Lecture Notes: Types of Chemical Bonds

Introduction

• Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between the type of bonding and the properties of the elements involved.
• Topic: Types of chemical bonds (AP Chemistry)
• Definition of Chemical Bond: Forces that hold atoms together to form compounds or molecules.

Types of Chemical Bonds

1. Ionic Bonds
2. Covalent Bonds
3. Metallic Bonds

Electronegativity

• Definition: Tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself.
• Periodic Table Trends:
  • Increases across a period (left to right).
  • Decreases down a group.
• Importance: Determines bond formation and nature.
• Highest Electronegativity: Fluorine.
• Group Trends:
  • Group 1A: 1 valence electron.
  • Group 2A: 2 valence electrons.
  • Group 7A: 7 valence electrons.
  • Group 8A: Full valence shell (noble gases).

Ionic Bonds

• Formation: Results from transfer of electrons.
• Example: Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) → NaCl.
  • Sodium loses an electron; becomes Na⁺.
  • Chlorine gains an electron; becomes Cl⁻.
• Properties: Formed between metals and non-metals.

Covalent Bonds

• Formation: Sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
• Types:
  • Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: Equal sharing of electrons.
  • Polar Covalent Bonds: Unequal sharing, leading to partial charges.
• Example:
  • Hydrogen (H) and Fluorine (F) form polar covalent bonds.
  • Water (H₂O) has polar covalent bonds.
  • Nitrogen molecule (N₂) forms a nonpolar covalent bond.

Metallic Bonds

• Formation: Found in metals and alloys, involving a shared pool of electrons.
• Properties:
  • Ductility.
  • Good electrical conductivity.

Factors Influencing Bond Type

• Electronegativity: Major determinant of bond type (ionic vs. covalent).
• Metal vs. Non-metal:
  • Metal + Non-metal → Ionic bond.
  • Non-metal + Non-metal → Covalent bond.

Conclusion

• Review of Topics:
  • Types of bonds: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic.
  • Relationship of bond types with element properties (electronegativity, metallic nature).

Additional Information

• Supplementary Video: Topic 1.5 for more on atomic structure, shell model, and Coulomb's law.

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