Overview
This lecture explains how nationalism developed in India, especially as a reaction to British colonial policies, and highlights the roles of socio-religious reformers and specific events that shaped national consciousness.
Origins and Concept of Nationalism
- Nationalism is the feeling of unity and common consciousness among people sharing a common history, culture, and territory.
- Pre-1857, loyalty was to kingdoms or provinces, not to an Indian nation.
- The 1857 revolt was localised and lacked true national unity.
Causes for Growth of Nationalism
- British colonial rule and economic exploitation were the primary causes for rising nationalism.
- All major policies prioritized British interests over Indian welfare.
- Colonial policies increased land revenue and taxes, causing hardship for peasants.
- Artisans and craftsmen lost livelihood due to the destruction of local industries and the influx of British goods.
- A new working class emerged, forming a politically-aware social group.
- Educated Indians faced discrimination in government jobs, creating frustration and a push for reform.
Notable Colonial Policies that Fostered Nationalism
- Lord Lytton’s Grand Delhi Durbar (1877) ignored famine relief.
- Vernacular Press Act (1878) restricted free expression in Indian languages; repealed by Lord Ripon in 1881.
- Indian Arms Act (1878) made it illegal for Indians to own arms without a licence; did not apply to British.
- ICS exam age limit reduction and removal of import duties on cotton textiles disadvantaged Indians.
- Ilbert Bill (1883) sought to allow Indian judges to try Europeans, but faced strong British opposition, revealing racial discrimination.
Socio-Religious Reform Movements
- Led by middle-class intelligentsia using rational and scientific approaches.
- Aimed to abolish caste system, child marriage, dowry, purdah, sati, and infanticide.
- Reforms challenged social and religious superstitions, advocating for equality and individual liberty.
- Promoted reorganizing society on democratic, liberal lines without discrimination.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Early Reformers
- Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833) was a key reformer from Bengal.
- Advocated unity of all religions and absorbed knowledge from both Eastern and Western traditions.
- Worked to remove socio-religious evils and was driven by nationalistic feelings.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Nationalism — Feeling of unity and shared destiny among people with common history and culture.
- Colonial Policies — Laws and regulations imposed by the British, often repressive and favoring British interests.
- Vernacular Press Act — Law restricting the Indian-language press from criticizing the British government.
- Ilbert Bill — Legislation to allow Indian judges to try Europeans, exposing British racial bias.
- Socio-Religious Reform Movement — Efforts by Indian thinkers to modernize society and eliminate social evils.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the main causes and key events that contributed to the rise of nationalism.
- Study the impact of specific British policies on different Indian social groups.
- Prepare notes on major socio-religious reformers and their contributions.