AP World History Review Session 2

Overview

• Covers from the Colonial Age to the Age of Industrialization
• Includes discussion on DBQs (Document-Based Questions)

Incentives for Exploration

• European Transformation: Transition from post-Roman collapse to a primary world player.
• Motivations:
  • Desire for Asian riches (China, India)
  • Impact of the Black Death
  • Avoidance of taxes from Muslim empires (e.g., Ottoman Empire)
• Geographical Advantage: Proximity to Atlantic Ocean helped Spain and Portugal.
• Treaty of Tordesillas: Divided the New World between Spain (west) and Portugal (east), with Brazil as an exception for Portugal.

Economy and Colonization

• Financial Developments:
  • Rise of banks, especially in Italy
  • Joint-stock companies
  • Monarch investments in colonies
• Columbian Exchange:
  • Trade exchanges between Europe and the Americas
  • Europe benefited more due to destructive diseases on natives, and agricultural goods boosting European population.

Asian Maritime Empires

• Portuguese Influence in Indian Ocean: Introduced cannons and established port cities.
• Philippines: Colonization and spread of Christianity; competition with China.
• Maritime Empires:
  • Portuguese, British East India Company, Dutch East India Company

English Colonial Push and Pull Factors

• Push Factors:
  • Stability post-Spanish Armada
  • Enclosure Movement: Displacement of rural populations to cities
• Pull Factors:
  • Promise of land and wealth (e.g., tobacco in Chesapeake)
  • Religious refuge in Northern America

Enlightenment

• Key Figures: John Locke (life, liberty, property), Adam Smith (capitalism)
• Ideals: Challenge to hierarchy; emphasis on individual rights and innovation
• Nationalism: Formation of nation-states, cultural unity, and sovereignty

Major Revolutions

• American, French, Haitian, Latin American (Creole) Revolutions
• Common Theme: Desire for local representation; often by middle-class merchants
• Subsequent Movements: Abolitionist and feminist movements

Industrial Revolution

• Origin: England, due to coal, banking, colonies, and stable government
• Global Spread:
  • Ottoman Empire: Young Ottomans and Tanzimat Reforms
  • China: Resisted industrialization, leading to Taiping and Boxer Rebellions
  • United States: Massive industrial growth, especially post-1860s
  • Japan: Meiji Restoration and modernization
  • Latin America: Attempted, but exploited by US
  • Russia: Failed due to serfdom
• Effects:
  • Positive: Social mobility, urbanization, innovation
  • Negative: Poor labor conditions, pollution, led to socialism and union movements

Document-Based Questions (DBQs)

• Importance: Tests historical analysis and writing
• Structure:
  • Thesis (with counter-thesis)
  • Contextualization
  • Use of documents for support
  • Source analysis (HAPP analysis)
  • Outside information
• Strategy: Find patterns, organize documents by thesis and counter-thesis, integrate historical context
• Example: Mexican Revolution DBQ focusing on economic factors

Conclusion

• Encourage reviewing DBQ structure and strategies for success
• Prepare for upcoming AP test post-spring break