrogen is about three which is higher than the sulfur which is the 2.5 so the nitrogen will try to attract the Elector of the bond towards it so this will make what this will make this nitrogen has a partial negative the charge in that sulfur head about a partial positive charge due to what due to the attraction of the electron of the bone from the sulfur side to the nitrogen side this is will make the nitrogen her crowded with the electrons and it's given partial negative but that the sulfur is a partial positive ok so this will make the boy we call it the bone bond ok and the Dibble is a charge which is partially negative on the nitrogen and partial positive in the software here and this is will make the ion of the receptor attracted to the partial positive because it is negative mine so it will attract to the partial positive of the sulphur heap and it will make the eye on the bull interaction someone say doctor why why it's not protonated here in that there's a structure as we sit this part is a medium ok and this part is anything and there is other parts like this is the zero psychic rank and 118 that's guadalupe ok so what it in a Medine in the Peru cyclic aromatic ring all are in their character okay and the rain it's peachy its PK is always about six point seven to about six point nine okay so in a pH which is that the physiological pH we know that this ecology could be it's a blog pH is about seven point four seven point four so adds a pH of a physiological pH okay we will found that the pH is higher than the became the pH is higher same the became okay and the Zetas will make the basic function group which is that onion eyes in the ionized form in the beach environment of physiological pH okay okay so so called the rule of function or the pharmaco for increasing drag the potency this is number two so what we can say we can look at this structure in front of us that it's it is a standing structure which is eight different between lovastatin and so enlisted if we look we will found it is have a methyl group in this car but who verse 13 it is hybrid not alkene group in the heart okay so the methyl group here in Santos doesn't make the activity of the drug is more active than in absence of the missile in case of lower status so simple Sutton has higher potency higher activity then the newest that due to the presence of methyl group in this structure so presence of additional function group can increase the drug potency also when we look at the Morphin which contained here in our little group okay in the metabolism it can be metabolized by in d alkylation which is a time of oxidation reaction in the alkylation which means it that that our or the method will become hydrogen and this moment we call it as in this messiaen metabolize the any dismiss our emitted light is less buttons then morphing by a pallet for faults which means that the morphine is higher potency by four folds then it's in the missile or dismissal metabolites or more okay so if we need to explain about other thing which is about same rule of function rule in the absorption and bioavailability we can discuss this with example over this the steering and the methods distance to do the addition of a methyl group can hysterically look metabolism of the distal serum and thus increase the duration of action of a specific drug molecule like a distance u so if you look was me the discus theorem which contain here hydrogen but when we replace hydra ch3 this will make the structure and the methyl decision here what happened that we will found it the presence of the methyl group make crowding in this area and when it make crowding the metabolism through that this 4-h action on the edge this will be inactive or will not occurring quickly so the distance the lists in the durations and mysticism because method distress theorem have a metre public blocker with modification by adding aesthetic hindrance and crowding more crowding group which in the method here okay so this is a panels and function group and its ruling absorption and bioavailability which can read into this increase the original actions but also in the absorption it came present as theorem which is it more hydrophilic then the missile system so we can found it the administration that this oxidation metabolism and now missus the student to be administered orally okay why because it additional methyl group at the position of the carbon number three team position converts the secondary hydroxyl group into a tertiary hydroxyl group and this is instead of Z this hydroxyl group was secondary in the decision when we adding here CHS three that makes this hydroxyl group as a tertiary and in the tertiary it is not able the tertiary tertiary hydroxyl group whose a tertiary alcohol cannot be oxidized so it will be not able to works life at this moment said we block the oxidation metabolism and this allow the missile just the student to P administered already okay other example which is abounded a cycle of the year and about cycle the cycle of Industry very poor absorption alternation of the highlight the hydroxyl group to Everdene is to provide a significant increase in the oral absorption here guys if we look we will found what we will end with the hydroxyl group here but here instead of the hydroxyl group it began to be this group which is that they're highlighted group is begin begin to be like a very Nestor okay and the valley Nestor it will make it more absorption more oral absorption why because the valine will help as an ester will help to make the compound is more and more absorbable okay but in case of a cycle here which contain them hydroxyl group its end it is supposed to be absorb advices in case of the acids are calling and individually cold the methyl group in really cool over several advantage for p3 cold over assets of Comet and assets of Colleen on selected indirect will boost muscarinic and nicotinic receptor it's rapidly its wise my asset of constraints and is not already active at the same balance that the addition methyl group in botanic home allow it selectively interact with muscarinic receptors and prevent its degradation by ester constraints just to be administered as an oral tablet so that is selectivity in that the action was chronically connect will be non selective like ester common but presence of the middle group make it like a pathetic rule is more selective muscarinic not liquidity and the same moment that the presence of methyl group in really cool allow more than allowance and activity into the muscarinic receptor also it can prevent its degradation by ministries in habit ester ministries enzyme and it will be easy to administer as an oral tablet other importance of the functional group in the selectivity and we just explained about the selectivity in muscarinic nicotinic for acetylcholine it can muscarinic and nicotinic but really cold it can make it more selective and also in case of terbutaline terbutaline as you look guys we have a group D in Group E the group D which is a pouch name the group D which is about hydroxyl group and in Group E which is about the church ability we can found its Group D most one carbon away from the other hydrogen in order to decrease the metabolism of our molecule it also help to bind selectively direction here guys if we know that this is terbutaline is a derivative then different and even if dry it is merely different okay so we can found what we can found it three for Tamaki okay and this is that's a catecholamine which is that the epinephrine okay so in epinephrine we can found it a little present I mean and there's here Kenny this is a kettle okay at which said the comet act here comet in vines it which otherwise had economy called the catechol all methyltransferase act Windsors capital structure but here to not make me or not allow the comet to act on this structure so that hydroxyl is far from each other by one carbon so it is now not a catacomb so comic paint walk on this on this terbutaline structure so this is increasing duration right number one number two also its activity to lead to action that we found the hydroxyl far from the other hydroxyl in the catechol bar in them group which is the presence of third review time in the terbutaline it provides more selectivity for the receptor of the pulmonary system which is that which is that action on the beater two receptor more than acting on the beta 1 or alpha so there is more selectivity in the receptors they present in the pulmonary system which is the PT 2 so it decreases the side effect or the unwanted and there is even more side of it other important then we will discuss in the future in the next lecture is about the chemical properties of functional groups okay why this we finish about this lecture thank you