Overview
This lecture examines the Parthenon’s remarkable architecture, exploring its precise yet intentionally imperfect design and its cultural and spiritual significance in ancient Athens.
The Parthenon's Construction
- The Parthenon stands atop the Acropolis in Athens, Greece, covering 23,000 square feet and built with 100,000 tons of white marble.
- It features 46 large exterior columns arranged in a rectangular formation.
- Over 13,000 stone blocks were precisely fitted together without using mortar.
- Construction began in 447 BC, commissioned by Pericles to celebrate Athens’ victory over Persian invaders.
Architectural Perfection and Optical Illusions
- The Parthenon was designed to achieve perfect proportions and symmetry.
- Despite its appearance, the structure contains no true right angles or straight parallel lines.
- Columns are slightly tilted inward so, if extended, they would eventually meet above.
- Each column bulges slightly in the center (entasis) to counteract optical illusions making straight columns look pinched.
- These adjustments show Greek mastery of geometry and understanding of visual perception.
Cultural and Spiritual Significance
- The Parthenon symbolized Athens’ artistic and cultural achievements during the 5th century BC.
- Its magnificence was meant to inspire awe and connect the mundane world to the divine.
- Sacred geometry was intentionally incorporated to imbue the structure with a sense of perfection and divine power.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Acropolis — a raised area in Athens housing important buildings, including the Parthenon.
- Entasis — the slight bulge in a column’s center to correct optical illusions.
- Sacred Geometry — using mathematical proportions believed to have spiritual significance.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the main architectural features and optical illusions used in the Parthenon's design.
- Consider the cultural and spiritual motivations behind ancient Greek architecture for future discussions or assignments.