let's talk a little bit about architecture according to Frank architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing spaces not only for practical purposes but also for symbolic symbolic and aesthetic ones so these are the spaces that we inhabit all day every day especially if we uh work inside but even if we work outside these are the spaces that we use to um store our tools store our vehicles store any equipment or they're the spaces where we go to get food or where we go to cook food so these are really important to our daily lives whether we realize it or not when we are thinking about architecture we should consider the following we should consider the materials this is often informed by the global location of where a structure is constructed for example if there is a building in Scandinavia there is plenty of wood available so many Scandinavian or um buildings in Northern Europe are made of wood alternatively or in contrast uh many buildings that were constructed in ancient Egypt for example where there are very few trees were constructed using mud brick now you might say but professor Magguire what about the the pyramids and these are important for us to also think about because these did employ stone for their construction but these were spaces for the elite and so the most prestigious materials like stone were used for the uh for the pyramids whereas for the homes and the structures of everyday use especially for those from non- elite communities would have used mudbrick we also need to think about who sponsored the monument is it someone who is a king who wants their castle to be well protected or is it a um someone who is very interested in living in a green space do they use uh sustainable materials do they use solar panels to supply the heating and the electric and the um cooking um fuel you also want to think about the other buildings around the monument so we can usually tell if we're in a neighborhood because there are lots of houses next to other houses whereas in a business district we're going to see businesses located next to one another so it might be unusual for us to see a um a tax accountant's office in the middle of a a housing complex right we also want to think about the purpose of the structure is it aerary monument is it a is it a domestic space is it a space for spiritual worship is it a space for selling things for making food is it a sculptor's workshop etc so all of these things inform the way the architecture looks and the functionality of the building for example if you are needing lots of natural light you'll have a lot of windows if you don't want natural light maybe you'll have small windows and you'll make sure that there's accommodation for lots of electrical lights inside so the purpose of the structure informs directly the way that it appears buildings must be designed to withstand the forces of compression or pushing tension or stretching and bending or flexing and combinations of these physical forces there are only three ways of constructing almost any building the first one is the loadbearing method of piling blocks or planks at top one another and we're going to look at an example of this in just a second the skeletal method which involves erecting a framework and wrapping it in the skin of some kind so this might be how most of our houses are built right there will be the wooden frame of the house and it might be wrapped in um siding that might be um some form of plastic it might have mud brick or it might have more wood and then there's the molding method in which a liquid such as mud or concrete is poured into a mold and allowed to harden the use of a particular method is often based on the landscape around the builders and the architects so like I said previously if you have a lot of wood available you might use wood to construct a variety of buildings whereas if you have more mud available you're going to use that so let's talk about dry masonry this is when no mortar is used and the weight of the stones themselves hold the structure up and I bring to your attention this example of New Graange in um what is now the Republic of Ireland and we can see that these stones are stacked in such a way that they are forcing their weight down which adds to the stability of the structure and you can also see that they are stacked so that they increasingly get closer together at the top this is called um corbling and this is a type of early dome we also have post and lentil architecture this is when ver vertical posts or columns support a horizontal beam and carry the weight of the entire structure to the ground so at Stonehenge this is the lintil and these larger stones that are vertical are the posts so the lentil all of the weight of the lentil is borne down into the stones of the post the problem with post and lentil architecture is that it is not great for loadbearing above the lintil so if there's a ton of weight on top of the lintil this might force the middle of the lintil to crack and then the structure will fall down in order to get around some of this the Romans especially developed the arch and an arch is a curved structure designed to span an opening usually made of stone or other masonry and at Haga Sophia in what is now Istanbul Turkey we see the um the use of arches in its many forms to create this large and imposing space so the standard arch is here and we can see that instead of the lentil that might have spanned the tops of the columns here we have the arch and this evenly distributes the weight down into the columns so that there isn't like this snapping effect that we might see in post and lentil architecture if you think of a vault as a number of arches right in front of and behind one another um this is like I said a continuation of the same science and the same physics as the arch so a vault is a curving ceiling or roof structure it's traditionally made of bricks or blocks of stone and it's tightly fitted to form a unified shell so you can see a little bit of the vault here at Haga Sophia this is called a groin vault but it still employs the same technology as the arch and and allows the span of the ceiling here to be pushed down into the pier that's down here that uh in the lower right corner of the the photograph a dome if you will imagine it with me is like taking an arch and spinning it uh in a circle so it's again the same idea as an arch all of the weight is being thrust down into this section here that's called a pendentive and that is being borne down into these large peers so this is a pier here and the pier is then holding up the entire dome and the dome at Haga Sophia was the largest dome to span across this large space for many centuries and so it is one of the most famous domes from the from the middle ages in opposition to this trusses are a triangular framework used to span or to support and the use of trusses um is seen in this example here which is the Borgon stave church in um Scandinavia and we can see that we have these triangular um constructions here that support the roof and we can see that it is at such an angle that the snow and the rain that might collect on the top of the roof would just slip off so um some of you might be familiar with um the fact that if you get a lot of snow um often times the weight of the snow itself can cause the roof to collapse so by having this very steep incline for the roof we can see that the builders of the Borgon stave church has have made accommodations for the weather um in in this Scandinavian location