BIOL 2124 Microbiology Name: Libby corbin
Exam #1 Review (Chapters 1, 2, and 3)
Reviews must be completed using the provided document and uploaded to Canvas as a Word document by the deadline in order to be graded. Documents uploaded in formats other than Word will not be accepted.
Chapter 1
1. Describe the characteristics of and give examples of organisms in each category listed below:
Bacteria Is a Prokaryote-no membrane bound organelles. Has cell walls made of peptidoglycan. DNA in form of a nuceloid
Archaea Is a prokaryote, cell walls w/o peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments, including methanogens,extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles.
Fungi Eukaryote
* Cells w/ nucleus containing DNA surrounded by nuclear membrane
* Maybe unicellular or multicellular
* No photosynthesis; must have organic material for growth
* Cell walls containing chitin
Protozoa Not a plant, animal, or fungus
* Unicellular eukaryote
* Complex in nature
* Classified by method of locomotion
* Surrounded by a flexible membrane
Algae Eukaryotes
* Cell walls made of cellulose
* Photosynthetic
Viruses Acellullar (not cells)
* Contain either DNA or RNA
* Parasitic – they can not metabolize nutrients themselves
* Must multiply w/in a host’s cells; outside the host they are inert (can’t reproduce)
Multi-cellular Animal Parasites have well developed organ systems and are often found living within the host organism
2. Why are multicellular animal parasites included in the study of microbiology? Because their microscopic eggs require microscopic examination in order to identify or diagnose
3. What important contributions have each of the following made in the study of microbiology?:
Robert Hooke 1665 looked at corks and was first to use term cell
Anton van Leeuwenhoek made detailed drawings of the organisms he found in rainwater, feces, and material scraped from teeth
Francesco Redi Showed living organisms come from other living organisms.
John Needham theory of spontaneous generation,
Lazzaro Spallanzani made important contributions to the experimental study of bodily functions
Rudolph Virchow challenged spontaneous generation-the idea that life could arise from nonliving matter (toads, snakes, mice come from moist soil, flies come from manure, and maggots come from decomposing organisms)-Virchow did not have scientific proof so arguments continued until the discoveries of Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur showed that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate solutions-first used short flasks filled with beef broth that had been boiled-some he left open to the air and some he sealed-open flasks were soon filled with contamination
Alexander Fleming
Paul Ehrlich developed one of the first synthetic drugs that was effective against syphilis (chemotherapy is the treatment of disease using chemical substances)
Edward Jenner developed vaccine for smallpox using cowpox- smallpox so deadly it killed thousands in Europe and 90% of the native americans on the east coast when the settlers brought over the infection
Robert Koch discovered rod shaped bacteria known as bacillus anthracis in the blood of cattle that died of anthrax-established Koch’s postulates for relating a microbe to a specific disease
Joseph Lister knew that doctors routinely transmitted infections from patient to another-knew phenol killed bacteria so he started treating surgical wounds with phenol solution –majorly reduced infections and deaths and other surgeons soon started using it
Agostino Bassi Discovered microorganisms can be the cause of disease
4. Define:
Fermentation a metabolic process where microorganisms like bacteria or yeast convert carbohydrates (sugars or starches) into other compounds, such as alcohol or acids, in the absence of oxygen
Pasteurization a process of heating food or beverages, followed by rapid cooling, to kill or inactivate harmful microorganisms that can cause spoilage or disease
Vaccination a biological preparation that stimulates the body's immune system to recognize and fight specific infectious diseases
Chemotherapy the treatment of diseases, particularly infectious diseases, using chemical compounds that are toxic to the causative microorganisms or their products.
Bacteriology the study of bacteria
Immunology the study of how the body's immune system responds to and defends against infections caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Virology the scientific study of viruses and viral diseases
Pathogen any microorganism (like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) that can cause disease in its host
Chapter 2
5. Explain the basic structure of an atom and sketch an atom given Atomic Number and Atomic Mass .
Atoms are composed of
1. Electrons: Negatively charged particles
2. Protons: Positively charged particles
3. Neutrons: Uncharged particles
6. Recognize the first 25 elements by their chemical symbol.
7. Distinguish between the characteristics of ionic and covalent bonds.
8. Use the molecular weight of the elements in a compound to calculate the molar mass of a compound.
9. Distinguish between endergonic and exergonic reactions.
10. Distinguish between synthesis, decomposition and exchange reactions.
11. What is significant about reversible reactions?
12. Give examples of inorganic compounds necessary for living things.
13. What are the characteristics of acids, bases and salts?
14. Use the pH scale to compare the relative strengths of acids and bases.
15. Describe characteristics of the following:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Adenosine Triphosphate
Chapter 3
16. Calculate total magnification given microscope objective and eyepiece information.
17. Identify the components of a light microscope and give their functions.
18. Distinguish between Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy including the difference in specimen preparation.
19. Identify the advantage of differential staining methods.
20. Relate millimeters, micrometers and nanometers mathematically.