Understanding Plant Reproduction and Anatomy

and then it has a ganglion-like part which is capillary and it makes that is diatomaceous mitosis different than us. So that is everywhere the same. The difference between all those types of plants is how big is sporophyte and how big is osmol, is diameter plant. So here we have first seed plants. These are first seed plants. We consider them a little more primitive, however you need to remember that they still evolve. It's not like they stopped. So they would have some actually advanced features that we have for just them. It's a hard choice. Should I close the door? Yes, please. Yes, but everybody coming in is the same, remember? At least we won't hear that much noise from outside. Okay, so let's start. Let's start from a tree, maybe. You can start to analyze this. In case of gymnosperms, usually they have... Male and male parts on the same tree. You will learn a little bit more about this. So that's how they do it. They are strobilos and micro strobilos. You should know already. Mega means female, micro, tiny, small. So you see, it looks like a normal pineapple, just tiny. Squishy a little bit. And it has those scales on the surface of the scale. We have usually two ovules. And those two ovules, that's what it is. This is an equivalent, the same thing as a sporangium, mega sporangium. But in this case, it's mega thin. So here we have one ovule. You can see the pattern. You can see... tissue which does LCT, and we have a megaspore site, a sperm site or mother cell of the megaspore. That's a cell which next thing to the body is just meiosis.... action to hybrid genome. We have, at the beginning we have four cells, but really we know that they will die. And the last which stays is a megastorm. That's how, that's why it is a megastorm. Then, that's the first cell of the female that is alive. The female that is alive grows, it denies myomyosis, it cannot do myosis anymore because it's already half-dried. So, there is no way to do myosis again. Then it grows, it makes 50, 70, 80 cells, pretty large number, and those cells make female gametophyte. The female gametophyte looks kind of like a miniature profile. It's not a profile, so please don't use that name. We don't call it that. It's a female, and the female gametophyte... There are usually two archidontia, they show just one, but usually the one which will be fertilized, that one inhibits the second, so usually there will be only one seed in the novel. But somehow we do the correct, so whoever is more likely. Let's see what we have here for now. The same story, we have a Microstromylus with a little scale, with two... Stacks with pollen, so the equivalent of microsporangia. Stacks filled with loose tissue and that those cells will be microsporocytes. They are not stable, but we can call them that as well. And those cells will go through meiosis. Here you can see for a little bit they will stay together as four microscores that show surrounding and will break apart. Each of microscores will change into an individual pollen. And pollen grain will be male gametophyte. So that's male gametophyte. Remember we... Which was kind of, you can see it with your bare eyes. I will bring you to the lab one day. I mean, I have it on a slide, but still, you can see it with your bare eyes. If you can find it, you will see it. tiny thing right only several cells that still may run the fight we have a generating style sperm cells. Usually in some very primitive gymnosperms sperm may have still flagellae, so technically it can still swim. In most of them it cannot swim anymore. So the flagellae are gone, they were lost, they were not yet somewhere in the evolution. And one sperm will fertilize the egg. The other one usually doesn't do anything, it has some exceptions, but usually they don't do anything, so it just waits for them, but that's how it is. So, we have a zygote. The zygote will be diploid, we have the beginning of sporophyte. So now they're all going to be changed into a seed. The whole story is about the seed, right? The zygote will grow into an embryo. An embryo is a new sporophyte. The female gametophyte will change into a nutritious tissue. Then the entanglement will change into a seed coat. Then the seed will regenerate. Those seeds will get mature. It may take even more than a year. And then finally they will germinate and grow into a sporophyte. I hope it's very kind of. Those gymnasiums can go through the closest to our car and play. Most of the plant based food comes from those plants. So, what are the major changes? I mean, there is a lot of them, and there will be another slide about it, another question, so there will be another slide, but we have reproductive organs gathered in a very special structure called a flower, which will have not only male or female parts, Maybe also some hexahordy boggles, petals, cephalos, all kinds of stuff. So, that's a flower. Maybe not very... I mean actually it's very, very big. The petals are not big. The most prominent thing are stigma from the pistil. But ok, it's petal-free. Those reproductive organs also protect ovules. Remember, gymnosperms, you could see the ovules. I will show you ovules. You can literally see them. Here you cannot because they are enclosed in a fistula. A fistula which was made from modified leaves, which are in that place called the cartilage of the pelvis. So carpets protect ovules and they have seeds. The later protection of seeds is something which didn't happen in the case of genus ferns. And that is called a fruit. Fruit which surrounds the seeds and protects them. And I believe that will answer most of your questions there about... Female gametoprotein is extremely reduced. Remember, Geckosperm has 70 cells, maybe 50, maybe 100, we don't really know the answer. But we know there is a lot of them, a few glasses, right? Here, 7 cells, 8 nuclei. I know it's weird, but I'll tell you this. 7 cells, one of them has 2 nuclei that's why we have 8 nuclei. Sit down, Marcus. I knew there would be a nice service. Flowers, which you know already. Fruits, covering the seats. All those enclosed in carpets. What happens is that the pollen cannot just catch, fall on the ovaries. It will fall on stigma, on a stigma and then it has to grow all the way through. Sometimes it's really few inches. Some pistils are pretty long. Most important synapomorphism, double fertilization. We talked about it in the lab, you should have heard the word. A result of the double fertilization, trip-loid and the sperm tissue, completely unusual, it never happened before. It was a sperm seed, but it was a halfway double. Something unusual. So those two, they never happened. So this is not good. Wait, so do all of them? Okay, so I said all of them. Are they already injured? Are they already injured? Those who are injured, all of them are. Those who are injured, all of them are. So, all those jobs, they wouldn't be a synapomorphy of German terms. That would be something they already inherited. Well, so synapomorphies are those things which make us different when they show up. So, imagine mammals. Our synapomorphy would be something with reproduction, maybe, and making a cassette cup. But all mammals do that, but for this, we make it simple. Subtitles by the Amara.org community So, we don't include the hours and the synapses. We have it, but the synapses. So, certain morphemes like the angiosperms is stuff that we find in the angiosperms that we would find in the angiosperms. Yes. All parts of flowers are modified leaves. Whether it's a pistil, stamen, nutella, stelta, they are all modified leaves. Which change, simply. So this is an example of how we do it. This is an example of what happens in different plants with those leaves which change into cardboard. If these started bearing ovules, they involved some people with carpels. They sometimes used carpels and pistils interchangeably. Watch out, because a carpel may be one in a pistil. This is the situation. You have one pistil, one carpel, so it's basically the same. But very often, there will be a problem. be one piece still which may have three, four or five partners. So then it's not the same, right? Three leaves go together and make one piece. So even though the words are very similar in the meaning, there is a kind of difference. So I want you to be aware of that. What is the difference and why do we keep two words because they are not exactly identical. so that's what happened with with pisteel in case of stamen it was very simple at the beginning they were simply flat and pretty wide and later and after review was very often very long with time they got as thin as possible because there was like no point in making them thick You can still see some primitive plants with kind of deep growth in stomachs or even there may be a gradual change in growth. Something which kind of looks like a stomach but has no upper. So they are called Stamidogia. So we have a gradual transition between petals and stomachs. That's pretty weird, but that's how it is. So we can actually see that evolution was completely possible. And then finally we have petals and sepals. Remember that if it's like a tulip or a lily, that there's no green stuff around it, then we call them petals. What is happening with those reproductor parts? We know that stamens, that's the male part, they have utters in the utters and inside those utters they create pollen which is male gum. This still has three parts. It has stigma, where pollen lands, it's a little sticky. Then there is shorter or longer style in defense of the species. And then we have a little wider part because it itself has female reproductive parts. So right away, usually students memorize it, but they are overrated to be the female part. Inside ORAC it's never one. Of you look there's always many of them, but they show one just to make it easier. And inside the ORAC we have female gunning of my clothes. This is how it goes. I mentioned that I will give you some names about what are the options for plants. So, we call a perfect flower, flower can be named as perfect if it has both. and many parts. So we will call it hermaphrodite meaning it has both genus. So that is a perfect flower. It has a taste field. It has usually several, at least several stamens and supportive organs meaning the petals and sepals, right? Hermaphrodite is perfect. And then we have imperfect flowers. And here we have again two options. So, in case of imperfect flowers, first of all we will have a male flower with no stomach, just female parts. And we will have male flower with just male flowers, no female parts. So, it's kind of like us, right? Yes. This is a simple example. A lot of plants will belong to this type. In case of angiosperms, most of them. However, not all plants will belong here. Some plants will have male and female flowers. If they have male and female flowers on the same tree, They are called mono-issues. Mono-issues which can be understood as one house. So it's kind of like now we are usually housing students in one building, and you have female and male together. So one house, mono, one house, plants. That allegory to the house, which can combine two, or two separate houses, usually allows us to memorize what is mono-icious and dio-icious. The other case, which can be dio-icious, that is, two house, you have to have two separate houses for your male, and he bears. So you can have a whole plant, which can be... And the whole plan will be made. And I'm not sure, I didn't provide examples. Rose, Hooli, Lily would be example of perfect flowers. Then, remember gymnosperms when I said that you have one flower and it has mega-strogonous, micro-strogonous, technically they would belong here. Because we have one type of flower. ...individual which has both structures, separate and unbalanced, an equivalent of values. Then, finally we have friends like um... ginkgo, which will have female and male individual. Female individual will have only female daughter. ...mela strobilite in the headrest. And male individuals have only micro strobilite, or micro flowers, or male flowers if it's angiosperm practically. But you can put the same instructions on all kinds of plants. Let's find out. We are finishing the flower part a tiny bit. So it is not clear with monohistophers. We also know that gymnosperms usually, they spread their pollen right there. That's why they bother us. If you have allergies, you might be allergic to gymnosperm pollen. Because they have to produce a lot of it and it's spreading everywhere in millions or billions of pollens. And then of course it gets to our noses and stuff. Something will, I can't even imagine what that... The right column defines the right oil. It's almost impossible, but somehow they do it. Here, they became more creative and more effective. They started using animals. And animals, once they start visiting flowers, I can imagine that my chances that my pollen will get to the right flower are much higher because they won't be spread on the driveway, on the street, on the lane. They will at least get to different flowers before they can get to the right one. So that kind of cooperation is mutual, it's very difficult to change into symbiosis because it became very permanent. And flower has those petals and sepals and nice beautiful big stigmas, colorful, super-in-offense, just to... ...invite the pollinators. And even flowers which don't look very spectacular for us, for bees or other pollinators, they can actually look more attractive... They see different spectra of light and they can see more colorful or more distinct. So this is an example, that's how dandelion looks for us and that's how the same structure would look if you saw it using UV light. Because these can do that actually. What changed in our life cycle? We had tiny modifications. Not too many of course. So we have already a plant. Remember that on a plant tree we had mega and micro strobilites? You know, usually we have just one flower, and with one flower we have a female and male plant. Then, do I have any? No. The male part, meaning stomach, we have anthers. Inside anthers we have four sacs. In each of those sacs we have a very loose tissue which will have microsporocytes. I hope you remember already this means mother cells of microspores. That means that they will go through meiosis and they will change into grains of pollen. And let's give pollen grain for now. So we have ovaries. Inside ovaries we have ovules. Those ovules, they have two integuments, that's one of the differences, and they are the same. So there will be integument, two integuments, there will be the new cells, which is just tissue, and there will be one megastorocyte, megastorocyte which can go through myiosis. And it will make one megaspore. That's because the one that freely died, the one which survives is called a megaspore. So we have to find the other heights. In Pergamitophyte, it grows into something called embryosac. And here a little bit of the same name. We have embryosac in mammals too, right? So that's not the same. However, this is what we call it. Tiny little thing. ...fertilization which will happen at the end, so I will just briefly mention it here. One of those routes of fertilization, meaning one sperm and egg, will create a new cycle, which later will grow into a hemorrhoid. The other one will happen in those two nuclei and the sperm, that's how we have the triploid issue called endo... and that will make not really tissue surrounding the embryo. Seed will remain in a structure called the foreridium. We will show, I will show you most of those parts a little better. So I understand that the flower is already done, we kinda know how flower looks like. So here this is a cross section through the anther. You can see four pollens that are already open. here that's an opening that means that pollen grains are spinning around each of them is surrounded with a thicker wall you can see that wall and it has two cells one large one here a nucleus which uh that nucleus this is the vegetative cell which will grow into a pollen the same story then the little one is called a generated cell which will divide so sperm cells. And that's it. Remember gymnosperms? They have two, three profile cells. Here, nothing. You have just two cells. That's how little the gametophyte is. I mean, they cannot produce it anymore because those two cells, they have their specific functions and one cannot replace the other. So basically it's minimized to the minimum. So what happens is we have a microsporocyte, it goes through meiosis. It makes four microspores. Each of microspores will change into pollen grain. The large one divides via mitosis, normal mitosis. We have a large pollen tube, will grow from this one. And the small one, the generative cell. The generative cell will finally divide into... ...furnace, three look-alike crystals. That's it. Pollen's loop is extra cool because it grows actively between tissues and it can grow for even several inches. And it has to do it pretty fast. Flowers don't stay for years like they do in Germany. So here they have to do it within hours, within days. So they tried. So this is how it looks like. We have the pollen tube. The nucleus of the pollen tube, the vegetative cell usually goes there too, because it needs to produce a lot of protein and stuff. And the generative cells, they are just transported like on a conveyor belt. They have no flutter rate ever. And transported to the egg. Now that we mentioned that there is a tiny bit difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms, here you can see them. That is gymnosperm. That is angiosperm. That's the ovule, that's the ovule. Here ovule is naked. Gymnospermine is the ovules that are exposed and it has one ingredient. It has new cellulose, necrospermine, everything is the same. Here the ovule is closed in an ovary. There is stigma which literally closes it. It's closed like an ear in a bottle. So that's your ovule. And here are two integuments, a little different, additional integument. You have new cellulose and cellulose chloroside. So besides that, everything is very similar. This is how it really looks like. That's an ovule. I really like this picture. Usually it's not that clear. You can see the micro-tile. You can see two integumines. On this side it's not that obvious, but here I can see clearly two integumines. And new cellulose. And megastore. Mother cellulose and megastore. So that looks pretty cool. So we have... Megasporocyte. We know that it will go through meiosis. We have meiosis. Three will die, one will stay. That's a megaspore. The megaspore, remember, in the first place, would divide a few dozens of times to make a pretty large, still female gametophyte. Here, it will go through three... rounds first division we have two out of one right the second division out of those two we have four another division all of them divide so we have finally eight nuclei and that's it. Those eight nuclei, they postpone their cytokinesis for a little bit and when they are ready, that's when cell division finishes, meaning cytokinesis happens and you have a very unique structure. Ambrosac. And ambrosac, I mean, if you know it, you will recognize it everywhere. I mean, it doesn't matter. It doesn't happen anywhere else. So we have three cells close to the mitral pile and we have three cells on the other side and two UTI inside. So what are they? Important. The closest one will be the egg. Two next to it will be synergists. On the other side we have antipollos. Remember how people sometimes say about Australia or Antarctica? especially australia they would say right because they aren't because they are on the other side so on the other side you have antipodals who have no idea what they're doing and the two remaining nuclei they stay in the middle and they are called polar nuclei or the central cell nuclei right so how many of those are under thank you All of them are haploid. Yeah? All of them are haploid? So we have one egg, two synergics, three albipodons and two polar nuclei. So we have eight? Eight. So all of them are haploid? All of them are haploid. It's all female gamelan. Every male is here. And this is haploid. Those will be diploid. But that is haploid. I put... The haploid, because sometimes those two can fuse together and they can create a completely linear, completely homozygous diploid without life. But not always it happens. Sometimes they do it as a double for the sperm. Double fertilization. So, I don't know why it's always a haploid for students, so I push it to the point that you aren't always good. So we have two sperms and we have two things which we fertilize. One is normal, that's an egg. That's what we expected, to have an egg plus sperm, this is the zygote, right? Everywhere, that's the same. So what else? What makes it double? The older sperm cell now is busy. Remember in gymnosperms they were there, but we didn't bring them, we didn't do anything. The other sperm will go here and then those three nuclei, the two polar nuclei and one sperm, they will fuse together and they will make a triple A endosperm cell. That cell will divide by a retina mitosis and it will make an endosperm triple A tissue which will support and improve nutrition for them. So that's a new report. And you will be asked about the 20 months. Okay, and finally, what happens after that? So what happens after that is that the pistil, the ovary, to be more precise, the ovary will change into a fruit. Ovules, the ones which succeeded and were fertilized, we change and do seeds. So you will have a fruit with one or more seeds inside. And in Borrelia, we don't really talk veggies. Like when you say vegetable, that's not really a scientific word. It's just a cultural word. So we don't talk about veggies. A lot of things will be fruits. A lot of veggies. So that is not existent, not involved. So now it's very important which part changes into what. Can you imagine the grape? The flesh part will be made from an ovary. The seeds, which sometimes they are not there because they are seedless plants, but imagine seed, normal grapes, the seeds are made from ovules. there will be many exceptions and sometimes different butterflies will be in the sphere and you look in structures. So that's why it's pretty complicated with types of fruits, but I can go through it very gently. First of all, you have all kinds of fruits, and if you need to go through that... Let's say that we have dried fruits, which most of you probably were surprised that this is a fruit. Now, nuts. Acorn is a nut. Akinz. They kind of look like a nut. They may have a flying apparatus like this one, but they may not have it. That's not the point. But you see that? Down the aisle? So, some Akinz may have flying apparatus. Oh, we have nuts. Acorns are types of nuts. Samara, which is very special for the maple kind of trees, which have different types of flying apparatus. Legos, we need pods. Remember these in the pod? These are legos. They will have very often similar, very similar type of input. And dogs will be six, so when you are eating. Peas or beans, who are technically being seeds. Capsules, which can open, and those we can skip, I mean, they are to have in common. Then, other fruits will be feshy, meaning soft and juicy and delightful. So the most common will be berry. And watch out, again, common names are tricky. Most of so-called berries are not berries. But blueberry will be cranberry, will be strawberry. Cucumber, all kinds of would be berry. All kinds of veggies actually will be on here. Or troops. And the difference between a troop and a berry is very hard. I will show it later on a different picture. In normal life I would say druves have harder structures working like seeds. They are completely component druves, but yeah, they are very hard. Then you have all kinds like citrus fruits or ponds, meaning apples and stuff. I have different pictures for those, but I wanted just to show you dry fruit and fleshy fruit distinction. And that's not it. All of those fruits which I said before, they usually are single fruits, but some exceptions may happen. So, what does it mean, simple fruits? Simple fruit means that you have one fruit developed from one flower. Simple. That's why simple fruits. Like a legume. That will be a peanut. When you buy peanuts in shells, those shells are actually pots. So inside you have seeds. Samara again. That will be a cereal. Then in case of apple or in case of some fruits, you will have simple fruits as well. One flower, one fruit. But it may be more complex. Have you ever seen a strawberry flower? It looks kinda like a miniature white rose. So it has five petals and a whole bunch of pistils in the middle. Because it has a whole bunch of pistils in the middle, every pistil makes a separate fruit. So technically, fruit is this. They are a piece. So whatever barks you on the surface of your strawberry, this is the actual fruit. and the fleshy part this is not the fruit that's a flower bottom that receptacle remember it just grows and keeps those fruits attached to them here you have different case the same story then the flower bottom was here and every particular little ball that's a separate fruit those fruits in case of raspberry blackberry ...will be droplets, meaning tiny little drops. And finally we have a different story, we have separate flowers which can make one fruit together. And there are two major cases. One will be a weird thing, which is a pig, you will... ...a little bit at home at some point because they have that weird relationship with wasps. Inside, zyconium, we have tiny flowers, male and female flowers, and they change into fruits. Fruits will be a kids. That's why when you eat flower, you may feel a little bit of them between your teeth because there are those seeds. And the second one is a pineapple which has many berries growing together. and every berry has a separate flower. I will show them again. First, let's talk about drups. Drups are a little weird because... Seed coat! Hmm... Example. Walnut. You saw a walnut, right? There is a hard shell, then inside when you cut it there is a walnut. And the walnut has like a... Almost see-through dark layer. And if you saw me, that layer can go off and stuff. That layer is a seed coat. So seed coat makes just a tiny layer which is not hard at all. So what is that hard stuff? This is the inside part of the ovary. That's why it's so hard. So because this is not a seed coat person, that's why it has a different name. And the rest of the ovary makes the fleshy part. So that's the whole difference. And in druks we have peaches, plums, cherries, all kinds of stuff. Sometimes we have one seed or sometimes several. Apple, they go together and they are weird. So they start from a rose type of flower. Roses tend to have like a hollow receptacle and their ovary is surrounded by the receptacle. of that they very often tend to do this. This is the actual fruit, meaning these are seeds, this is the ovary, and the rest of your apple or pear, this is the flower bulb on which you will. And you can even tell the difference if you are trying to pick up the apple core, sometimes you can see that it's a little different tissue around the apple core and it breaks apart when you try to cut it out. So that's the actual fruit and the outside part together with the skin. This is made from a flower pot. That's why they are so beautiful. You can even see chambers in your apple pot. Very often five because that's a reminiscence of the ovary. That's how the ovary is built. So that's the same. We saw this, we saw this, the normal berry. In case of citrus fruits, it's basically similar to the drum. However, because they are from Canada, they look different. They are very often separated. So you have those chamber seeds and... Algoritm. And the last, we need two cases of multiple fruits. Pineapple, everybody saw pineapple, however not everybody saw how they bloom. What you see here are separate flowers growing together and each flower makes one of those roses, one of those little pieces. That's a berry. Another case of multiple flower will be... That's another weird one. Each tiny little flower, these are tiny little flowers, each of them will grow into something which looks like a berry but actually is a king. That's a king growing, surrounded by some additional tissues. That's mulberry. So, mulberry is very weird because nobody would think about a king's day. That's what it is. And figs, meaning you have a cycloneum, and that cycloneum has flowers inside, wasps get there. This is an example of how it looks like, particular flowers. And wasps get there, they pollinate, and they die, and you know. Whatever the cycle process and that's how it is. Don't worry. Usually, commercially, chrome, they don't require coordination. So that's pretty much it. Remember, like I said, many times, the diameter comes smaller. I want you to see the difference. And don't hurry up, we will use those five minutes. Oh yeah, we will start the next one. Oh yeah. So, we have five minutes. We have sporophyte and gametophyte in Moses. Dominant part was gametophyte. Sporophyte was dependent, short-fitting. You don't want me to win? Let me use my time. In ferns, or other seedless pastoral ferns, we have sporophyte which dominates and gametophyte is tiny. Like dead tiny, still green and independent but tiny. So that's why we say this one is dominant because it stays for years. That one is short living tiny. And tiny will have seed plants. For gymnosperms and angiosperms, everything is ascoraphyte. And gametophyte is those eight nuclei in the embryo sac and two cells in the pollen brain. So that's how tiny it became. Okay. So, plant value. Now we won't be talking too much about mouses and ferns. We will focus on seed ferns, which were the average ferns, but a little more about the anatomy. Really. So, take a question, remember by your clue, maybe the same, what happens with those kind of ferns, which, yeah, they are so good. Plants. We need to remember they have to anchor and they have to somehow reach the sun. If there was nobody else, they could be just flat. But then whoever learned to raise their body high... ...successful because they shaded everybody else, right? So that's why plants started growing in height. So we will think about what happened really and why were they so successful. Plant body is divided in two major systems when it goes to plant body. Just like our body has head and legs and stuff, here you have root system and shoot system. Root system which normally will be under the soil, underground, and it will be roots. Then shoot system which will be above the ground, and you have two organs in a vegetative body. You forget about reproduction. We have leaves which will be flat, usually flat, doing photosynthesis, and stems which will be there to just lift those leaves up. A little closer look how do they look like. Because we will be talking about those things and it's good if you start working on those. So we have roots and for now I'm leaving them, we will talk about them more. We have stem, stem which may be one or may branch, in this case it didn't branch yet. And on that stem, once in a while, a leaf emerges. It may be one leaf or more. In the same place where a leaf emerged, you have, oh no, it didn't branch. You have. Something called an axillary valve. The axillary valve can start growing into a twig or a branch. So this is the twig. This is a connected stem. This stem will grow just the same, just in a different orientation. So we have axillary buds and leaves grouped together. Those areas are called nodes. Nodes because usually you can't really see them. You can see those places. And nodes will be separated one from another. By internodes. How long is the branch will depend mostly on how long are the internodes. Internodes, usually nothing is happening here so they are easy. In the nodes you have to remember there is a knee at this one and axillary valve. And then finally at the top we have something called terminal valve. this is where the twig starts growing and keeps growing. One last thing about the leaf. Inside the leaf, I mean, the leaf is built out of a blade which is flat, and that's where photosynthesis comes from. usually there will be also a little connection more or less to the stem, narrow, which is called the patio. So the connection called the patio. And that will be it. Thank you everybody.

These are first seed plants. We consider them a little more primitive, however you need to remember that they still evolve. It's not like they stopped.

So they would have some actually advanced features that we have for just them. It's a hard choice. Should I close the door?

Yes, please. Yes, but everybody coming in is the same, remember? At least we won't hear that much noise from outside. Okay, so let's start.

Let's start from a tree, maybe. You can start to analyze this. In case of gymnosperms, usually they have...

Male and male parts on the same tree. You will learn a little bit more about this. So that's how they do it.

They are strobilos and micro strobilos. You should know already. Mega means female, micro, tiny, small. So you see, it looks like a normal pineapple, just tiny. Squishy a little bit.

And it has those scales on the surface of the scale. We have usually two ovules. And those two ovules, that's what it is. This is an equivalent, the same thing as a sporangium, mega sporangium. But in this case, it's mega thin.

So here we have one ovule. You can see the pattern. You can see...

tissue which does LCT, and we have a megaspore site, a sperm site or mother cell of the megaspore. That's a cell which next thing to the body is just meiosis.... action to hybrid genome. We have, at the beginning we have four cells, but really we know that they will die. And the last which stays is a megastorm.

That's how, that's why it is a megastorm. Then, that's the first cell of the female that is alive. The female that is alive grows, it denies myomyosis, it cannot do myosis anymore because it's already half-dried.

So, there is no way to do myosis again. Then it grows, it makes 50, 70, 80 cells, pretty large number, and those cells make female gametophyte. The female gametophyte looks kind of like a miniature profile. It's not a profile, so please don't use that name. We don't call it that.

It's a female, and the female gametophyte... There are usually two archidontia, they show just one, but usually the one which will be fertilized, that one inhibits the second, so usually there will be only one seed in the novel. But somehow we do the correct, so whoever is more likely. Let's see what we have here for now.

The same story, we have a Microstromylus with a little scale, with two... Stacks with pollen, so the equivalent of microsporangia. Stacks filled with loose tissue and that those cells will be microsporocytes.

They are not stable, but we can call them that as well. And those cells will go through meiosis. Here you can see for a little bit they will stay together as four microscores that show surrounding and will break apart. Each of microscores will change into an individual pollen.

And pollen grain will be male gametophyte. So that's male gametophyte. Remember we...

Which was kind of, you can see it with your bare eyes. I will bring you to the lab one day. I mean, I have it on a slide, but still, you can see it with your bare eyes. If you can find it, you will see it. tiny thing right only several cells that still may run the fight we have a generating style sperm cells.

Usually in some very primitive gymnosperms sperm may have still flagellae, so technically it can still swim. In most of them it cannot swim anymore. So the flagellae are gone, they were lost, they were not yet somewhere in the evolution. And one sperm will fertilize the egg.

The other one usually doesn't do anything, it has some exceptions, but usually they don't do anything, so it just waits for them, but that's how it is. So, we have a zygote. The zygote will be diploid, we have the beginning of sporophyte.

So now they're all going to be changed into a seed. The whole story is about the seed, right? The zygote will grow into an embryo.

An embryo is a new sporophyte. The female gametophyte will change into a nutritious tissue. Then the entanglement will change into a seed coat. Then the seed will regenerate.

Those seeds will get mature. It may take even more than a year. And then finally they will germinate and grow into a sporophyte.

I hope it's very kind of. Those gymnasiums can go through the closest to our car and play. Most of the plant based food comes from those plants.

So, what are the major changes? I mean, there is a lot of them, and there will be another slide about it, another question, so there will be another slide, but we have reproductive organs gathered in a very special structure called a flower, which will have not only male or female parts, Maybe also some hexahordy boggles, petals, cephalos, all kinds of stuff. So, that's a flower. Maybe not very... I mean actually it's very, very big.

The petals are not big. The most prominent thing are stigma from the pistil. But ok, it's petal-free.

Those reproductive organs also protect ovules. Remember, gymnosperms, you could see the ovules. I will show you ovules. You can literally see them.

Here you cannot because they are enclosed in a fistula. A fistula which was made from modified leaves, which are in that place called the cartilage of the pelvis. So carpets protect ovules and they have seeds.

The later protection of seeds is something which didn't happen in the case of genus ferns. And that is called a fruit. Fruit which surrounds the seeds and protects them.

And I believe that will answer most of your questions there about... Female gametoprotein is extremely reduced. Remember, Geckosperm has 70 cells, maybe 50, maybe 100, we don't really know the answer.

But we know there is a lot of them, a few glasses, right? Here, 7 cells, 8 nuclei. I know it's weird, but I'll tell you this. 7 cells, one of them has 2 nuclei that's why we have 8 nuclei.

Sit down, Marcus. I knew there would be a nice service. Flowers, which you know already. Fruits, covering the seats. All those enclosed in carpets.

What happens is that the pollen cannot just catch, fall on the ovaries. It will fall on stigma, on a stigma and then it has to grow all the way through. Sometimes it's really few inches. Some pistils are pretty long.

Most important synapomorphism, double fertilization. We talked about it in the lab, you should have heard the word. A result of the double fertilization, trip-loid and the sperm tissue, completely unusual, it never happened before.

It was a sperm seed, but it was a halfway double. Something unusual. So those two, they never happened. So this is not good.

Wait, so do all of them? Okay, so I said all of them. Are they already injured?

Are they already injured? Those who are injured, all of them are. Those who are injured, all of them are. So, all those jobs, they wouldn't be a synapomorphy of German terms.

That would be something they already inherited. Well, so synapomorphies are those things which make us different when they show up. So, imagine mammals.

Our synapomorphy would be something with reproduction, maybe, and making a cassette cup. But all mammals do that, but for this, we make it simple. Subtitles by the Amara.org community So, we don't include the hours and the synapses. We have it, but the synapses.

So, certain morphemes like the angiosperms is stuff that we find in the angiosperms that we would find in the angiosperms. Yes. All parts of flowers are modified leaves. Whether it's a pistil, stamen, nutella, stelta, they are all modified leaves. Which change, simply.

So this is an example of how we do it. This is an example of what happens in different plants with those leaves which change into cardboard. If these started bearing ovules, they involved some people with carpels. They sometimes used carpels and pistils interchangeably.

Watch out, because a carpel may be one in a pistil. This is the situation. You have one pistil, one carpel, so it's basically the same. But very often, there will be a problem.

be one piece still which may have three, four or five partners. So then it's not the same, right? Three leaves go together and make one piece. So even though the words are very similar in the meaning, there is a kind of difference.

So I want you to be aware of that. What is the difference and why do we keep two words because they are not exactly identical. so that's what happened with with pisteel in case of stamen it was very simple at the beginning they were simply flat and pretty wide and later and after review was very often very long with time they got as thin as possible because there was like no point in making them thick You can still see some primitive plants with kind of deep growth in stomachs or even there may be a gradual change in growth. Something which kind of looks like a stomach but has no upper. So they are called Stamidogia.

So we have a gradual transition between petals and stomachs. That's pretty weird, but that's how it is. So we can actually see that evolution was completely possible. And then finally we have petals and sepals. Remember that if it's like a tulip or a lily, that there's no green stuff around it, then we call them petals.

What is happening with those reproductor parts? We know that stamens, that's the male part, they have utters in the utters and inside those utters they create pollen which is male gum. This still has three parts. It has stigma, where pollen lands, it's a little sticky.

Then there is shorter or longer style in defense of the species. And then we have a little wider part because it itself has female reproductive parts. So right away, usually students memorize it, but they are overrated to be the female part.

Inside ORAC it's never one. Of you look there's always many of them, but they show one just to make it easier. And inside the ORAC we have female gunning of my clothes.

This is how it goes. I mentioned that I will give you some names about what are the options for plants. So, we call a perfect flower, flower can be named as perfect if it has both.

and many parts. So we will call it hermaphrodite meaning it has both genus. So that is a perfect flower. It has a taste field. It has usually several, at least several stamens and supportive organs meaning the petals and sepals, right?

Hermaphrodite is perfect. And then we have imperfect flowers. And here we have again two options.

So, in case of imperfect flowers, first of all we will have a male flower with no stomach, just female parts. And we will have male flower with just male flowers, no female parts. So, it's kind of like us, right? Yes.

This is a simple example. A lot of plants will belong to this type. In case of angiosperms, most of them. However, not all plants will belong here. Some plants will have male and female flowers.

If they have male and female flowers on the same tree, They are called mono-issues. Mono-issues which can be understood as one house. So it's kind of like now we are usually housing students in one building, and you have female and male together. So one house, mono, one house, plants.

That allegory to the house, which can combine two, or two separate houses, usually allows us to memorize what is mono-icious and dio-icious. The other case, which can be dio-icious, that is, two house, you have to have two separate houses for your male, and he bears. So you can have a whole plant, which can be...

And the whole plan will be made. And I'm not sure, I didn't provide examples. Rose, Hooli, Lily would be example of perfect flowers. Then, remember gymnosperms when I said that you have one flower and it has mega-strogonous, micro-strogonous, technically they would belong here.

Because we have one type of flower. ...individual which has both structures, separate and unbalanced, an equivalent of values. Then, finally we have friends like um... ginkgo, which will have female and male individual. Female individual will have only female daughter.

...mela strobilite in the headrest. And male individuals have only micro strobilite, or micro flowers, or male flowers if it's angiosperm practically. But you can put the same instructions on all kinds of plants.

Let's find out. We are finishing the flower part a tiny bit. So it is not clear with monohistophers.

We also know that gymnosperms usually, they spread their pollen right there. That's why they bother us. If you have allergies, you might be allergic to gymnosperm pollen.

Because they have to produce a lot of it and it's spreading everywhere in millions or billions of pollens. And then of course it gets to our noses and stuff. Something will, I can't even imagine what that... The right column defines the right oil.

It's almost impossible, but somehow they do it. Here, they became more creative and more effective. They started using animals.

And animals, once they start visiting flowers, I can imagine that my chances that my pollen will get to the right flower are much higher because they won't be spread on the driveway, on the street, on the lane. They will at least get to different flowers before they can get to the right one. So that kind of cooperation is mutual, it's very difficult to change into symbiosis because it became very permanent.

And flower has those petals and sepals and nice beautiful big stigmas, colorful, super-in-offense, just to... ...invite the pollinators. And even flowers which don't look very spectacular for us, for bees or other pollinators, they can actually look more attractive...

They see different spectra of light and they can see more colorful or more distinct. So this is an example, that's how dandelion looks for us and that's how the same structure would look if you saw it using UV light. Because these can do that actually. What changed in our life cycle? We had tiny modifications.

Not too many of course. So we have already a plant. Remember that on a plant tree we had mega and micro strobilites? You know, usually we have just one flower, and with one flower we have a female and male plant.

Then, do I have any? No. The male part, meaning stomach, we have anthers. Inside anthers we have four sacs. In each of those sacs we have a very loose tissue which will have microsporocytes.

I hope you remember already this means mother cells of microspores. That means that they will go through meiosis and they will change into grains of pollen. And let's give pollen grain for now.

So we have ovaries. Inside ovaries we have ovules. Those ovules, they have two integuments, that's one of the differences, and they are the same.

So there will be integument, two integuments, there will be the new cells, which is just tissue, and there will be one megastorocyte, megastorocyte which can go through myiosis. And it will make one megaspore. That's because the one that freely died, the one which survives is called a megaspore.

So we have to find the other heights. In Pergamitophyte, it grows into something called embryosac. And here a little bit of the same name.

We have embryosac in mammals too, right? So that's not the same. However, this is what we call it. Tiny little thing. ...fertilization which will happen at the end, so I will just briefly mention it here.

One of those routes of fertilization, meaning one sperm and egg, will create a new cycle, which later will grow into a hemorrhoid. The other one will happen in those two nuclei and the sperm, that's how we have the triploid issue called endo... and that will make not really tissue surrounding the embryo. Seed will remain in a structure called the foreridium.

We will show, I will show you most of those parts a little better. So I understand that the flower is already done, we kinda know how flower looks like. So here this is a cross section through the anther. You can see four pollens that are already open.

here that's an opening that means that pollen grains are spinning around each of them is surrounded with a thicker wall you can see that wall and it has two cells one large one here a nucleus which uh that nucleus this is the vegetative cell which will grow into a pollen the same story then the little one is called a generated cell which will divide so sperm cells. And that's it. Remember gymnosperms?

They have two, three profile cells. Here, nothing. You have just two cells. That's how little the gametophyte is. I mean, they cannot produce it anymore because those two cells, they have their specific functions and one cannot replace the other.

So basically it's minimized to the minimum. So what happens is we have a microsporocyte, it goes through meiosis. It makes four microspores. Each of microspores will change into pollen grain.

The large one divides via mitosis, normal mitosis. We have a large pollen tube, will grow from this one. And the small one, the generative cell.

The generative cell will finally divide into... ...furnace, three look-alike crystals. That's it. Pollen's loop is extra cool because it grows actively between tissues and it can grow for even several inches.

And it has to do it pretty fast. Flowers don't stay for years like they do in Germany. So here they have to do it within hours, within days. So they tried. So this is how it looks like.

We have the pollen tube. The nucleus of the pollen tube, the vegetative cell usually goes there too, because it needs to produce a lot of protein and stuff. And the generative cells, they are just transported like on a conveyor belt. They have no flutter rate ever.

And transported to the egg. Now that we mentioned that there is a tiny bit difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms, here you can see them. That is gymnosperm. That is angiosperm.

That's the ovule, that's the ovule. Here ovule is naked. Gymnospermine is the ovules that are exposed and it has one ingredient.

It has new cellulose, necrospermine, everything is the same. Here the ovule is closed in an ovary. There is stigma which literally closes it. It's closed like an ear in a bottle.

So that's your ovule. And here are two integuments, a little different, additional integument. You have new cellulose and cellulose chloroside. So besides that, everything is very similar.

This is how it really looks like. That's an ovule. I really like this picture. Usually it's not that clear. You can see the micro-tile.

You can see two integumines. On this side it's not that obvious, but here I can see clearly two integumines. And new cellulose. And megastore.

Mother cellulose and megastore. So that looks pretty cool. So we have...

Megasporocyte. We know that it will go through meiosis. We have meiosis.

Three will die, one will stay. That's a megaspore. The megaspore, remember, in the first place, would divide a few dozens of times to make a pretty large, still female gametophyte. Here, it will go through three... rounds first division we have two out of one right the second division out of those two we have four another division all of them divide so we have finally eight nuclei and that's it.

Those eight nuclei, they postpone their cytokinesis for a little bit and when they are ready, that's when cell division finishes, meaning cytokinesis happens and you have a very unique structure. Ambrosac. And ambrosac, I mean, if you know it, you will recognize it everywhere.

I mean, it doesn't matter. It doesn't happen anywhere else. So we have three cells close to the mitral pile and we have three cells on the other side and two UTI inside. So what are they?

Important. The closest one will be the egg. Two next to it will be synergists.

On the other side we have antipollos. Remember how people sometimes say about Australia or Antarctica? especially australia they would say right because they aren't because they are on the other side so on the other side you have antipodals who have no idea what they're doing and the two remaining nuclei they stay in the middle and they are called polar nuclei or the central cell nuclei right so how many of those are under thank you All of them are haploid. Yeah? All of them are haploid?

So we have one egg, two synergics, three albipodons and two polar nuclei. So we have eight? Eight.

So all of them are haploid? All of them are haploid. It's all female gamelan. Every male is here. And this is haploid.

Those will be diploid. But that is haploid. I put... The haploid, because sometimes those two can fuse together and they can create a completely linear, completely homozygous diploid without life.

But not always it happens. Sometimes they do it as a double for the sperm. Double fertilization. So, I don't know why it's always a haploid for students, so I push it to the point that you aren't always good. So we have two sperms and we have two things which we fertilize.

One is normal, that's an egg. That's what we expected, to have an egg plus sperm, this is the zygote, right? Everywhere, that's the same.

So what else? What makes it double? The older sperm cell now is busy. Remember in gymnosperms they were there, but we didn't bring them, we didn't do anything.

The other sperm will go here and then those three nuclei, the two polar nuclei and one sperm, they will fuse together and they will make a triple A endosperm cell. That cell will divide by a retina mitosis and it will make an endosperm triple A tissue which will support and improve nutrition for them. So that's a new report. And you will be asked about the 20 months. Okay, and finally, what happens after that?

So what happens after that is that the pistil, the ovary, to be more precise, the ovary will change into a fruit. Ovules, the ones which succeeded and were fertilized, we change and do seeds. So you will have a fruit with one or more seeds inside. And in Borrelia, we don't really talk veggies.

Like when you say vegetable, that's not really a scientific word. It's just a cultural word. So we don't talk about veggies.

A lot of things will be fruits. A lot of veggies. So that is not existent, not involved. So now it's very important which part changes into what. Can you imagine the grape?

The flesh part will be made from an ovary. The seeds, which sometimes they are not there because they are seedless plants, but imagine seed, normal grapes, the seeds are made from ovules. there will be many exceptions and sometimes different butterflies will be in the sphere and you look in structures. So that's why it's pretty complicated with types of fruits, but I can go through it very gently.

First of all, you have all kinds of fruits, and if you need to go through that... Let's say that we have dried fruits, which most of you probably were surprised that this is a fruit. Now, nuts. Acorn is a nut. Akinz.

They kind of look like a nut. They may have a flying apparatus like this one, but they may not have it. That's not the point. But you see that? Down the aisle?

So, some Akinz may have flying apparatus. Oh, we have nuts. Acorns are types of nuts. Samara, which is very special for the maple kind of trees, which have different types of flying apparatus. Legos, we need pods.

Remember these in the pod? These are legos. They will have very often similar, very similar type of input. And dogs will be six, so when you are eating.

Peas or beans, who are technically being seeds. Capsules, which can open, and those we can skip, I mean, they are to have in common. Then, other fruits will be feshy, meaning soft and juicy and delightful.

So the most common will be berry. And watch out, again, common names are tricky. Most of so-called berries are not berries. But blueberry will be cranberry, will be strawberry.

Cucumber, all kinds of would be berry. All kinds of veggies actually will be on here. Or troops. And the difference between a troop and a berry is very hard. I will show it later on a different picture.

In normal life I would say druves have harder structures working like seeds. They are completely component druves, but yeah, they are very hard. Then you have all kinds like citrus fruits or ponds, meaning apples and stuff.

I have different pictures for those, but I wanted just to show you dry fruit and fleshy fruit distinction. And that's not it. All of those fruits which I said before, they usually are single fruits, but some exceptions may happen. So, what does it mean, simple fruits? Simple fruit means that you have one fruit developed from one flower.

Simple. That's why simple fruits. Like a legume.

That will be a peanut. When you buy peanuts in shells, those shells are actually pots. So inside you have seeds. Samara again.

That will be a cereal. Then in case of apple or in case of some fruits, you will have simple fruits as well. One flower, one fruit. But it may be more complex. Have you ever seen a strawberry flower?

It looks kinda like a miniature white rose. So it has five petals and a whole bunch of pistils in the middle. Because it has a whole bunch of pistils in the middle, every pistil makes a separate fruit.

So technically, fruit is this. They are a piece. So whatever barks you on the surface of your strawberry, this is the actual fruit.

and the fleshy part this is not the fruit that's a flower bottom that receptacle remember it just grows and keeps those fruits attached to them here you have different case the same story then the flower bottom was here and every particular little ball that's a separate fruit those fruits in case of raspberry blackberry ...will be droplets, meaning tiny little drops. And finally we have a different story, we have separate flowers which can make one fruit together. And there are two major cases. One will be a weird thing, which is a pig, you will... ...a little bit at home at some point because they have that weird relationship with wasps.

Inside, zyconium, we have tiny flowers, male and female flowers, and they change into fruits. Fruits will be a kids. That's why when you eat flower, you may feel a little bit of them between your teeth because there are those seeds. And the second one is a pineapple which has many berries growing together.

and every berry has a separate flower. I will show them again. First, let's talk about drups. Drups are a little weird because... Seed coat!

Hmm... Example. Walnut.

You saw a walnut, right? There is a hard shell, then inside when you cut it there is a walnut. And the walnut has like a... Almost see-through dark layer.

And if you saw me, that layer can go off and stuff. That layer is a seed coat. So seed coat makes just a tiny layer which is not hard at all. So what is that hard stuff?

This is the inside part of the ovary. That's why it's so hard. So because this is not a seed coat person, that's why it has a different name.

And the rest of the ovary makes the fleshy part. So that's the whole difference. And in druks we have peaches, plums, cherries, all kinds of stuff.

Sometimes we have one seed or sometimes several. Apple, they go together and they are weird. So they start from a rose type of flower. Roses tend to have like a hollow receptacle and their ovary is surrounded by the receptacle.

of that they very often tend to do this. This is the actual fruit, meaning these are seeds, this is the ovary, and the rest of your apple or pear, this is the flower bulb on which you will. And you can even tell the difference if you are trying to pick up the apple core, sometimes you can see that it's a little different tissue around the apple core and it breaks apart when you try to cut it out.

So that's the actual fruit and the outside part together with the skin. This is made from a flower pot. That's why they are so beautiful.

You can even see chambers in your apple pot. Very often five because that's a reminiscence of the ovary. That's how the ovary is built.

So that's the same. We saw this, we saw this, the normal berry. In case of citrus fruits, it's basically similar to the drum. However, because they are from Canada, they look different. They are very often separated.

So you have those chamber seeds and... Algoritm. And the last, we need two cases of multiple fruits. Pineapple, everybody saw pineapple, however not everybody saw how they bloom. What you see here are separate flowers growing together and each flower makes one of those roses, one of those little pieces.

That's a berry. Another case of multiple flower will be... That's another weird one.

Each tiny little flower, these are tiny little flowers, each of them will grow into something which looks like a berry but actually is a king. That's a king growing, surrounded by some additional tissues. That's mulberry.

So, mulberry is very weird because nobody would think about a king's day. That's what it is. And figs, meaning you have a cycloneum, and that cycloneum has flowers inside, wasps get there.

This is an example of how it looks like, particular flowers. And wasps get there, they pollinate, and they die, and you know. Whatever the cycle process and that's how it is. Don't worry.

Usually, commercially, chrome, they don't require coordination. So that's pretty much it. Remember, like I said, many times, the diameter comes smaller. I want you to see the difference.

And don't hurry up, we will use those five minutes. Oh yeah, we will start the next one. Oh yeah.

So, we have five minutes. We have sporophyte and gametophyte in Moses. Dominant part was gametophyte. Sporophyte was dependent, short-fitting.

You don't want me to win? Let me use my time. In ferns, or other seedless pastoral ferns, we have sporophyte which dominates and gametophyte is tiny. Like dead tiny, still green and independent but tiny.

So that's why we say this one is dominant because it stays for years. That one is short living tiny. And tiny will have seed plants.

For gymnosperms and angiosperms, everything is ascoraphyte. And gametophyte is those eight nuclei in the embryo sac and two cells in the pollen brain. So that's how tiny it became.

Okay. So, plant value. Now we won't be talking too much about mouses and ferns. We will focus on seed ferns, which were the average ferns, but a little more about the anatomy. Really.

So, take a question, remember by your clue, maybe the same, what happens with those kind of ferns, which, yeah, they are so good. Plants. We need to remember they have to anchor and they have to somehow reach the sun. If there was nobody else, they could be just flat. But then whoever learned to raise their body high...

...successful because they shaded everybody else, right? So that's why plants started growing in height. So we will think about what happened really and why were they so successful.

Plant body is divided in two major systems when it goes to plant body. Just like our body has head and legs and stuff, here you have root system and shoot system. Root system which normally will be under the soil, underground, and it will be roots. Then shoot system which will be above the ground, and you have two organs in a vegetative body.

You forget about reproduction. We have leaves which will be flat, usually flat, doing photosynthesis, and stems which will be there to just lift those leaves up. A little closer look how do they look like.

Because we will be talking about those things and it's good if you start working on those. So we have roots and for now I'm leaving them, we will talk about them more. We have stem, stem which may be one or may branch, in this case it didn't branch yet. And on that stem, once in a while, a leaf emerges.

It may be one leaf or more. In the same place where a leaf emerged, you have, oh no, it didn't branch. You have.

Something called an axillary valve. The axillary valve can start growing into a twig or a branch. So this is the twig.

This is a connected stem. This stem will grow just the same, just in a different orientation. So we have axillary buds and leaves grouped together. Those areas are called nodes.

Nodes because usually you can't really see them. You can see those places. And nodes will be separated one from another. By internodes.

How long is the branch will depend mostly on how long are the internodes. Internodes, usually nothing is happening here so they are easy. In the nodes you have to remember there is a knee at this one and axillary valve.

And then finally at the top we have something called terminal valve. this is where the twig starts growing and keeps growing. One last thing about the leaf.

Inside the leaf, I mean, the leaf is built out of a blade which is flat, and that's where photosynthesis comes from. usually there will be also a little connection more or less to the stem, narrow, which is called the patio. So the connection called the patio.

And that will be it. Thank you everybody.

Transcript for:Understanding Plant Reproduction and Anatomy

Transcript for:
Understanding Plant Reproduction and Anatomy