Overview
This lecture covers how to graft different apple varieties onto a single apple tree, focusing on the whip and tongue method, practical tips, and post-graft care.
Preparing for Grafting
- Select scion wood (branch cuttings) from desired apple varieties and a compatible rootstock (main tree).
- The rootstock influences tree size, disease resistance, and climate adaptation.
- Clean and sterilize grafting tools (secateurs, knife) to prevent disease.
Grafting Process: Whip and Tongue Technique
- Match the diameter of scion and rootstock branches for best fit.
- Make a long, flat angled cut on both rootstock and scion wood.
- Cut a 'tongue' by slicing into each piece about one-third from the top, two-thirds through the cut.
- Carefully slide tongue cuts together for a secure fit, ensuring at least one side’s bark aligns.
Securing and Protecting the Graft
- Wrap the graft area with grafting tape from bottom up to hold moisture and prevent drying.
- Avoid wrapping too tightly; this can restrict growth as the graft heals.
- Apply pruning paste to cut surfaces to reduce moisture loss, especially in sunny or windy spots.
- Ensure the scion has two to three buds for successful growth.
Aftercare and Monitoring
- Remove buds or shoots below the graft to direct energy to grafted varieties.
- Check grafts regularly; if tape is too tight or growth appears restricted, remove or adjust the tape.
- Not all grafts will succeed immediately; try again if necessary.
Results and Observations
- Healthy grafts show new bud growth and eventually thicken at the join.
- Overly tight tape can deform the graft, but this can improve if corrected in time.
- Multiple grafts on one tree are possible; additional varieties can be added in future seasons.
Recommendations and Tips
- Practice making cuts on spare branches to build confidence before grafting.
- Consider local grafting workshops for hands-on experience and materials.
- Don’t worry about initial failure; rootstock can regrow and allow future attempts.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Grafting — Joining plant parts so they grow as a single plant.
- Rootstock — The rooted plant or base that determines tree vigor and disease resistance.
- Scion — A cutting from a desired variety to be grafted onto rootstock.
- Cambium layer — Thin layer under the bark necessary for successful graft union.
- Whip and tongue — A grafting method using matching cuts and interlocking “tongues” for secure attachment.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Monitor grafts regularly and remove tape if growth is restricted.
- Remove unwanted shoots below grafts to focus growth on new varieties.
- Consider practicing cuts with spare wood and attend a grafting workshop if available.
- Plan to prune and possibly add new grafts in the next dormant season.