Separation of Solids from Liquids

Introduction

• Techniques for separating soluble and insoluble solids from liquids.
• Focus on filtration, evaporation, and crystallization.

Key Terminology

• Insoluble Solid: Solid does not dissolve in liquid (e.g., sand in water).
• Soluble Solid: Solid dissolves in liquid forming a solution (e.g., sodium chloride in water).
  • Solute: The substance that dissolves (e.g., sodium chloride).
  • Solvent: The liquid that dissolves the solute (e.g., water).

Techniques for Separation

Filtration

• Used for separating insoluble solids from liquids.
• Similar to using a sieve in cooking.
• Process:
  • Use filter paper with tiny holes.
  • Place filter paper in a filter funnel.
  • Pour mixture through filter; solid remains on paper.

Evaporation

• Used for separating soluble solids from a solution.
• Process:
  • Place solution in an evaporating dish or crucible.
  • Heat gently with a Bunsen burner.
  • Solvent evaporates; solution becomes concentrated.
  • Crystals form as solvent evaporates completely.
• Pros: Quick and easy.
• Cons: Some solids decompose when heated (thermal decomposition).

Crystallization

• Used for solids susceptible to thermal decomposition.
• Process:
  • Place solution in an evaporating dish.
  • Heat gently using a water bath.
  • Stop heating once crystals start to form.
  • Allow solution to cool for more crystal formation.
  • Filter out crystals using filter paper and funnel.
  • Dry crystals by leaving in a warm place or using an oven.

Conclusion

• Summary of techniques: Filtration for insoluble solids, Evaporation and Crystallization for soluble solids.
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