[Music] what's up people today we're taking a look at APUSH period 8 1945 the end of World War II all the way up until 1980 the election of Ronald Reagan on the exam this period is about 15% of the APUSH test so let's get started some change in continuity post World War II it's important to keep in mind that unlike in the postor war i period the US will play a key role in postor War II Affairs let me give you an example us does not join the League of Nations following World War I member Wilson's plan is rejected by the Senate but the US will join the new international organization the United Nations the UN in 1945 there will be some similarities member Wilson with his 14 points well a lot of those similar ideas are going to be found in the document signed by Roosevelt and Churchill called the Atlantic Charter most most important thing in postor War II is the Cold War is going to begin it will be an ideological political and Military struggle between the two superpowers the United States and the Soviet Union and this thing is going to last from around 1946 is to 1991 the fall of the Soviet Union throughout the Cold War the us is going to pursue a policy called containment it's going to be articulated by George Kennan and the us is going to pursue a variety of methods and ways to try to contain Communism most of the time this is going to be done with indirect military conflict and support very often you're going to see during this time the US pledging military and financial assistance to countries trying to resist perceived or real communist aggression so for example you get the Truman Doctrine where we give $400 million to Greece and Turkey to keep them from falling to the Communists we are successful in both countries Marshall Plan is established under the Truman Administration we give billions of dollars of money to Western Europe to rebuild countries especially France and Italy so that in the elections people won't be inclined to vote for the Communist that is a huge success as well during the Chinese Civil War the us is going to give a lot of money to the Nationalist under Chen kek however that is not going to be a successful policy because in 1949 ma the Communist declare the People's Republic of China the us is going to pursue all sorts of collective security agreements we've already mentioned the United Nations but we're also going to join the first permanent peacetime military Alliance kind of forgetting the warnings of George Washington's Farewell Address when we sign up and join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO and basically what this military Alliance said was if there was an attack on one member it was considered an attack on all the US is also going to be involved in indirect military conflict with its use of the CIA especially starting with Dwight Eisenhower's Administration where the CIA is going to try to get rid of regimes in Guatemala and Iran and then finally as time goes on the us is going to find itself overcommitted around the world and under President Nixon you're going to have the Nixon Doctrine where we're basically going to say to Vietnam and other countries you are going to have to do your own fighting the US will provide you with money and military equipment but not US soldiers at all times this is going to be known as the policy of Vietnamization in Vietnam there's also going to be military buildup throughout the Cold War it's one of the key parts of trying to contain Communism and you are going to have an arms race throughout the Cold War this can really be seen in Truman building up the military during the Korean War under the recommendations of NSC 68 under Eisenhower you have the new look policy where there's this stress and Reliance on nuclear weapons more bang for the buck was the idea and really key to this is this idea of massive retaliation that we will deter the Soviets by building up our nuclear Arsenal they will be reluctant to make moves cuz they know we going to blow them up Kennedy is's going to alter his form policy military spending with something called flexible response having a variety of options available because you can't use nukes in all situations another part of the Cold War is going to be the Space Race you're going to see this where especially after putnik in 1957 we feel like we're falling behind the Soviet unions you have this Mass funding for not only NASA but also education with the National Defense of Education Act and of course remember Kennedy with this famous speech says we are going to put a man on the moon and this will happen in 1969 when the US becomes the first country to put a man on the moon now over in that direct military column there is going to be be moments where the us is going to use direct military force to stop communism most famously in Korea started in 1950 when North Korea invades South Korea crossing the 38th parallel this is a limited War meaning the war is only meant to stop communism from South Korea there's a debate during the war about this strategy But ultimately containment is achieved by Truman and then Eisenhower and then of course the big one is going to be the Vietnam War War where really after the Gulf of tonen resolution where were allegedly attacked in the Gulf of tonen President lyen Johnson escalates American involvement we start Operation Rolling Thunder where we're bombing North Vietnam and after 3 years of fighting we're being told the American people are near Victory however the Tet Offensive in 1968 really proves otherwise and the war increasingly becomes controversial all of these are examp examples of ways the US sought to contain or threaten communism during the Cold War it's important to keep in mind throughout the cold war that there were periods of dayun or relaxation of tensions there were thaws in the Cold War and you could see this periods of mutual coexistence really kind of the first thought of the Cold War can be seen under Eisenhower where Ike calls for a relaxation of tensions and a reduction in the arms race with the Soviet counterpart Nikita krushi they have the Adams for peace plan proposed in fact in 1955 they meet Eisenhower meets with Soviet leaders and you get the Geneva conference and many start to talk about the spirit of Geneva between these two superpowers however this period of coexistence is going to be ruined by the shooting down of the U2 spy plane incident but once again following the Cuban Missile Crisis where the two superpowers were close to War in 1962 a direct hotline was installed between Washington DC and Moscow perhaps the period of daytont that you should most be familiar with is under Nixon and his foreign policy adviser Kissinger and Nixon's really going to seek to take advantage of the distrust and rivalry between China and the Soviet Union this so-called senos Soviet split and he's going to do so when he visits China the first US president to do so in February of 1972 to meet with ma shortly after that he helps negotiate the Strategic arms limitation talks salt one which was designed to limit nuclear weapons however further talks are going to be ruined salt 2 will be ruined when the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan in 1979 but keep in mind the cold war is going to fluctuate between these periods of direct conflict indirect conflict and periods of Dayton another important thing to understand about period 8 is how cold war policies led to debate over the power of the federal government acceptable ways of pursuing International and domestic goals and the proper balance between Liberty and Order and some examples of these themes can be seen in the debate especially the growing debate over the presence of a growing nuclear Arsenal Eisenhower warned the nation in his fairwell address about the military industrial complex and how the growing arms race was a threat to American domestic life you are going to see various arms controls agreements the most famous one of course probably being the salt agreement the Strategic arms limitation talks but you're also going to see this debate over the power of the executive branch and The Growing Power of the presidency there was a dispute between Truman and his general Douglas MacArthur MacArthur is fired for criticizing Truman's handling of the war The Limited war strategy the Gulf of tonen resolution in 196 63 gives President Johnson a blank check and many people see this as a excessive amount of presidential power that widens the Vietnam War and in 1973 you're going to have the War Powers Act which is designed to limit presidential War making power throughout the Cold War you're going to see domestic opposition to Cold War policies there was limited debate over the Korean War some people debated the merits of a limited War especially Republicans who criticized Truman's handling of the war they saw him is being too weak and the big moment though in domestic opposition is going to be with Vietnam the Vietnam War bitterly divided the nation between Hawks those people who were for the war and doves those who were against the war and really events like the Ted offensive in 1968 and the bombing of Cambodia escalate and increased the anti-war movement in fact the news of the bombing of Cambodia during Nixon's presidency led to the Kent State prot protest which led to the deaths of four college students and college campus protests spread throughout the country and as a result of the Cold War you are going to have this impacting domestic life the challenge arose over the effort to balance civil liberties with order and security one of the key things that happens in the late 40s and 50s is a widespread fear of communist influence and infiltration in American Life Revelations of people like aler his and the Julius and Ethel rosenberg's Revelations of spy rings in America causes widespread fear this leads to the rise of senator Joseph McCarthy and McCarthyism this accusing of people with little or no evidence and in the late 40s early 50s you have a second Red Scare in fact even before this time you have the federal employee loyalty program which investigated the background of federal employees within the government and many people lost their jobs in fact you have the House of unamerican Activities Committee huak which is restarted after World War II and it is designed to root out and search for communist influence in American Life very often people were brought before the committee and forced to name names for example you have the Hollywood 10 brought before the committee in spite of this criticisms over these policies it's important to not though both Republicans and Democrats supported the policy of containing communism however there were disputes at the methods and ways to do this a really important idea to keep in mind is post World War II decolonization and you have the collapse of colonial empires leading both the US and the Soviet Union competing for influence in Asia Latin America Africa and the Middle East you're going to see this in Vietnam as hoochi Min is trying to get rid of the French following World War II and you're going to see that these areas of the world that were former colonies are going to be the target of both US and Soviet foreign policy some examples of this you can be seen in the Middle East the US had a variety of interests ideologically we had support for Israel immediately following World War I but also any regime that was non-communist economic concerns access to oil as well as military strategic concerns some examples of US policy and how it was impacted by the Cold War could be seen in Operation Ajax President Eisenhower in 1953 used the CIA to help overthrow the democratically elected Iranian government this causes all sorts of problems and in the Suz crisis president Nasser of Egypt he is a nationalist he nationalizes the Suez Canal and as a result England France and Israel without consulting the United States attacks Egypt this causes a huge crisis and eventually Eisenhower has to intervene to end the war and prompts Eisenhower to issue the Eisenhower Doctrine which basically stated the US promised economic military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communist aggression in 1960 you get the organization of petroleum exporting countries OPEC formed which is designed to control the oil supply and trade this is going to have a huge impact on US Energy policy and during the yam kapore War during Nixon's Administration Egypt and Syria suddenly attacked Israel and the US provides Aid to Israel in the form of Economic and Military Support this contribut to a an oil embargo it's imposed on the United States by the oil Rich nations in OPEC and finally another thing to keep in mind with regard to the Middle East the Camp David Accords in 1978 President Jimmy Carter helps negotiate a deal in which Israel and Egypt sign a peace agreement the US is also heavily going to be involved in Latin America and in Latin America the US supported non-communist regimes with varying levels of democracy in fact in 1954 the CIA under President Eisenhower is going to overthrow the democratically elected arb's government they will do so because the government is going to nationalize land held by the United Fruit Company and the CIA is going to help bring into Power a very undemocratic government but Pro US government in Guatemala there's going to be a crisis in 1959 when in Cuba Fidel Castro led a revolution that removed the Cuban dictator Batista from power and he begins nationalizing land in Cuba this leads Eisenhower to issue an embargo against Cuba turning Cuba closer and closer to the Soviet Union there you can see Castro and Kushi having a cuddle session and eventually when JFK takes office he tries the Bay of Pigs plan Cuban Exiles are going to go to Cuba try to overthrow Castro and it is going to fail not too long after that in 1962 the US discovers the presence of Soviet missiles nuclear missiles in Cuba this leads to the Cuban Missile Crisis and the US and the Soviet Union are extremely close to war luckily they negotiate an end to this crisis if you want to get more information about any of this material make sure you check out the other videos in the description and don't forget about part two of the period 8 review Series where we break down the domestic stuff for you if the video helped you at all click like on the video and if you haven't already done so subscribe tell all your friends to do the same and remember when you go to take that a push exam in May that you ride in there like a boss like John Brown in that photo and you knock it out and you get a five thank you for watching have a beautiful day peace