Overview
This lecture covers the internal components and upgrade options for laptop computers, focusing on batteries, keyboards, memory, storage, networking, biometrics, and cameras.
Laptop Hardware Design & Troubleshooting
- Laptops are compact, requiring precise specifications and troubleshooting approaches.
- Some laptops are designed for easy component replacement, while others restrict user access.
- Manufacturer procedures for repair and upgrade can vary significantly.
Batteries in Laptops
- Laptops may use removable (modular) or built-in batteries.
- Two common battery types are lithium-ion (Li-ion) and lithium-ion polymer (Li-polymer), both lacking the âmemory effect.â
- It is essential to use the correct battery model and form factor for replacements.
- Modular batteries are user-replaceable; built-in batteries often require professional repair.
Laptop Keyboards
- Keyboards are frequently replaced components due to heavy use.
- Most laptops allow easy keyboard removal via bezels, screws, and ribbon cable connectors.
- External USB keyboards can help diagnose or bypass keyboard issues.
- Laptop keyboards may include function keys and, if space allows, numeric keypads.
- Replacing laptop key caps requires care due to their fragility and differing mechanisms.
Memory (RAM) Modules
- Laptops use Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Modules (SO-DIMM) for RAM.
- Some laptops allow easy RAM upgrades; others have soldered, non-replaceable memory.
- SO-DIMM modules are secured with clips in dedicated slots.
Storage Devices
- Older laptops use 2.5-inch hard drives; newer models prefer solid state drives (SSD).
- SSDs offer faster speeds and reliability over spinning drives.
- SSDs may use 2.5-inch or smaller M.2 interfaces.
- M.2 drives are easier and quicker to installâsecure with one screw.
- Storage upgrades can be performed by cloning data using imaging/cloning software.
Networking and Wireless Modules
- Modern laptops often lack wired connections and rely on wireless (802.11 Wi-Fi, Bluetooth).
- Wireless functionality may be built-in or provided by modular cards (mini PCI/PCIe).
- Antenna connections must be attached during installation; antennas often run through the display.
- Bluetooth provides short-range personal area networking (PAN) for peripherals.
Biometric & NFC Authentication
- Many laptops support biometric authentication (fingerprint, face recognition) if hardware and OS support it.
- Windows Hello offers both facial and fingerprint login.
- NFC (Near Field Communication) enables short-range authentication and transactions, such as payments and secure access.
Integrated Cameras & Microphones
- Most laptops include a built-in webcam and microphones near the screenâs top.
- For higher quality, external cameras can be attached to the laptop.
Key Terms & Definitions
- SO-DIMM â Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module; compact RAM for laptops.
- SSD â Solid State Drive; storage with no moving parts, faster and more reliable than hard drives.
- M.2 Interface â A small form factor slot for SSDs, replacing older 2.5-inch drives.
- 802.11 â Wi-Fi networking standard for wireless connectivity.
- Bluetooth â Short-range wireless networking for device peripherals.
- Biometrics â Authentication via unique physical characteristics (fingerprint, face).
- NFC â Near Field Communication; wireless protocol for short-range data exchange.
- Imaging/Cloning Software â Tools to duplicate contents from one storage device to another.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Check laptop manufacturer documentation for proper component replacement procedures.
- Identify the type and form factor needed before ordering replacement batteries or storage.
- Review guidelines for safe keyboard and memory replacement.
- Explore imaging software options for storage upgrades.