Transcript for:
Overview of GCSE Geography and Urbanization

action is working and it's all fine just to answer your questions so when I did my gcses I did it in 2019 and thank you for the lovely comments it means so much so yeah we're gonna be going over GCSE geography now so my plan is is that we're going to go over the content now and then we're going to go over the case studies and examples during the second part of the live stream so content first and then case studies if you have any more questions just put them in the chat and let's get started so first key Concepts you need to know are about urbanization so okay let me just zoom in so you need to know what urbanization is so urbanization is just growth in a country so it's a growth in the proportion of people who live in urban areas so urbanization the clue is in the name and they may ask you this is the growth of the population of people living in urban areas now around 55 of the world lives in urban areas you don't necessarily need to know this but just know that the majority therefore of the world live in urban areas and this value is constantly increasing so you need to know three key points High income countries low-income countries and newly emerging economies so what do each of these mean so more economically developed for example countries such as the UK and Japan now most high income countries have already experienced urbanization so in high income countries around 80 percent of the population live in urban areas so for example in countries like the UK 80 of the population live in urban areas therefore if 80 of people already live in urbanizing in urban areas this then means that the rate of urbanization which means the rate of people moving from country and rural areas to urban areas is quite low so low rates of urbanization now you can think of it as the opposite in low-income countries so in low-income countries they're less economically developed so countries such as Ethiopia or now in countries like these most of the population live in rural areas so only 30 of the population actually live in urban areas and if a low amount of people live in urban areas this means the rate of urbanization is high because more people are able to move so in terms of the actual percentages for each rate in high income countries the rate of urbanization is under one percent in low-income countries the rate of urbanization is roughly up to six percent and what about newly newly emerging economies now what are newly emerging economies these are countries where economic development is increasing rapidly so they're growing they're developing now the urban population therefore is roughly 50 percent now example countries include countries such as Brazil or China where the economy is just booming now their Urban population is around 50 percent and their rates of urbanization is two percent do we need these stats for the exams yes we do thank you for your question okay so that's some key but it's not too integral to remember these because it's more about the case studies and the examples okay now what is urbanization caused by urbanization is caused by rural to Urban my migration this means people who are from rural areas like the countryside to urban areas and built up areas like London for example now the reason why people might move from rural to urban areas are called push factors because they push people to move to these areas and the reason why people come so that so push factors are the reasons why people want to leave these rural areas and you've got pull factors as well now pull factors are the reasons why people want to come to these urban areas so push factors are the downsides of living in Countryside and places like that and pull factors are the upsides of living in urban areas so examples of push factors include maybe the lack of Health Care the lack of facilities the worse education and also things like natural disasters because natural disasters can happen in both rural or urban areas however they have more damaging effects to rural areas because they're less um they have less predictions and planning and all of those techniques to prevent things like earthquakes and also the movement from mechanized agricultural equipment because there's a movement towards companies that are using instead of having people and manufacturers they want to then have mechanization which is using machines and oil power and things like that okay so pull factors include things like the fact that in urban areas there are more jobs also in urban areas there's better access to healthcare there's better education there's also benefit schemes as well which are not necessarily as put together in push in rural areas now urbanization isn't just caused by rural to Urban migration urbanization is also caused by another thing called natural increase now natural increase is just when a naturally younger population tend to move to the SE Two Urban Air because they go in search of jobs in search of work you don't tend to see all the elderly moving into cities you tend to see the elderly moving out of cities now what this then causes is since the younger population is going there that means that the younger population are more likely to live there for a longer duration of time and therefore they're more likely to have children as well now natural increase is when the birth rate exceeds the death rate and since the elderly are moving out and the new people are moving in this means that the death rate in those cities are actually decreasing and the birth rate is increasing because the young people are having children okay now we're going to skip the case studies because we're going to return to them at the end let's move on to the next content bit which is all about UK cities most cities are actually in low land areas so the placement of cities is very actually related to the geology now what that means is that strategically loads of cities within the UK are actually placed on flatter ground and the flatter ground areas are 10 10 tends to be found in the southern areas now flatter ground is much better for buildings and infrastructure now another thing we need to know about the UK cities is that the population distribution in the UK is not equal so that means that we have an unequal population distribution for example in the UK which let me attempt to draw the UK so in the UK the Northern areas are actually quite sparsely populated and the sub Southern areas are very densely familiar with the term Spa intensely foreign areas were more sparsely populated and the southern areas more densely populated is because the Northern areas geology is much more hilly and mountainous this then means that it's difficult to farm and also more natural resources such as oil are found in the southern parts of the UK as well now a lot of people forget to revise the topic about UK cities and it's not too much to remember you just need to be really familiar with how cities are placed in the UK just remember Upland regions sparsely populated low land regions are densely populated which is why many cities are found in the southern areas now the biggest city in the UK as you should be aware of is London London is has a population of 9 million people and it's 16 of total the total of UK is population so 16 of the whole of the UK lives in one tiny area London now it's also important part of this topic are the different zones of the city so in the middle of any City you will always have this the central business district the CBD now this is usually found in the middle of a city and most amenities most Services most businesses they're all found here so this is also often referred to as the town Center it is now then you have the inner city around that so the Town Center in the middle then you have the inner city the inner city has a mix of land use so it's mainly residential means mostly lots of people live in the inner city but there are some businesses here and there are also some recreational parks there are lots of short roads and mostly terrorist housing so you have a mix of land use mainly residential some businesses now you then have the suburbs the suburbs are found towards the edge of a city these are mainly residential areas so yeah in do you'll notice that in the inner city they're all terraced housing because there's not much space whereas As you move out of the city towards the suburbs because the house prices are much cheaper because you're moving away from all of the amenities this means that you can also afford to have more space and more cheaper housing so you tend to have semi-detached housing and right on the outskirts you have What's called the rural to Urban Fringe now that just means when this urban city is meeting the rural outside and this tends to be farmland and Open Spaces as well as possible housing developments for the future okay now moving on again we're going to return to the case studies so let's move on to sustainable Urban living now urban areas need to become more sustainable but what does sustainable mean so sustainable means living in a way that lets people meet their needs now without compromising the needs of the future so basically the current population not being overly agree and taking out the Futures share okay so how can a city be sustainable well one way in which cities can be sustainable is by conserving resources such as water and energy so conservation so conserving just means using as little as possible that's necessary so let's first start by talking about how we can serve water so how is water conserved well firstly it's ensured that only as much water that's taken from the environment that can be naturally replaced so not overly taking water that cannot be replaced by precipitation for example if you had a lake and if you were going to take all of the water from the lake then that would not be sensible because the rain would not be able to replace all of the water in that lake so only taking some of it now that seems obvious so hopefully you should remember that another thing is what we call winds so different method in order to conserve water collectively so things such as collecting rain water now if you collect this rain water you can then use it for things such as gardening instead of having to use the fresh water from the hose you can also install toilets that flush less water you'll be surprised as how much water is wasted when you flush a toilet also installing water meters now water meters basically tell you how much water you're wasting or you're using it therefore reminds you what you need to stop how much you need to stop using and also encouraging people to use less water now that's water conservation skins what about energy conservation schemes so how do we conserve energy well firstly I'm as I'm sure you're all aware burning fossil fuels is not sustainable because as we know they are not renewable meaning they will one day run out and also they contribute to climate change so how do we ensure that there's energy conservation by doing schemes such as firstly promoting renewable energy encouraging people take their houses more encouraging and making sure that all homes meet a minimum Energy Efficiency requirements so having certain requirements that the government are putting in place so that technically everyone in the UK is forced to have and also ensuring that people reduce car usage by publicizing and making sure that everyone is using as much public transport as possible so those are four ways in which you can employ energy conservation so increasing renewable energy increasing efficiency reducing the requirements now I've never seen this come up in a exam question format however always remember you're trying to revise it because I meant I remember there will always be topics that will surprise you in the geography exam so don't think won't come up in water conservation do other things to make City sustainable things such as creating green spaces so green spaces are things such as Parks or areas like green roofs no be really dirty really busy and really hot that is why loads of people tend to feel very stressed out and it's an unpleasant environment that's why green spaces are not only good for increasing sustainability but it's also good for mental health as well and because they are naturally cooler areas it's also useful for relaxing in super hot areas and when times of the year where it is things like heat Strokes they also encourage people to exercise more because if you have green spaces it enables people to exercise and the more people exercise the more healthier and happier people will be and furthermore Green Space is the obvious advantages if things like reducing air pollution and reducing the risk of flooding now you may be confused as how green spaces reduces the risk of flooding well when you have a very built up area with not much Green Space what happens is in order to build this area instead of building it straight onto the soil they need to have a ground and the ground has to be something like tarmac or Rock now because of this tarmac or rock this means that when it's very heavy rain instead of going through and being absorbed by the soil it runs off and because it is impermeable it then floods because it groups together whereas if you have loads of green spaces that means the the soil is exposed and therefore the water can be absorbed and therefore this reduces the risk of flooding I hope that makes sense if you have any questions about this topic feel free to ask now another way to increase sustainability is by reducing or recycling the waste so dealing with waste by reducing it or recycling it so if you're recycling waste this means that there's less raw materials that have to be taken from the ground and the less raw materials that have to be taken they're less extraction and the less fossil fuels needed for that so an example could be melting metal cans and as you melt these metal cans these can then be converted into something else instead of going to landfill so it also reduces landfill now why is landfill bad because landfill is unsustainable as it wastes resources that could be recycled and eventually there'll just be nowhere left to bury the waste because it takes years and years and years to decompose now there's also things such as waste recycling schemes like taking schemes this is this an example of waste recycling schemes is things such as curbside collections so when you have a road certain areas have boxes outside which allow them to put things that need to be recycled or things that could be recycled for example metal cans that have been used and what happens is different companies can take this and recycle it and turn it into something useful so that's example of a curbside collect collection so if you search up right now the website Freecycle this allows people to offer free things that can be used by others instead of putting it in the waste and wasting in the bin now there's one more way in which sustainability can be insured in cities and that is through traffic management so traffic congestion from cars and Lolly and lorries causes a lot of problems now we can split these problems up into three main groups obviously the main is going to be Environmental but they also cause economic issues and social issues so in terms of Environmental the issues that traffic causes is things like air pollution which then leads to the release of loads of greenhouse gases that can cause climate change air pollution which leads to an increase in greenhouse gases which then leads to an increase in the rate of climate change in terms of economic issues and problems congestion can actually make people late for work and if they're late for work that means that they are then delayed and it delays deliveries it could then cause companies to lose money and some social issues is that there's actually a higher chance of accidents when there's high traffic and that means that it could risk people's lives and also it's not very good for the mental health because traffic causes lots of frustration and road rage and also for the health of pedestrians a couple of years ago the first ever death that happened in the UK happened in a certain area due to them inhaling the greenhouse gases just from the road because they were asthmatic so it's becoming a real social problem in terms of the health of pedestrians as well set enough of the problems how do we manage it how do we solve this issue traffic management so firstly the main thing that may have come to your mind is public transport now Urban transport strategies encourage people to use public transport instead of traveling by car many of these have happened in London now this isn't an example or a case study but it's just something you need to know as part of your content so one scheme is called the DLR now if you live close to or in London you may be familiar with this this is the docklands light Railway now this is actually an automatic train system this automatic train system connects the east of London to the city center it operates mostly on tracks above the screen street level and it actually is so useful because it connects 120 million people so it's used by 120 million people per year or per annum now another example of a scheme used in London is the underground system so the London Underground now the London Underground is a network of the ways to take people off the roads and it actually takes three million people off the roads every day which has a massive impact imagine three million people off the roads each and every single day so we've talked about the DLR we've talked about the underground there's also things such as self-service bikes now these can be electric bikes all these can be just normal regular bikes and they are actually the cheapest form of public transport and they also provide things such as bicycle Lanes in London to allow people to travel using this self-service bike system now the final public transport that thing that you can remember about London are oysters so depending on where you live and where you're watching this oyster cards are really good because they allow people to travel on most of London's public transport Network without having to buy separate tickets now this means that it actually reduces the waste of buying tickets so that's how one way of using public transport another way of managing traffic is also through my my managing and monitoring the traffic flow so how do we manage and monitor the traffic flow well there are four main ways the first way is congestion charge so congestion charge is this charge that you have to pay now in certain areas for example when you're entering London in order to because of the fact that you're using a car and it's almost that you're paying for the contribution of climate change that you're adding and therefore because of climate because of congestion charge it dissuades people from using so the opposite of persuades it dissuades people from using cars and it persuades it persuades people to use public transport now another method used is bus priority Lanes now if there's lots of traffic then a lot of people on the public transport that happens on roads such as buses will still get delayed and affected even though they are making a better choice so bus priority Lanes allow those people who are making a better choice by taking public transport to take precedence and therefore stop them from being late in the traffic therefore it attracts people to use public transports because it gives them leverage as they won't be late for work and they won't be stuck in a traffic jam another method used is parking restrictions Now parking restrictions make sure that parked cars do not block the traffic flow so they're just certain measurements that take into place and finally ring roads now if you don't know what ring roads are these are just pedestrianized shopping streets that keep traffic away from the city center therefore ensuring that all the pedestrians have a much safer experience now that is the end of topic 2A so moving on to topic 2B now remember we just went over the content so we'll be going over the case studies and examples after we've gone through the content of paper two [Music] okay so moving on to topic 2B so topic 2B is the changing economic world and the first thing we need to know is measuring development so how is development measured so development what does development mean firstly so development is the economic growth and the progress in economic growth use of technology and improve of welfare so there's three main things that development means so the development is the pro well the progress of each of these three things the progress of firstly the economic growth the progress of the technology and the progress of the welfare of those living in that country so it's not necessarily limited to just economic growth is limited it's all of these three factors here economic growth technology usage and the welfare of those living in that country so when a country develops it basically gets better for the people living there so the welfare directly links to improving the quality of life for people now let's look at the measures of development there's a lot of measures of development some of them not necessarily as good as others because it allows companies and comp companies and countries to manipulate the data so you have gni gni stands for gross national income so this is the total value of all of the goods and all of the services that are produced by con but produced by country so everything that is sold and all of the services that are sold from a country that is known as the gni the total value so this is practically a measure of wealth then you have gni per head which is just meaning the total gni so the total amount of goods and services sold therefore the total profits of a comp of a country divided by the population of the country so imagine in the UK everything sold in all of the services sold there's a total money divided by the population of the UK now this is very misleading because it suggests that everyone has an equal contribution to the gni whereas we know that some people have a higher contribution and some people have a low contribution now other methods and other measures include things like birth rate and death rate so in the 2022 exam they actually asked to Define birth rate and death rate and you need to know how to actually Define it so the birth rate is the number of live births so not still births the number of live births per thousand of the population per year so let's go through that again birth rate is the number of live births per thousand of the population per year now the death rate is really similar so the death rate is the number of deaths per thousand people per thousand people of the population per year now you need to also realize the difference that birth rate is not the same as infant mortality rate as we said birth rate is the number of live births per thousand people of the population per year infant's mortality rate just means what the chances of an infant so someone under one years old dying so in terms of the definition it's the number of babies below the age of one years old dying before they become one so dying before the age of one per thousand babies born so you need to know that birth rate is just the number of live births per thousand people with infant mortality is the number of births before the age of one per thousand babies now there's other methods such as literary literacy rate access to Safe Water life expectancy so life expectancy is just the average age a person can expect to live to okay now let's keep going in measuring development so looking at measuring development let's look at the different types of countries so we remember there's High income countries low-income countries and newly emerging economies may be asked to describe how any of these factors here are in one of these three so how is the gni in high income country how is the birth rate in a newly emerging economy so let's look in depth at these countries so in high income countries what does it just mean High income countries just means that there is a very wealthy countries the UK is included in this very wealthy countries and this then means that the gni of these countries is very high lower income countries their poorest countries and because they're the poorest countries they have a very low gni then you have newly emerging economies so in a newly emerging economy this is where the wealth does not stay the same so they are rapidly getting richer as their economy moves so there's basically lots of economic growth and therefore the economic growth then leads to development as the quality of life increases and the multiplier effect takes place their economy therefore moves and TR and transitions from a primary industry I remember primary is things like getting the natural resources so mining is secondary industry so manufacturing turning these raw materials into products and we've definitely seen this change in shift in countries such as China now these countries have different names for them so in terms of newly emerging economies oh I'm so sorry I mix these two up so that is a newly emerging economy that is a loan in a newly emerging economy it's also important that you'll see you may see this Bricks now bricks just stands for Brazil Russia India China and South Africa but you might also see mint as well so mint stands for Mexico Indonesia Nigeria and turkey now you will note that all of these countries are newly emerging economies you don't need to know them off by heart or anything it just gives you an idea of what a country is now a key measure of development that you definitely need to be aware of is called HDI foreign because it combines with things together so hopefully you will know that HDI stands for the human development index now this avoids this measure avoids some of the problems of using only the gni to define a country or only the birth rate to Define how a country is developing because it's a mixture of loads of different values so what it is is a mixture of G and I per head which is an economic life expectancy which is a social measure and finally it's also a mixture of education level which again is a social Factor so by combining the economic factor of gni with the social factors of life expectancy and education level you get a more unbiased View which is really helpful for looking at countries development so HDI is a value found between zero and one so the closer it is to zero the least developed is which means a lower gni the lower the life expectancy and the lower the education level but the closer it is to one that means it has a higher gni it has a higher life expectancy and it has a higher education level now let's move on to another thing that hasn't been too in the exams but that makes it all the reason to revise it because it might come up this year so the D T M demographic transition model so what is a difficult demographic transition model so what it is is it shows the birth rates the death rates and arthright affect the population growth now you might be thinking of course it's obvious to see how the birth affects the birth rate affects population and the death rate affects the population but remember you need to be really careful about this because the purpose of this is to not just talk about the population but the growth of the population so populations overall change and overall they increase however does the birth rate and death rate cause any fluctuation in this so let's look at the stages of the demographic transition model so there are five stages now the more you progress to the fifth stage the more developed of the country you are now these tends to be based on population pyramids as well it might actually be more beneficial to just refer to one larger graph thank you for the compliment I'm glad you're finding this helpful so it might be easier to actually just refer to one graph and show the stages like that so this first line is going to show the population size So eventually in stage one so stage one tends to be where there is a low population size and then in stage two you progress to a rise in the population and this continues in stage three and then in stages four and five it flattens out again and there's actually a population a bit of a population decrease now the reason why we say that as you go this way there's increasing development is because it actually matches it so the population is quite low well initially in all countries the population is quite low the birth rate is high and fluctuating and the death rate is also higher but fluctuating the population is low because there's not many health um Health accessories in order to help those people to ensure that there's a low infant mortality rate so stage one is the least developed and very few places are actually at stage one now because obviously we've evolved and we have health care to ensure that there's um there is a low infant mortality rate but countries there are some countries that are still in stage four stage one that means that there is a high infant mortality rate and also a high birth rate and a high death rate now in stages two you can tend to see that there's a much higher birth rate now the reason why the birth rate is high is because there's a lack of contraception so the first reason why it's high is because there's a lack of contraception and also education and awareness and another reason why it's high is because the economy is in these countries is then based on agriculture and therefore the more people working and helping out with the agriculture the easier it is so people would have more children in order to help out with agriculture that's why the birth rate is quite high in stages too but the life expectancies actually increase because the healthcare is improving and therefore the death rates decrease and that's stages two stage three is more developed so most newly emerging economies are at stage three so in the middle now newly emerging economies is when the birth rate starts to fall the reason why the birth rate starts to fall in countries like China is because they Place restrictions and also there's use of contraception and more women are working instead of having children so they allowed women to work so lower birth rates and also the economy is changing from primary to secondary so people are moving from farming to manufacturing therefore it's no longer of use to have loads of children because they're more mild to feed therefore people are reducing that and um also there's improved Healthcare which means there's just a lower death rate as well then in stages four and five these are the most developed High income countries so both of these are high income countries such as the UK so I don't know if you knew this but in the UK the population is actually falling so the population is falling because people are having less kids because it's getting more expensive to raise children and the standard of living is also very high and because the standard of living is high this means that less people get to have this high standard of living now foreign so and also Healthcare is good in high income countries now Japan is an example of an area where there is natural population increase but it's falling at a very drastic rate because most of the population in Japan is very elderly but that is another case study to look at afterwards so let's then move on to uneven development and what things cause uneven development so have you ever wondered why some countries are richer and some countries are poorer well you may know the reasons to some of them and feel free to put them in the chat as well so firstly we're going to split up the reasons why countries are there's uneven country development into three main reasons firstly physical factors secondly economic factors and finally historical factors now all of these mean that some countries are richer and some countries are poorest let's look at them in detail So Physical includes things like a poor climate now what this means is that because there's a poor climate for example if it's really hot or it's really cold or it's really dry this just means not much will grow and because not much will grow this means that there's low food production and low food production leads to malnutrition now malnutrition then means that people have a lower quality of life now another reason why physical factors are bad is because of poor farming land now this is all based on luck really and if the land in a country is steep or if the soil is really poor and really infertile then you're also going to struggle to produce food and again malnutrition problem happens again another reason why is because of few raw materials so when you when you think of few raw materials you need to think that countries such as the Middle East are very lucky those governments there because they're very lucky and fortunate that they have so many oil reserves in gas reserves which makes them a very wealthy country however on the other hand some countries like loads of countries in Africa for example they don't have many raw materials and therefore there's nothing to export so they have nothing to sell and therefore they make less money and if they make less money they can use less they have less money to spend on development projects and then final reason for physical factors is natural disasters if certain countries are affected more by natural disasters than others then that means that those countries have to spend more money trying to fix that fix the debris instead of development into the future now let's look at economic factors that cause uneven development so economic factors include things like poor trade links so trade is just the exchange of goods and what this means is that world trade patterns so countries that trade with other countries tend to influence a country's economy and so affects its level of development so if a country has really poor trade links then it will it won't really make lots of money and it won't really get lots of things as well for example the UK used to have a really good relationship with the EU but of course because it brexit it's literally broken that but before because of this really good relationship that means that we would have a really good trade relationship whereas other countries may have really bad trade relationships which means it's harder to sell things now another reason for economic issues is things like an Economy based on primary products so just surprise countries tend to focus on primary products so things like fishing farming agriculture getting chopping wood getting metal and this is very limiting because of this it means that they make less money because if you're exporting wood that actually makes less money than if you were to export a final product and remember final product is manufacturing and Manufacturing is the secondary industry but because they're in the first industry that means that they're prone to making low a low amount of money unless they have really really cheap labor now if the final economic reason is debt countries may be in debt for loads of different reasons very poor countries have to borrow money and they're never going to pay it back and the worst thing is because they have to constantly pay all the money they have back to those countries that then means that they have very little money for development now finally the last reason for the causes of uneven development is historically so colonization is a massive reason why some countries are richer than other countries mainly the European countries have a massive Advantage um even in the modern times because of colonialism so countries that were colonized are often at a lower development level for example if you look at a country like India before colonization so pre-colonization it was actually the richest country in the world and then when Britain came in then and when Britain left as well because of partition and things like that Britain then India then became one of the poorest countries so clearly you can see how colonialism has had a massive impact from one of the richest to one of the poorest countries now I'm sure you can think of loads of examples of Britain and other countries being colonizing other countries and what happens is as they go in it's at higher development and when they leave it has lower development and the European countries that have colonized Asia Africa australasia and Americas which happen between the 16th and the 20th century because of all of this they removed all of the raw materials like gold like silver and this meant that all of the prophets went to the colonizers instead of the people living there so impact and historical reason is also War so during war especially Civil War this actually reduces the development because money is being spent on arms and guns and things like that and also a lot of damage is done to infrastructure so instead of actually developing you're going backwards in terms of development because you have to fix all of the things are being broken and destroyed for example in Syria they are experiencing a crisis because the development is at such low levels and yet War continues okay so now look now after looking at all of the reasons for uneven development even development so what does it cause the consequences of uneven development so there are three main factors that uneven development causes so the first being wealth the second being health and the third being international migration so these three things are consequences of uneven development so uneven development leads to a difference in all of these things so let's first look at wealth so people in more developed countries tend to have a higher income than those in less developed countries for example the gni in the gni in the UK is 40 times the gni in a country like Chad which is crazy therefore that means that those people living in the UK so you viewers you off have 40 times better quality of life than those people living in Chad now uneven development can also cause big inequalities in within the countries as well so if you look at a country like Kenya for example in Kenya the richest 10 percent and on average 23 times the poorest 10 percent so wealth not only causes disparities in terms of income between countries but also disparities within countries as well and as we've talked about it also affects people's standard of living because if you have less money then that means that you tend to have a worse quality of life because you have a lower standard of living because you can't afford goods and services that mean that your lives can be as comfortable and as convenient now another the second thing health so Healthcare is actually much more developed in countries like high income countries so you have a more developed Health Care now this therefore has a direct impact on the amount of people who live and it also means that diseases such as malaria which are treatable have more of a devastating impact in lower income countries because of the fact that there's a lower health care because of the money and also this then means as we said you have a longer life expectancy if you live in countries like the UK you have a lower infant mortality rate and also the adequate Health Care whilst you're surviving as we've talked about diseases and finally international migration so this might be a more difficult one in terms of these three consequences of uneven development but what it just means is that when you have these high income countries at very high economic positions and then imagine a mountain so at the bottom you have the low-income countries and in the middle you have these newly emerging economies and they're all climbing towards trying to improve and develop now what happens is sometimes it takes too long so that people start migrating so people from the low income countries and the newly emerging economies start to migrate towards the high income countries in order to improve their prospects prospects in terms of jobs better jobs better education so if your parents or your grandparents were immigrants you might understand this system and how you may have had to come here but other reasons why people move from low-income countries to high income countries includes things like conflict as well and War escaping War zones now migrant workers contribute a lot to the economies of high-income countries but some people believe that they um take the jobs so that the people actually in the country don't have any jobs but there's always enough jobs so that argument is counted quite quickly but because of the migrant workers contributing a lot to the high income country this then means that the low-income country has a lower economy because if the higher income country is getting richer because of the migrant workers the lower income country is only losing out and in this gap between the development is only increasing and widening yep that's why some people have to send money back to their homes and back to their um original countries so that they try to reduce this development Gap now we've looked at unequal development and unevil uneven development so how do we solve these there's a couple of methods in which they aim to reduce the global development Gap so let's look at them now also do tell me if I'm going too fast or too slow or if you have any questions feel free to tell me in the chat and also if you have any videos that you would want me to do okay so reducing the global development Gap so there's actually seven different ways we can reduce the global development Gap now in an exam situation if you're asked about ways to reduce this you don't have to talk about all seven as long as you remember possibly between three to five of them you would definitely be fine but I'm going to go through all seven so that you have the choice of picking which ones you prefer so the first way is through investment so there's things called fdis which is foreign direct investment this is when you have people or companies in one country that buys Properties or invests in infrastructure in another now FDI actually leads to much better access to finance to technology and to expertise as well as improved infrastructure and Industry and increases in services so with FTI this just means that companies like Rich companies such as Apple invests in typically poorer countries like newly emerging economies or low-income countries and they do this by investing in infrastructure or investing in property and what this does is this improves the development of that country by not having to cause debt to that country but it also is a win-win situation because because they are investing they can also gain some money so fdis are really good because they then gain give people and locals better access to finance and technology which they wouldn't have got just based off of their own economy and therefore they also have job prospects so investment is really cool another key good method is Aid so this can be money let me do another color this could be things like money resources medicine food this is given to a country by charities or foreign governments and the money tends to be used for development projects for example for constructing schools for constructing dams and providing farming knowledge for example you can see that the UK actually gave Sudan 180 million one year in order to help improve the area and also fund 17 different projects so Aid can definitely help but there is one limitation to Aid and that is corruption so countries with corrupt governments which is a lot of low-income countries tend to actually instead of using the money towards aiding the general public they actually take it for themselves so that's why Aid isn't necessarily good and maybe investment might be better now another method is fair trade fair trade Igbo development Gap now I'm pretty sure you should be aware of what fair trade is so it's ensuring that um farmers in local income countries are getting that fair price for the goods that they are producing now you've probably seen this with coffee or banana or chocolate or cocoa now companies who want to sell their products that are labeled as fair trade will then want to pay the producers so this is fair because you're balancing the needs of the producers with the much more richer consumers and this is all done through the use of companies so companies enable The Producers to be paid fairly by increasing the price for the Richer consumers now another disadvantage with this is that even though um a company may claim to be fair trade it may still not be fair trade and only perhaps a tiny proportion of the money actually reaches the producers in the end because of the corruption in between now we've talked about three of the methods and let's talk about the fourth method so the fourth method is international not International sorry intermediate technology so intermediate Tech basically includes tools machines systems things that improve the quality of life but are also really simple for the locals to use and also affordable so things like solar powered lights now solar powered lights are really useful because what they do is especially in a country like countries like Nepal they allow people to get free electricity it's easy to use because you have to just put it out in the sun and it can allow those people to study and read at um in darker times and therefore they can learn certain skills so solar power is has been really beneficial and it's again a really simple way in order to imply um enforce this now another method is microfinance loans so microfinance loans are just a specific type of loan so when there are really poor people then companies tend to give them loans because they don't think that they will be able to pay it back therefore micro Finance Loans are given to people in low-income countries for example people in slums or flavelas um and it enables them to start their own businesses and become financially independent so it's really important in giving you know people who don't tend to have access opportunity to stop businesses and become financially independent now you will probably if you research microfinance notes you may see a lot of these for women allowing women to kick stuff start their own pendant even though they may have been refused alone from the bank for example now another way is Industrial Development so Industrial Development just includes ensuring that countries that are poorer tended to do agriculture so developing the industry from primary to secondary so from farming to manufacturing it boosts the gni because instead of as we said instead of exporting wood you're exporting a desk for example and a desk has much more value so not only are you getting a higher geoni but you're also allowing the workers to become more skilled which improves job prospects and the final method for reducing the global development Gap is debt relief so debt is just when a country owes another country um and debt relief is when all of or some of a debt is canceled for a country or the insta the interest rates are lowered for example and where this was used was Zambia so Zambia had a 4 billion US dollar debt and this was all cleared so this is all gone this means that it lifted a massive weight off their shoulders and they didn't as they didn't have to um pay back this debt and instead they actually turned the money into giving free health care so this shows a really positive example of how debt relief can improve the development as it has helped so many people in that country to survive simple and treatable diseases okay we're now going to look at economic development in the UK and then that will be the end of 2B topic well done for lasting this long and feel free to ask any questions if you have any okay so we're now looking at Economic Development in the UK so the UK's economy has changed over the past couple of decades so it used to be based on Manufacturing so the economy used to be based on manufacturing and things like working in factories working to build things build cars however since the 1960s there has been a transition onto the tertiary and quaternary sectors so tertiary and quaternary so tertiary sectors are basically services for example being a fireman being a policeman being a teacher and quaternary tends to be things like Science and Tech so overall the UK has made this shift from the manufacturing Industries to the tertiary and quarternary industries now there's been a couple of reasons why this has happened and you may be asked about these in your exam so let's begin by looking at them so oh wait before we begin by looking at them you may need to know a couple of Statistics as to how the UK's economy is right now compared to how it was before so as of 2017 so the all of these stats are from 2017 we have the main a lot of the UK's population Works in services so things like retail working in shops things like working in entertainment now Services employs four million people in the UK we also have a lot of people in I.T in the UK 607 000 people you also see people into Finance especially in the cities um and it's home to many of the global financial institutions like HSBC so the global Center for HSBC can be found in London you also see another key sector in the UK which is research so lots of research happens in universities because obviously the world famous universities of Oxford in Cambridge are found here and in 2016 33 billion was spent on research and development so a lot of money is being fueled into research and development and I don't know if you've heard but you can definitely talk about the recent advances in AI especially in Western countries like the UK okay so now we've talked a little bit about some statistics we need to talk about why has there been this shift from manufacturing Industries to tertiary and quaternary Industries so why has there been this shift so the main reason is D industrialization so de-industrialization is because of when the UK's industrial base had started to decline so the UK industry really started to Incline as we had things like as we had things like um the UK creating loads of products creating War creating uh fibers creating fabrics and loads of things however it started to decline because of firstly automation Machinery started coming around and Machinery took place of uh took the place of a lot of jobs so because there was a lot of job losses this meant that there was no point um having the primary the secondary sectors anymore and also another reason of de-industrialization in the UK is because other countries started to offer these Services much cheaper for example China China and as well as India they offer really cheap labor so companies thought should I stay in the UK and pay for really expensive um and higher salaries or should I get my manufacturing done in other countries where it's much cheaper and they decided to do that so therefore they've caused a lot of job losses and there weren't many space in the UK for the secondary industry now another reason why there was economic change was because of globalization so a lot of the manufacturing as we discussed already had moved overseas where there were lower labor costs now some tnc's so if you don't know what tncs are tnc's are transnational corporations now some of these had moved some of their tertiary and core Tannery operations to the UK so what that means is massive worldwide companies started to move their tertiary and called ternary so their services their help lines and their research bases into the UK for example Apple so instead of Apple thinking let me start making a manufacturing Factory in the UK where they can make the phones they thought no that would be too expensive so instead they actually put places like their research facilities and um Apple where they can sell things so um instead of having to pay the workers they're actually getting money by people buying these Apple products Apple employs roughly six and a half thousand people within the UK as of 2016. and another reason for globalization having an effect on economic change is because of the trade now as the UK became more Global and traded more with countries as an equal um this meant that they had to rely Less on there's themselves more on taking exports now the third reason for the change in the economy is government policies so what that means is that the government made certain decisions that um gave businesses certain advantages for example in the 1980s there were loads of key manufacturing Industries and they had actually been owned by the government so in the 1980s there were loads of factories and all of these factories were owned by the government but what happened was a process called privatization now because of this privatization which meant that the government sold all of these factories to different companies now the government cares more about the people of the UK but companies only care about one thing economic profit and if they're not making profit in the UK they will move their factories whether they like it or not so the factory is decided no I'm instead going to cause I'm instead going to waste less money and instead of getting workers to make things in the UK where it was more expensive they started to have Manufacturing in cheaper countries like China so through this process of privatization it meant that job losses occurred more because the government because these companies cared less about the welfare of the people and more about their economic profit now privatization wasn't the only government policy you also see another government policy called deregulation now don't worry you don't need to know the exact terms and understand all of the terms but what deregulation meant was that they removed all of these restrictions taxes on businesses so it encouraged businesses and entrepreneurs to actually move to the UK so deregulation just meant that they reduced the amount of taxes on these companies and it was only on certain companies such as apple and tech companies so it basically made UK look like a really attractive base for Tech which caused this change now those are the main reasons for economic change so we talked about government policies de-industrialization in the UK and globalization now we need to look at economic development in the UK so the industry can have lots of effects and it tends to unfortunately have loads of negative effects on the environment now some of these negative effects include things like factories producing pollutants into the atmosphere them using fossil fuels climate change also factories using lots of energy and lots of water as well foreign industrial developments are actually much more environmentally sustainable now I know I wasn't just going to discuss examples and case studies necessarily right now but I'll just give you one example so there's the Unicorn group now the Unicorn group is a group of Manufacturers found and based in Northern Ireland and what they do is they just they are a manufacturing group of Manufacturers that claim that they are a hundred percent um getting their electricity from Renewables resources and that they are quite sustainable so they use biomass they use solar energy they use loads of different renewable energies and therefore they reduce waste so that's all you need to know about that example so the Unicorn group is an example of an industry that actually reduces the pollutants reduces the fossil fuel reduces the wastage by being really sustainable and getting a hundred percent of their electricity from renewable sources okay no the UK and its transport Network needs to be known so we looked at the transport network of London in the previous topic but you need to know the transport network of the UK so if you think of Pop uh forms of Transport in the UK what would you think of so because that is practically what you need to know so there's four main methods of transport and the first or not necessarily the first but they include things like Road Railway which is just trains airports so air travel and also ports so those are the four main transport methods and ways in which people transport in the UK through Road through Railway through airports and through ports so let's talk a little bit about each of them now you don't need to know a mass amount so for Road the capacity on motorways is always being increased in certain areas foreign motorways are being transformed into what you call Smart motorways you may have heard of this term before so smart motorways is basically when they have extra lanes and this then means that there's much more sense now Railway Railway is a massive form of public transport and that's where a lot of money is being put in terms of Transport in the UK in order to develop Railway so you may have heard of the project cross rail so crossrail increases the capacity of central London's trains so Central to London by 10 percent because it's has loads of different okay so the crossroad is one method basically sorry and the second method is actually hs2 so both of these are proposals they haven't actually been started working on either and both of these are used to connect places like London Birmingham Leeds and Manchester so Birmingham and Manchester are Northern areas and they tend to be it's very difficult for them to reach London the city but through hs2 it enables them to reach them and just going over airports and ports so the government in has agreed to have a new Runway at Heathrow and believe it or not just buy this one new Runway this allows 700 extra planes a day so this maximizes the air travel because the UK government benefits a lot however the negatives in is that it will increase noise pollution and people who live in the area of Heathrow want to not live there and finally ports so things like the London Gateway um this handles the world's largest container ships so they're increasing the sizes of the ports which means that it has the increased exports and inputs and therefore a greater amount of UK economy uh just with your question do I have any techniques on revising information so I would say the most important thing about revising is understanding because if you understand something you tend to remember it better but I definitely understand that some things are difficult to remember and even if you understand it so what I would say is blurting blurting is definitely the best way so just get a piece of paper and write as much as you can even if you think you don't know much you actually shock yourself with how much you know and then you check you see what you've missed and make a list of what you've missed and then go through those um again and review this information and then the next time you blurt it out you probably will hopefully include them if not you just keep repeating this so I hope that's a helpful method if anyone else has any helpful methods for revising feel free to share yeah okay so now let's talk about the links to other countries the UK's links so the UK has some really strong links to other countries it's connected to the wider World in many ways and not just in terms of Transport but transport is definitely one of them so one way in which the UK is connected to the wider world is through transport so things like the channel which allows you to go to France in a very direct way providing a route to Mainland Europe as well as France and also large airports which act as an international hub now another method of UK links is things like trade so the UK trades globally it doesn't just trade within Europe it and it also does although it there's a lot of imports there's lots of exports as well so the UK exports 160 billion dollars worth of things um if we learn about Stratford and the Olympic Park do we need to learn about the London docklands so which case studying example is this for it that one depends so I'm going to be going over the case studies and examples so maybe you'll be able to answer your question later but I'm a bit confused because in paper three there are some people who study the Olympic Park so it it actually does depend on what you're studying but I'll come back to that question in a second if that's okay so trade so that yeah the UK trades globally the second the third way in which the UK has really strong links to other countries is through culture so the UK is known for colonizing loads of different areas and the UK has a very strong creative industry because of the fact that loads of people um had migrated to UK and therefore there's a lot of culture in the UK for example things like Shaun the Sheep Sean the Sheep was made by animation in Bristol and now it's shown in 170 countries another method of the UK having a very strong link to other countries is electronic communications so what does electronic communications mean this just means telephones and the internet and this just makes it really easy for people to communicate to the to other countries and it strengthens the UK's overseas links if you wanted to know the exact name the name of the Electronica communication cables a really important one is the transatlantic cables and this allows us to communicate with Europe as well as with the USA and it's rooted via um it's rooted via the UK yes Sean okay now the UK has formed loads of Economic and political links with loads of countries as well so the European Union well even though it's left it now you can still reference it so the EU is an economic and political partnership so it includes 27 countries Now 26 because England is not included in this um and goods and people can move freely between the EU countries strengthening the links you also have Commonwealth so a lot of people are confused with the concept of Commonwealth so what is Commonwealth Commonwealth is is an association of and these 54 states include the UK and many of the UK's former colonies and it promotes cooperation between the member countries so when countries say they want to leave the Commonwealth that also means that they do not want the king at this point in time to be their head of state as well so they want more Independence so it comes with advantages in terms of trade and Sport but disadvantages again in terms of um having to be ruled by a colony okay now you also need to know north south divide so the north south divide is prevalent in the UK now you need to actually know a an example for the new the north to south divide so let's just look at even though I said we'll be looking at examples and case studies later on this sometimes isn't classified as an example it's classified as content everyone needs to know so I'm going to go through it as if it's normal content so what is the north-south Divide so the north-south Divide is the idea that in countries such as the UK they there is a difference and a disparity in terms of the economic and the Social Development in the Northern areas in comparison to the southern areas and sometimes it works out that the Northern areas are richer than the southern areas for example but in the UK it tends to be that the southern areas are more predominantly cities and therefore much richer than the Northern areas so let's look at some examples so here's an example so we will be comparing an area of population decline which is South Lake Cumbria which is classified as a Northern Area so it's South Lakeland Cumbria and then you're going to be comparing this to an area of population growth in this case we're going to be looking at North Somerset so North Somerset is found in the southwest of England and Cumbria is a rural county found in the northwest of England so socio-economic inequalities within a country yes that's right okay north south divide socio-economic differences within country within areas so let's look at some differences so in South Lakeland Cumbria Cumbria is a rural area and also North Somerset that is a area South Lakeland is found in the north west England whereas North Somerset is found in the southwest of England so Northwest versus Southwest so it's really good that we have the idea that they're both they're both rural so we're trying to compare them as similarly as possible now the Cumbria includes things like the Lake District um if you've ever been there and it's a district in the south of the country that also includes lots of boroughs such as the Barrow in furnace now the population of South Lakeland had decreased by 0.8 percent so as we're talking about population decline it decreased by 0.8 percent between a decade so between 2005 and 2015 it decreased by 0.8 percent now the reason why is because of a decline in jobs so there was a decline in agriculture and most of the people who lived in this area worked in agriculture so because of this disc because of this decline this meant that there were less jobs and people were forced to move out so decline in agriculture decline in jobs which meant that people were forced to have to move out to other areas where there were jobs um also there was a decline in manufacturing so it wasn't just the primary Industries it was also the man the secondary industries that were declining in this area so both of these being in Decline now what caused the population increase in North Somerset so what happened was actually between the same years so between 2005 and 2015 the population of North Somerset grew by 7.8 percent so massive growth in comparison to the decline in South Lakeland now the reason why is because loads of people had actually moved to towns and Villages that had easier access to the center of Bristol so people wanted to Bristol and Town Center and therefore North Somerset was an area that was both quite rural but also had access to these facilities no population decline has economic impacts so in terms of the area of South Lakeland Cumbria it was actually very bad because all of the shops were closing even massive shops like mocks and Spencers were suffering and at risk of closure and because everything was closing this then meant that again there was a very low employment rates and it also affected the local economy it also had social impacts on top of this economic impact of the closure of shops and the employment it had social impacts so younger people left the area which meant that most of the area was full of the elderly generation so as the young people left this meant that the area was full of older people and unfortunately because there were so many old people that they actually had a strain on medical services and social care and old people's homes they were unable to look after them because there's actually less people to look after them so they strained the medical services so there was a massive impact on population decline now in North Somerset there were economic impacts but there were positive impacts so the house prices Rose actually now this is both a good thing for the people selling the houses but I guess more difficult for those trying to um Buy trying to buy the thing I've noticed this inappropriate language in the chat is a person able to be removed I'll try to remove that I just don't want to inter just bear with me with a second foreign just removing that okay just getting back to that so thank you for telling me by the way I didn't even realize um so yeah and then in so house prices increased in North Somerset what so house prices increased and it actually put a lot of strain because of the population increase this meant that lots of people were living together and there was also less space so it was more congested it put strained on a public transport because loads of people were in the area also loads of schools were over subscribed which meant that because they were over subscribed there wasn't enough space and therefore they had to actually try and build more schools to cater to that new population increase so that's all you need to know about that um and now moving on to evidence of the north-south Divide so depending on where you live in the UK you may actually experience the effects of this so here are some evidence of the north south divide okay so evidence of the north south declared now because of the decline of heavy Industries such as manufacturing and primary Industries this has actually had a worse impact on the Northern areas as opposed to the southern areas so the reason why is because when loads of factories were being built a lot of the factories were being built in the Northern areas the reason why was because in the southern areas there was no space for the factories because they tended to be mostly cities and they also thought that factories were quite unattractive so they should be moved to the Northern areas where there's already quite lots of nice attractive areas so it won't look too horrible whereas in the city it's already quite populated so factories were in the Northern areas which meant that when the decline of the manufacturing Industries came because of Automation and because of globalization this meant that the Northern areas were worse affected because imagine if you lived in a Northern Area suddenly overnight all of the jobs would have been gone whereas in southern areas the jobs wouldn't have changed as much there's a maximum of a four-year difference in lifespan of some people living in the North to the South yeah that is a really good fact to use well done so there is a maximum there's a very high lifespan difference and the reason why is because in these northern areas there's actually um very bad life expectancy because there's lower access to Medical Care there's lower Healthcare and as more people are moving to urban areas there's actually less Healthcare professionals living there as well it's a really good contribution okay so we've talked about the effects of Health thank you very much now another effect is also wages so people actually get paid much higher in southern areas and much lower unfortunately in northern areas so it was actually found that the average weekly wage in an area called Huddersfield which is in the northern area so Huddersfield was actually 40 percent lower than the wages of someone working in London and I was just on a weekly basis so on a weekly basis they're getting 40 percent less okay and the final disparity and evidence of the north-south Divide is also education so um I know you guys are taking your gcses right now but you might be able to see that there's actually disparity in the GCSE results gcses are actually much better and generally quite better in the south of England than it is in the north of England and the reason why is because um the south of England have more resources More Money More access to things like that where's the north Germany do not now although we're talking about the evidence of the north-south divide in health and wages in education it is important to say that sometimes there are exceptions like in wealthy areas in the North and there are southern areas that are deprived but mostly most of the UK follows this trend that there's actually worse Health worse wages and worse education in the Northern areas now just moving on to the last part of this topic before we can move on to topic 2C so the last part of this topic is economic development in the UK so the government are really trying to resolve these Regional differences okay and there are different ways in which the Government tried to resolve these Regional differences and you it might be helpful and beneficial for you to know three of them so the first method is called devolving more powers so what this just means it's instead of having one central government that is located in London controlling the whole of England instead spreading out the power so that you have devolved governments so that Scotland can manage themselves Wales can manage themselves Northern Ireland can manage themselves and also powers can be devolved to local councils like your local Council might have a lot of power for example this then allows them to use money more effectively on schemes that they think are much more useful this doesn't always work though a second method is creating Enterprise zones so around 50 Enterprise zones have been created around England Scotland and Wales now what happens is these Enterprises are just areas of land and the government gives people the um a range of benefits for locating in Enterprises Devolution in the UK started under Tony Blair's government under 1997. thank you for that that's a really good interesting fact you might use that in your geography people okay so take note so companies get a range of benefits from the government by having Enterprise zones and moving to Enterprise zones so things like reducing taxes or having six planning rules meaning that they pay lots of money or financial benefits and improved infrastructure so what happens if these measures are used to ensure that companies can locate in these areas of high unemployment and bring jobs bring income which will help the north-south Divide so what the government does is in order to resolve these Regional differences they cause people to they cause companies to make the North Area look really attractive creating these Enterprise zones so that companies in order to get these benefits they'll move to the Northern areas and therefore um reduce the north-south Divide now the final method is the northern Powerhouse now the northern Powerhouse is the government's plan to reduce the inequality of the north-south divide by attracting investment into the North and also so by improving the transport links between the northern cities this then allows those people in the Northern areas to be able to access those higher paid jobs in London and also there's a plan to include higher Broadband which means that there's higher coverage and spend 70 million actually improving scores in the north as well now some people criticize this as just a plan because it actually hasn't taken place yet and it's more of a concept than an initiative that they will actually carry out so if you were to be asked in an exam situation um government resolve Regional differences say devolving more power which means allowing the governments to spread out their power creating Enterprise zones and which means that making these errors really attractive to businesses and the northern Powerhouse which reduces the inequality what topic is this so it's funny in paper two there's took 2A 2B and 2C so covered 2A and 2B and we're now moving on to 2C so this might be a good time for you to join or continue watching it's up to you you might want to watch this from the beginning also in this live stream we're not covering the case studies or examples I'll make a separate videos for that because I know you guys want to have more concise video so we're just covering the content in this video okay let me quickly post that in the chat so people future people can see one second so case studies and examples will be found in a future video okay let's move on to topic 2C so topic 2C is Resource Management so this is obviously a bit of an odd Topic in the geography spec in comparison to all of the other things this is probably the least geography like but some people find it also the more the most fun as well so either so depending on what your score does because I can break this topic down so in this topic your school either does food water or energy so your school obviously firstly copies firstly covers resource management which is the first subtopic but your school either covers food water and energy now you all learn a little bit about each of the three but you focus on one of them so in this live stream I'm going to focus on food although I if you do cover water or energy in your school then I have made videos um for you so you can actually just go into the geography uh playlist and check those out and you might want to leave the live stream if you don't cover food but um yes unfortunately we won't be looking at water or energy we'll be just looking at resource management and food typically some people say food is the easiest because water and energy is a bit more difficult to understand but it's up to you and also you don't necessarily have to do the one your school taught you if you feel more comfortable with another topic then feel free to move okay so let's cover Resource Management firstly so resources resources are things like food water and energy so resources can be defined as things that are needed for basic human development they're necessary now access to the resources of food water and energy are part of people's effect the economic and social well-being of different people in different countries so food water and energy now as I said we all need to learn a little bit about each of them because that's part of the first topic but then you'll hone in onto one of them so just the little bit we need to learn on each of them food so when loads of people cannot access nutritious food and also that they that means that they can't eat the right balance of nutrients so malnourishment is when people are unable to receive the right amount of nutrients in a diet because they are not balanced they don't have a balanced nutrient diet now malnourishment also includes undernourishment so you don't get confused with the two so under nourishment tends to be um less severe so actually no sorry malnourishment is more is less severe so malnourishment is when you're not getting enough nutrients and undernourishment is when you're not getting any food of any kind so just going over that one more time so people are not confused so malnourishment is when you're unable to retrieve nutrients and undernourishment is when you're unable to retrieve food so obviously undernourishment has some devastating effects such as starvation and Mao nourishment also has some bad effects like it can limit children's development causing stunted growth don't get confused with biology's nutrients here um it can cause things like iron deficiency and it can actually cause people to get ill now one third of all under fives die from diseases linked to malnourishment so that is actually a massive amount of um under five-year-olds so one-third of the world's children that are under five years old die from malnourishment that is a massive amount and shows how impactful malnourishment is okay now going on to water so people need to have access to clean Safe Drinking Water cooking water and washing water so sometimes the drinking water is referred to as potable or potable water so this just means drinking water as you should probably know from chemistry people too so without proper sanitation these water sources water sources like fresh water sources can actually get polluted now it can get polluted by things such as sewage and this can therefore cause things like diseases so these diseases are referred to as water-borne diseases things like typhus and dysentery they kill a lot of people every single year and water is also needed to produce food as well so irrigation systems and things like that and finally energy so countries need energy for things like industry and transport as well as for use in homes as well but it's not necessarily needed for homes it's more focused in terms of low-income countries it's more focused in industry and transport now electricity can allow countries to develop their industry creating jobs and creating wealth so just by having access to electricity this means that high income countries can ensure that they can develop their industry because from a core ternary sectors are the most highest earning sectors and this is all about tech so Tech is most highest earning industry and therefore countries that are in ensuring that they can have loads of electricity it then creates more wealth now Lifestyles lifestyles in high income countries therefore also depend on energy so we've become this modern society in which our lifestyles literally depend on our energy resource and how we can communicate with our family and communicate with different people across the world now without electricity the people in lower income countries and newly emerging economies are deprived of the same resources such as YouTube such as you know Google which other people are now burning wood is how a lot of these countries have energy especially the countries that don't tend to have natural um energy resources such as oil they'll have to refer to burning wood and obviously burning wood isn't good for the environment by releasing um fossil fuels and often the technique of burning them using kerosene is used and these of have create very harmful fumes and it also adds to deforestation now any lack of each of these three resources can have a massive effect effect on a person's ability to attend school or to attend work therefore this can prevent people from learning or earning money or improving their country's economy so you can see the knock-on effect of these three resources now unfortunately the global supply of consumption and Supply is unequal so what that means is that the countries that consume the most are not necessarily the countries that um are not necessarily the countries that need the most that need the most Supply so it's very uneven so what this means is that some countries don't even have their own energy reserves for example and others have dry climates or environments that are not suitable for food production and therefore this means that um to access more resources some countries have to rely on more of imports um which is more expensive such as the UK because the UK's climate is not necessarily the best during winter for food we have to rely on loads of imports which is expensive which may be a reason why food is more expensive in the UK therefore the consumption of resources depends on a country's wealth so consumption depends upon a country's wealth and the supply literally depends on luck like is the country has it got a good climate has it got fertile soil and has it got like an agricultural industry now we need to look at Supply and consumption in different ways so in high income countries in low-income countries and in newly emerging economies so is generally much greater so for example in the UK we tend to consume more and the reason why we consume more is because we can afford to buy more and we can afford to buy more food and have a higher standard of living now unfortunately because of a higher consumption rates we also have a very high waisted rates as well now in low-income countries it's practically the opposite so in low-income countries the consumption is much lower so they have a quite low consumption not necessarily all kind not necessarily all low-income countries have low consumption but generally speaking consumption is lower mainly because they cannot afford to exploit their available resources or import so importing is too expensive and they cannot afford to exploit the energy resources because it's too expensive to get the materials okay but what about newly emerging economies do you think that they have a high consumption or a high Supply what do you think okay so let me tell you so in newly emerging economies as with their economy the consumption is increasing the consumption is increasing because in terms of Industry so as things areas such as China as the industry develops really quickly which requires lots of energy the population and wealth are increasing rapidly as well so let me just put that into writing for you so because of in newly emerging economies because the industry is developing at a very very rapid Pace this then means that more energy is needed because the industry relies on on energy to work generally speaking and this then means that because there's more energy needed that then means the wealth also increases as well because they're getting more they're getting more resources they're getting more energy so that that people and homes have more access to energy as well okay now going back to the three resources we've looked at food water look for each of them and the supply and consumption and things like that all a few factors before we go into our main topic of food so in terms of food in the UK different types of food are becoming popular so food in the UK in the UK different types of food is becoming popular so before the 1960s most of the fruit and most of the vegetables on sale in the UK were locally produced so pre-1960 everything was locally produced but what do you think happened do you think we continue to have locally produced now well oh and also you need to know locally produced and also seasonal which means that it's the food that's produced in that season so you wouldn't be receiving um strawberries during the height of winter because they wouldn't necessarily grow no now our food is so post um 1960 our food is much different so we tend to have three main things firstly high value food you also have seasonal products and you also have organic products so high value Foods includes things such as more exotic fruits and vegetables for example how in the UK you might see a mango for example in your local supermarket now this is necessarily um well this is definitely not from the UK and it means that it's been exported to the UK and it's grown in normally low-income countries and newly emerging economies things like spices and coffee and other things like that now seasonal products are only available during the month that it grows but right now in the UK we tend to get fruit and vegetable that's imported to meet the demands for the seasonal produce all year round so we have seasonal produce all year because all year you can have access to strawberries when necessarily they wouldn't be growing in the UK and finally organic products so organic produce means that because people are becoming more concerned about our environmental impact for from food production it's learning about how chemicals can affect health and as organic products are very strictly regulated which means there's no artificial fertilizers and if you look at organic eggs and organic milk there's nothing about the chickens being for example or the chickens or the cows being restricted in their environment people feel better about buying organic produce but the issue again is that lots of organic produce is imported no when we're looking at food in the UK you need to think about our carbon footprint now the carbon footprint of our food is only growing because we're growing processing and packaging food this all produces the common um the common issue which is carbon dioxide now carbon dioxide is really bad because up to 10 percent of the UK's total greenhouse gas emissions came directly from one culprit agriculture so a lot of the UK's carbon footprint comes from Agriculture and food which just shows its massive impact so what why is there a massive impact well when we have food you've got the transporting now since most of our food comes from abroad and is imported into the UK this means that the greater the distance the more the carbon footprint is and the distance is actually called food miles because it's the miles the distance that the food has to travel before reaching your plate and the greater it is so the further countries it comes from the worst impact it has and the bigger the carbon dioxide produced and the biggest carbon footprint now the amount of greenhouse gas produced whilst growing as well so whilst growing packing and transporting is called the carbon footprint so a larger carbon footprint means that more greenhouse gases so growing transporting and growing packing and transporting sorry the amount of carbon dioxide that growing packing and transporting release is called the carbon footprint and therefore a bigger carbon footprint means it's worse off so people are becoming more aware of this environmental issue and therefore are emphasizing on having local sources and packing food and getting local sources of food now farming is becoming much more industrialized so since the 1960s there has been a growth of Agri buses so Agri buses are these large-scale massive farms and but all of the processes are happening so everything from the production of the seeds to the packaging of the food and this means that farms in the UK have been changing so because the farm sizes has increased this means that many small farms have been taken over and that the food can be can be produced more cheaply the amount of chemicals used in food production has been increasing so we've been only having more fertilizers and fertilizers and pesticides now the number of workers employed actually has fallen because of the use of Machinery in planting and harvesting now I'm going to be as quick as possible as quick as I can because I realize that lots of people also have to go so um I'll probably try and wrap this live stream up at 5 30 so I'm going to hurry up and finish this okay um but thank you for being with me everyone so managing the UK's water the demand for water varies across the UK and unfortunately the areas that produce the most water are not the areas that need the most so what this then causes is areas of water Surplus in the UK and areas of water deficit so areas of water Surplus means means there's more water than they need in that area and areas of water deficit therefore means there's less water so Surplus is when the supply for the water is greater than the demand and obviously you have the opposite here deficit is when the supply is less than the demand meaning it needs more water so in the UK the North and the West tend to be areas of water Surplus they have lots of rainfall and they have therefore the water is not necessarily in demand whereas in the south east and the Midlands these tend to face greater and hotter temperatures and therefore and also because of the high population densities as well there is a higher demand for water so in the northern West there's higher rainfall which causes a surplus and in the southern areas and Midlands there's higher demand because of the higher population now overall over time the demand for water has been increasing so since 1975 the use of water has only increased in the household because things like dishwashers washing machines which use a lot of water the appliances use 70 more water now than they did before and we think they're becoming more efficient now the UK population as well is only predicted to increase by 6 million by 2040 and this then means that it will be roughly a total of 73 million and because of this that means that more people are going to need water and population densities are also changing so their plans to build lots of homes in the Southeast but does this make sense considering there's areas of water deficit so why build in an area that doesn't have much water now water pollution isn't another issue so water pollution doesn't necessarily affect the UK but other countries so it's just when there's polluted water and the reason why is it could be things like fertilizers that accidentally wash up in the rivers and the ground water or it could be things from Vehicles so pollutants from vehicles are washed into the water all chemicals and oil spills or it can be purposely done as well out of sprite now although we didn't tend to think of this as a major problem in England it actually is so it isn't sorry it isn't too much of a problem so in the UK in England as well specifically England 80 of the water comes from ground water so that means water that's found below the surface um and pollution however affects the water's quality because nearly 50 percent of this groundwater is polluted so therefore it requires more processes in order to cleanse and purify the water which we looked at in our chemistry paper 2 live stream so we then need a strategies to manage this water quality and this includes things such as improving Drainage Systems imposing regulations and limiting the fertilizers and pesticides used water transfers are also used so we talked about areas of water Surplus and water deficit now you make you may just think oh we can easily solve that by transferring the water from the Northern areas to the southern areas where there's Surplus to deficit but there's a lot of this is very expensive because it requires lots of cake lots of um pipes and aqueducts and dams and also there's a lot of political issues because there's tensions between the north northern and southern areas and they don't want to give the water away okay and finally energies so the energy usage has changed in the UK so where's our energy topic there so we talked about how energy is needed for industry and um in a developing industry more energy is used so in UK the Energy Mix has changed so traditionally we relied on 91 of our energy being coal and oil so key facts here 91 percent of our energy was coal and oil so you you could just say then we progressed as reserves because we found some in the Northern sea this meant that by 1980 22 was actually supplied by gas so in 1980 we saw 22 percent supplied by gas um this isn't actually needed one second and then in recently obviously there's been a shift to renewable energy resources um and therefore there's been a ban on Coal fire coal-fired power stations and they're all due to close by 2025 and 19 of all electricity is going to be renewable energy and in 2019 19 of all energy was renewable now the UK supplies of coal oil and gas are all running out the north Seas oil and gas reserves are being swiftly used up and production has been declining since 2000 the UK still has coal reserves but the coal production has significantly decreased so there's been a shift so we went from coal and oil to to gas to renewable resources now exploiting these energy resources can cause economic and environmental issues so obviously environmental issues in the fact that it's burning carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases fracking can pollute ground water accidents such as oil spills causes chemicals to leak into the water again water pollution and natural ecosystems could be damaged and um Power stations and wind farms are often considered visual pollution as well economic issues so fossil fuels are actually quite expensive and the North Sea oil is especially expensive to produce the cost to the consumer of electricity from nuclear and renewable energy is actually quite high and money is actually needed for this Research into alternative energy resources okay now the final topic I'm going to just quickly whiz through this one food so we're going to go over food so the global supply of food is uneven unfortunately so as we talked about water the amount of food that countries produce varies however the amount the countries that produce the most amount of food are not the countries that um necessarily eat the most and the countries that need the most food aren't the countries that eat the most food so you can see that um in our in my previous video about the global demand for food you will see the maps and it just showed how North America and East Asia actually produce a lot of food however Central America and Africa produce very little amounts of food and in terms of consumption High income countries such as the USA eat a lot because of the you know the high standard of living whereas low-income countries consume much less and newly emerging economies are on their way to consuming more so key definition here that you need to know about is food security so food security is when people are able to eat enough nutrients to stay healthy so we talked about malnutrition when you're not getting enough nutrients so food security is opposite when you are gaining enough nutrients to be healthy now food insecurity is when people can't get enough food to stay healthy or to stay active so countries don't grow that don't grow enough to feel their population can't afford it so Global Food consumption is therefore increasing and the two main reasons the first being Rising population and the second being Economic Development so global population is obviously increasing and the second reason is because of Economic Development this means that people have more disposable income and spend it more on food now food insecurity food of Supply is actually affected by both physical and human factors so physical factors include things such as climate countries with climate that are unsuitable therefore cannot grow as much also water stress thank you food supply grows relies on Lots on water and finally pests and diseases and then you also see human factors so things such as poverty you're unable to afford the food um and they often don't have their own land to grow food as well which affects their ability to form and also they can't have access to fertilizers and things like that and pesticides technology which is similar enough so they don't have because of the mechanization of equipment this means that Farms are more efficient which increases yield and finally conflict which just means that some countries have damaged agricultural land making it very toxic and unsafe now food insecurity has loads of negative impacts we looked at under nutrition which is when people are unable to get any food to survive um and therefore it can cause developmental problems such as stunted growth and we can see this in sub-Saharan Africa famine which is a serious lack of food across a large area which can lead to starvation and death soil erosion which just means it's less fertile so it can't produce as much food Rising prices and it can cause social unrest as well so ways to increase food production you need to learn about and then you need to learn about sustainable food supply so ways to increase food production so you've got irrigation systems so to increase food supply irrigation and irrigation involves artificially watering the land so it can be used to make drier areas much more productive increase our Harvest so there's different ways gravity flow sprinklers drip systems Etc another method is Hydroponics and aeroponics so Hydroponics are methods and aeroponics are methods of growing plants without soil so this could be Hydroponics where it's just in a nutrient solution so practically just similar to water and aeroponics when they're just suspended in air and the water containing the nutrients is just sprayed at them and it's then recycled so there's less wastage you also have biotechnology so biotechnology is genetically engineering the crops so things like GM crops genetically modified crops and to be resistant to you resistant to Drought higher yields higher nutritional value making sure that they're ethical making sure that um they have lots of variety now the new Green Revolution aims to increase yields of sustainable methods including GM crops and also traditional and organic farm methods such as finally appropriate technology so high-tech methods like Hydroponics and GM crops can't be quite expensive so having things that will help the locals such as drip irrigation systems which helps and is more appropriate planting a variety of species having individual Wells in terms of sustainable food supply so having an increased food supply is different to having sustainable sustainable means that it can be used for a long period of time sorry my pen is running out a little bit so sustainable food supply and having increased sustainable food supply is reliant on things like organic farming without pesticides and using natural processes to return nutrients to the soil so that the crops can continue to be grown because of the fact that when you have artificial herbicides artificial pesticides they are restricted and animals aren't given any extra supplements and things like that then you have permeable culture the permaculture aims to produce a way that recreates these natural ecosystems and permaculture is really useful for protecting soil and they're very low maintenance as well and finally Urban farming initiatives so Urban farming initiatives are important because they use things like empty spaces to grow things like balconies and to grow food and raise animals in towns and we can definitely see this in London and it makes areas more healthier more attractive and green spaces also improves now eating seasonally as well and reducing waste is very useful so fish and meat from sustainable sources so fish species are at risk of overfishing raising animals for meat is bad for the environment seasonable food consumption only eating from the season you're in and finally reduced waste so globally one third of food produced is actually wasted so it schemes like think eat save and love food hate waste encourage individuals to help each other now that marks the end of this topic so we've gone through every single content in geography paper too so thank you for watching all the way through some of you and thank you for watching for others um and we will be I will be releasing a case study and exam examples in paper two like I did one so if you find that yeast will do chat and tell me below but thank you again for watching and see you soon