Overview
This lecture covers the causes and effects of Urbanization in 19th-century America, emphasizing population growth, industrial jobs, immigration, urban problems, and the influence of political machines.
Urbanization and Population Growth
- Urbanization is the growth of cities.
- Between 1870 and 1900, the urban population in America grew from 10 million to 30 million.
- By 1900, about 40% of Americans lived in urban areas.
Causes of Urbanization
- The rise of industrial jobs in or near cities attracted workers.
- Inventions like the Steel Plow and Mechanical Reaper increased farm productivity but required fewer workers.
- Many unemployed former farm workers moved to cities.
- Two major waves of immigration (1840s to early 20th century) brought millions of Europeans and Asians to American cities.
Urban Problems
- Cities became crowded and often lacked proper sanitation, especially in poorer neighborhoods.
- Many urban poor lived in overcrowded, poorly built tenements.
- Crime rates were high in rapidly growing urban areas.
Political Machines and City Politics
- Political Machines dominated city governments; Tammany Hall in New York, led by “Boss” Tweed, was the most famous.
- Machines provided jobs and aid to poor residents in exchange for votes.
- Political Machines were often corrupt, awarding city contracts for personal profit.
- Kickbacks and inflated costs for public projects were common tactics.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Urbanization — the process of population growth in cities.
- Tenements — overcrowded, poorly built housing for the urban poor.
- Political Machine — an organization that controls city politics, often through corruption and patronage.
- Tammany Hall — the most famous political machine, dominated New York City politics.
- Kickback — illegal payment for awarding contracts or favors.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review class notes on Urbanization and Political Machines.
- Read the textbook section on late 19th-century American cities.