let's now look at a subject that begins to transform the very nature of Texas and that of course is the end of the Texas Frontier in the decades after the Civil War and reconstruction Texas experienced tremendous change without slavery the state would not return to its pre-war status in which it focused on Cotton production and small farms in the late 1800s Texas would develop new cities and towns a new education system new railroads Industries and Technologies it would also become a national Center for cattle ranching and cattle driving late 19th century Texas attracted people for the same reasons they came to the region before the Civil War it had opportunities in abundance and accordingly the state population grew tremendously in 1870 the population of Texas stood at about 88 18,000 people by 1890 it reached 2,235 th000 people poured into Texas from other Southern States and from overseas as well the Texas German population stood at 41,000 in 1870 but by 1890 it reached 125,000 by 1890 the number of Germans in Texas outnumbered the number of people of Mexican ancestry however all this development and change required one other thing in Texas history it required the reduction and elimination of Native American raids now Indian raids had posed one of the biggest obstacles to growth and development in Texas for they cost money spread fear and made it difficult for companies to invest in large scale projects like railroads and rating and violence increased all across Texas in theil war and after as the war and the depressed post-war economy cost natives supplies and trade and many resorted to rating to make up the deficits accordingly the Western and Northern parts of the state the old Frontier of the Republic and Antebellum periods became extremely dangerous and as long as native Warfare remained in Texas places like witcha Falls that we saw on an earlier slide would not develop the kamanche posed the biggest threat after the Civil War and by the 1860s five bands of kamanche roam the Southern Plains divided by location and behavior The peneta Who operated in the central part of Texas made up the southernmost portion of the kamany nation and they had fallen into a bit of decline by the 1870s their proximity to settlers exposed them to disease and land pressures and this group had also faced some serious losses in the at the hands of Texans back in the council house fight and in the Battle of Plum Creek in the 1840s that meant the kahati or the antalope eater band of the Texas Panhandle and the flat Plains of Northwest Texas became the most feared this group tended to refuse negotiations they roamed widely they followed Buffalo and this Behavior actually helped them stay powerful because the constant movement kept them from long-term exposure to settlers and their diseases after the Civil War the kyowa regularly joined the commanche in raiding Texas this group arrived fairly late on the Southern Plains about 1500 strong the Kyo started out on the Northern Plains near the Yellowstone region but they had been forced out by the Sue who also had put pressure on the commanche migrating to the Southern Plains the Kwa formed an alliance with the commanche around 1795 now Western tribes sometimes formed alliances like these to respond to settlers or to address issues with other tribes the Osage Indians of Kansas for example wanted to break into the Southern Plains and the hunting grounds there and the kamansi kowa alliance worked to keep them out so denied access to the Southern Plains the oage sought to expand into KO lands causing a war between those tribes in the late 1700s by the late 1800s the kowa were Partners in Comanche raids participating in pillage killing and rape now these kyowa are living on a reservation however they're still using one of their TPS and the TP here is the mobile tent adopted by Plains Indians who didn't live in settled Villages and note this particular tribe is also drying meat reservation Indians often kept to teepees even after their ability to roam on the PLS ended now together these two groups wre havoc on the frontier during the Civil War in 1864 every Wagon Train on the Santa Fe Trail to New Mexico meico ended up attacked and things got so bad the US actually feared Communications between New Mexico and the US would be cut off to the kamanche and the kowa the wagon trains that came through their territory killed off important game so they had to be stopped and they had to be pillaged to address the kamanchi Kwa threat the US Army sent troops into action in the Texas Panhandle in 1864 trying to punish the kamanche and the kowa for their actions November 29th 1864 United States troops met the kamanche in Cowa in one of the largest battles between US soldiers and natives this is called the first battle of adobe walls and it took place up at the very top of the Panhandle the US Army set out to punish the natives by attacking them in the winter which was outside of their normal fighting season and the United States also brought artillery with them so that the Army could rake the natives with cannon fire the battle ended with the US troops in Retreat surrounded by Warriors riding fearlessly and recklessly the Commander in charge reported the encounter as a victory in the sense that it accomplished what he intended but privately he felt he'd been lucky to escape the US Army actually planned extensive operations against the natives had the Civil War continued but they discontinued those plans once the war ended and that left the kamanche and the Kwa alone in the Panhandle free to RAM and raid at will this is the site of the first battle of adobi walls and it's very remote in fact we can't get to the actual battle site on Google Earth but it happened in this location in the Panhandle the United States Cavalry with some 300 men 27 wagons and a couple of field howitzers found a large kamanche and CA camp in this area it was actually a collection of camps and some had as many as 500 lodges the US Army engaged by setting up near Adobe walls and that was the crumbling ruins of an Old Fort from there the US Army opened fire on the na naves with rifle and Cannon the cannon held the natives back and the soldiers fired until they started running out of ammunition the soldiers here faced anywhere from 3,000 to 7,000 natives which was far more than they expected and the objective here was not to conquer or capture territory but to cause as much damage as possible in that regard the Army succeeded as the soldiers did destroy some 150 lodges and they killed a hundred or so natives but again the commander said he felt like he was lucky to get out of this conflict alive South Texas also had problems as well the kapoo who had migrated to Mexico during the Civil War began raiding across the Rio Grand into Texas and they were seeking horses and supplies some also wanted Vengeance against the United States for the attack they had suffered as they made their way to Mexico now these raids grew so so intense the US government conducted a study and the numbers indicated that kapoo Raiders in South Texas had stolen over 500,000 head of cattle and more than 400,000 horses between 1865 and 72 they had also kidnapped and killed along the way and then they would fall back into Mexico where the United States couldn't go between 1865 and 67 it's also estimated that Leon Apache raids in Texas killed 18 people and resulted in the loss of $30,000 worth of livestock Frontier rating grew quite terrible after the war by 1867 Texas counted some 162 people killed by Natives and 43 taken prisoner people on the frontier lived in constant fear surrounded themselves with Stockade walls and always watched for Indian signs and Texas began reporting terrifying incidents like these somewhere in this vicinity along a small Creek on the montigue Wise County Line in north Texas a terrible raid occurred in 1871 seven people died in a single room room cabin that housed two mothers and their children and it happened while the men were away the sole survivor was a young boy and he remembered that about 10 p.m. everyone was asleep except his mother who was sitting by the pipe smok or sitting by the fire smoking her pipe Indians suddenly broke open the one small window in the cabin and started coming through and everyone screamed and the natives started killing all the people in the cabin with arrows knives and tomahawks in the confusion the little boy went through the window and he hid outside and when the natives left he returned to find his mother dead and scalped his sister dead in a corner with her throat cut and all the other children dead in their bed the other mother The Other Woman lay outside scalped and shot full of arrows the West Branch of Denton Creek in montigue County flows through the middle of this picture in this immediate vicinity in September 1870 a man named Jesse Maxi had a cabin right near this Creek and there was another family living nearby as well now one day the two men went out for the day when natives came a Maxi's father had gone outside to chop some firewood and the children were carrying the wood back to the cabins the Indians came and they killed Maxi's father and two of the children quickly and then they went after the two women who ran inside the cabins one native fired a shot and it wounded one of the women and killed the baby in her arms two of the children Fred fled into the brush but they were captured immediately and carried away one of them a boy eventually returned but the other child a little girl was never seen again here's the Clear Fork of the Brazos River which runs west of Dallas and south of which atah Falls the Lee family lived along this waterway in the 1870s with a little Farmstead that backed up to the river after Mr Lee left one morning to drive 9 miles over to Fort Griffith his wife and his 14-year-old son went out to the fields to harvest their corn the wife noticed their cattle started running and acting agitated and she turned around to find kamanche behind her in the corn she and her son ran for the cabin but they died before reaching safety the three youngest children tried to shut themselves in the cabin but the commanche got in they killed the baby and they took the other two children prisoner and only one ever returned now to many Texans only one solution existed for Native Americans who engaged in raiding and that solution was extermination as one report said who can blame a Texas Ranger for placing his six shooter to the head of a wounded Savage and pulling the trigger as they often do in battle when they are the victors but in the late 1800s citizens in the North and the East Saw things differently they knew that during the Civil War some awful massacres of Native Americans by people from the United States had occurred as well in the Sand Creek Massacre for example November 29th 1864 volunteer C in Colorado slaughtered women and children killed the elderly and took scalps from the dead and they also scalped the genital regions over 150 members of the Cheyenne tribe died in this action in The Bear River Massacre the US Army attacks shason Indians in Utah holding them responsible for attacks on Travelers using the Oregon Trail the Army killed some 280 Shoni by shooting and clubbing them to death the massacres conducted by the United States often don't have the violently personal nature of the massacres perpetuated by natives we don't see the home invasion type of things that we see from the natives but remember massacres by Americans took place on an enormous scale the Bear River Massacre of the shishoni took place at this location in instead of D destroying one cabin it took out a whole community of people and the Shoni never recovered witnessing the violent interactions between Natives and the United States it appeared to easterners and Northerners that western Indians and settlers specifically triggered each other and neither could understand the others perspective the tactiva had employed and they'd always always employed to survive such as stealing children torture of enemies killing the small and the weak terrorizing rape stealing cheating in war desecration of the Dead all of these things violated American tabos and made settlers violently angry now again these behaviors violated American tabos but they made sense in Native American culture where survival depended on keeping other people out of hunting ground s securing enough food and land to survive and maintaining a balance with the physical and spiritual worlds Terror cheating and violence made useful tactics in this regard and it's not like the United States didn't have a role in creating violence either some American behaviors such as mining farming fencing of the land killing Wildlife these things triggered rage in natives as well and Americans saw no problem with these behaviors but they were utterly abhorent to the natives mining farming lumbering upset the Natural Balance altered the shape of the land destroyed rocks and grasses and trees that existed spiritually as well as physically plus garbage and noise chased away game which threatened Indians with starvation and hunting for sport taking more than needed drove natives into a frenzy every game animal shot for sport meant some native went without and we mustn't forget Americans also practiced rape and murder as well so when settlers and natives started coming together in the West in large numbers after the Civil War they tended to trigger each other which led to attacks and violence and that violence as we've seen wasn't balanced natives attacked cabins and stole horses but the US with better weapons and a huge military wiped out communities as we saw in Sand Creek and be River so if the interactions between settlers and natives continued before too long the US would end up committing genocide and no native would survive and this had already taken place to an extent in Texas how many konawa or atakapa remained alive in 1865 so in the eastern United States reformers and citizens demanded some measure of protection for the natives and westerners often found the idea of protection for the natives a little hard to stomach however the US government listened to the reformers and after the Civil War that restarted the reservation system employed by the US government in Texas in the 1850s the United States government decided to follow a policy of reservation and assimilation for natives to protect them from Extinction and once the United States got involved the natives found themselves up against a force they couldn't stop and that will be our next subject