Overview
This lecture explores the main differences and key similarities between the Bauhaus and Brutalism design movements, examining their historical contexts, philosophies, and lasting impacts on design.
Bauhaus Movement
- Bauhaus was an art and design school in Germany active from 1919 to 1933.
- The term "Bauhaus" derives from the German word for house building ("Hausbau").
- The Bauhaus taught architecture, object design, furniture design, graphic design, and textiles.
- Founded by Walter Gropius, the Bauhaus emphasized uniting art, craft, and technology.
- Its pedagogy featured three tiers: apprentices (journeymen), young masters, and masters, plus three academic stages.
- Bauhaus focused on solving social problems with functional, efficient designs and minimal material use.
- Design characteristics include straight (rectilinear) lines, raw materials (steel, glass, concrete), and minimal ornamentation.
- Iconic examples: Bauhaus School building in Dessau, modular housing concepts, and the Bauhaus lamp by Wilhelm Wagenfeld.
- The Bauhaus lamp is considered more symbolic and decorative than functional or industrial.
- The movement greatly influenced later styles like mid-century modern, the International Style, and IKEA's philosophy of accessible, modular design.
Brutalism Movement
- Brutalism was most prominent between 1950 and 1980, especially in the USA, UK, and Eastern Europe.
- The name "Brutalism" comes from the French "béton brut," meaning raw concrete.
- Characterized by thick, exposed concrete walls, minimal windows, and fortress-like appearances.
- Brutalism prioritized building strength and functionality, often at the expense of comfort or aesthetics.
- Often used for public housing, government buildings, and institutions post-World War II.
- Notable examples: Alexander Road Estate (London), Bronx Zoo World of Birds, and the Met Breuer in Manhattan.
- Brutalism shares roots with Bauhaus through artists who participated in both movements.
Connections and Key Themes
- Both movements focus on social function, efficiency, and material honesty.
- Both avoided unnecessary ornamentation, favoring exposed materials and simple forms.
- The Bauhaus’ glass boxes evolved into Brutalism’s concrete blocks, maintaining the priority of function over form.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Bauhaus — A German art school blending art, craft, and technology for functional design.
- Brutalism — An architectural style focused on raw concrete and structural honesty.
- Rectilinear — Design featuring straight lines for material efficiency.
- Modular House — A pre-fabricated, ready-made house for easy assembly.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review examples of Bauhaus and Brutalist buildings.
- Compare the social and material philosophies of both movements.
- Reflect on how both movements influence contemporary design (like IKEA).