Hello. Today I will be presenting on the Mixton War, a major indigenous uprising against the Spanish rule that took place in 1540 to 1542 in present day western Mexico. This conflict shows us the tensions between Spanish colonial authority and indigenous resistance and how its outcomes shape the future of New Spain. On the Spanish side, we have the concistadors, settlers who had moved into the region, the visceroy of New Spain, and large numbers of allied indigenous forces who supported the Spanish. On the indigenous side, the main groups were the CS clan and the Zakatas along with several other local indigenous communities who united in resistance against Spanish expansion and abuse. On the Spanish side, Antonio de Mendoza was the first visoy of New Spain and he personally commanded the Spanish and allied forces to crush the uprising which helped strengthen colonial authority. Pedro de Alvarado, a veteran concistador from the Aztec conquest, was known for both his bravery and his brutality, but he was fatally injured during the Mixton campaign. On the indigenous side. Francisco tenet, a cax gun leader united different groups in resistance and even later travel to Spain to demand justice for his people. Alongside him were other local leaders, chiefs and warriors who rallied their communities and organized strongholds like Mixton Hill to defend against the Spanish control. The root causes of the mixed war are from Spanish exploitation. The echcomandia system forced indigenous people into hard labor and tribute payments. At the same time, land was seized, traditional ways of life were disrupted and communities were pressured into forced conversion to Christianity. All of this created deep resentment. By 1540, the resentment boiled over into an open rebellion. In the early stages of the war, indigenous groups fortified strongholds such as Mixeden Hill. These defenses allowed for them to successfully resist Spanish forces at first. In fact, the Spanish suffered defeats near Guadalajara and the rebellion spread across the highlands. This was a moment of real strength for the indigenous fighters who proved that the Spanish forces could be challenged. The turning point in this war came when the visceroy Antonio de Mendoza personally led major reinforcements which included thousands of allied indigenous warriors fighting on the Spanish side. The Spanish conquered siege of Mixton Hill and Nostish Glenn. By 1542 the uprising had been crushed with devastating consequences for the indigenous communities involved. The short-term outcomes of the mixed in hill were incredibly brutal. Thousands of indigenous people were killed during the fighting or executed afterwards. Many others were captured and forced into slavery, used as laborers on Spanish estates and in towns. Entire villages and towns were destroyed, leaving survivors without homes, food, or land to return to. Those who did survive often faced harsh punishments meant to crush their spirit and send a warning to other communities. The Spanish wanted to make an example out of this rebellion by using terror and destruction. They hoped to discourage any future uprisings. In the end, the immediate effects of the war left indigenous communities devastated, scattered, and under much tighter Spanish control. In the long term, the Spanish secured firm control over northern Mexico, establishing a foundation for the empire's continued expansion. This consolidation of power opened the doors for growth of lucrative industries. The most important being the silver mines in Sakatas, which soon became one of the wealthiest and most productive regions in all of Spain. The influx of silver not only fueled the colonial e economy but also tied new Spain more closely into global trade networks. At the same time, the Catholic Church extended its reach, building missions and converting indigenous communities in an effort to solidify Spanish culture and religious dominance. Yet despite these efforts, indigenous resistance never disappeared. The memory of the uprising and defiance endured served as a longlasting symbol of resilience and a reminder that the Spanish control was never absolute. The immediate effects on the indigenous communities were devastating. Like stated before, heavy loss of life, the destruction of villages and local economies, enslavement, forced resettlement into Spanish controlled towns, and increased labor and tribute demands. But in the long term the imper the impacts were equally profound. Cultural blending but also loss of many traditional practices and languages. There was a major decline in indigenous autonomy and military power. They were also forced to convert to Catholic missions and there was a psychological impact. This defeat created fear of the Spanish retaliation making it harder for future uprisings to succeed. To conclude, the mixed in war was one of the most significant indigenous uprisings after the fall of the Aztec Empire. It highlights both Spanish brutality and the determination of indigenous groups to defend their way of life. At the same time, it exposed the limits of indigenous military power against Spanish weapons and alliances. The war ultimately strengthened Spanish control, expanded Catholic influence, and accelerated the cultural suppression of indigenous groups. But its legacy lives on, a reminder of both indigenous resilience and the lasting impact of colonial conquest. The end. Thank you for listening.