are you taking ap biology i'm not but if you are you're in the right place because today we're going to be going over unit 1 the chemistry of life we are joined by miss tiffany jones from ap bio penguins how are you doing today tiffany i am wonderful just trying to get the youtube pulled up so that i can see the chat for when we do get started amazing great and as you are all coming in into this chat section if you're watching a recording of it or you're here live with us talk to us ask us questions we're here to answer them at marco learning we support ap students with tons of resources but one of the best things we have ever found on instagram and on tiktok and on the interwebs is ap bio penguins so tiffany i'm gonna turn it over to you we're gonna walk through unit one a lot of people have forgotten the content from unit one but this is gonna be a great review so i'll let you share your screen and again i encourage you if you are watching along chat with us in the chat chat in the comments and questions and if you like this video go ahead and smash that like button subscribe to our channel we're going to be going live all through the spring well i think i'm yes hi um welcome so i always started out with um what's up ap bio penguins um so today we're gonna be looking at unit one which is all about the chemistry of life um and so i do have my handle on there on ap bio penguins i have that same handle on instagram i have it on tik tok i have it on twitter basically if you go to google and type ap bio penguins you're gonna find me um and so why are we penguins like why do i have this whole idea of penguins well because penguins are dressed for success and you as an ap student you're dressed for success and you are going to rock this ap exam you are ready you're prepared and you're going to be amazing um so i always like to tell you all that you are an antibiotic penguin now um so today's plan now i'm kind of switching things up a little bit uh because of the fact that um i already do unit reviews um they're all found on my website they're all found on my youtube channel um so i did want to switch it up and the original weekend review that i did for my students kind of back in the day i used to go to panera and so i used to call these my panera sessions and at these sessions i would take a piece of paper and i would just graphically draw everything out they would throw information at me and we would just make a graphic organizer so my thought was let me just do that live with y'all i would make a graphic organizer um and we'll it can help us to walk through all of the information um so my chat is open so if you come across a question you're more than welcome to throw it into the chat um and i can answer as we go but we're going to start with macromolecules we'll then talk about water properties i've got a couple practice questions and then we have the q a or the time that you can ask questions and i can try to help you with whatever your questions are um and so just give me a little weirdly try to work through this new system but i think we'll be okay um so macromolecules there are four different macromolecules that we have you have carbohydrates you have proteins you have nucleic acids and you have lipids okay and it's important to know these four macromolecules and when you're starting with unit one they seem a little complex with all these moving parts right um and so as you work through the year and so now that y'all are in february depending on when you're watching this maybe may 10th the night before the exam you have a better grasp of all of this stuff so you can apply it in the later units so let's start with carbohydrates so carbohydrates are made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen so it's important to know the elements that are in each of these macromolecules and they have a one to two to one ratio think about glucose c6h12o6 is a one to two to one ratio and it's because each of those carbons is bound to two hydrogens and then also the oxygen um and so their monomer that's important to know the monomers is a monosaccharide so an example of one of those is of course glucose and so you can see this is the general structure that you'll see for a carbohydrate it's going to have that ring structure there'll be an oxygen here and then of course the carbons making up that ring and so some other examples you have fructose you have galactose now we've talked before about that there's this thing called a dehydration reaction and dehydration reaction is when you're going to remove water to form a bond so what is it called if i have more than one monomer together or more than one of these monosaccharides well it's going to make a disaccharide so it's two of those monosaccharides and some examples of those would be of course your sucrose your lactose in your maltose sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose lactose is made up of glucose and galactose maltose is made up of two glucose molecules um now it's not directly in the standards but you may see a lot of vocabulary when you're reading through the questions and one of those words you might see is a glycosidic linkage that is just the bond you'll see between these monomers between these monosaccharides is just called the glycosidic linkage um and so there are also polysaccharides which are just long long long strings of these monosaccharides and so they have two different kind of functions to them they could either have a structural function in which like cellulose is part of the cell wall in a plant it kind of gives that structure and rigidity to the plant or it can be chitin cotton is found in arthropods they think about like stepping on our cockroach and that crunch noise that's due to the structure of titan that's in that um shell the exoskeleton um and there's also in our fungi cell walls we also have storage polysaccharides these are going to be to store that glucose because as we all know glucose is needed for cellular respiration and so if you don't need that glucose right now you might want to store it for later and so um plants will store theirs in the form of starch think about a potato like someone always tells you that potatoes are very starchy right and then animals are going to use glycogen glycogen is going to of course the string of glucose and it's stored in our liver and so we're going to use a um a hormone called glucon glucagon when we're trying to break down the glycogen so there's a lot of these words that all sound the same um and so it's important to know like in terms of the bonding because we know that starch and cellulose are both in plants but we can break down starch but we can't break down cellulose and so there's a structural reason for this um and when i say we i mean like animals so if you look at the structure for starch it is a one for alpha linkage so that means that when you look at the starch see here's our oxygen it's on the same orientation and so all of our fifth carbons are kind of up so sorry not fifth carbon six carbons are all that upward formation but when we look at cellulose now that oxygen kind of switches and so you see like this back and forth that we have with that okay um because it has a 1 4 beta linkage and so we as animals can break the 1 4 alpha but we can't break the 1 4 beta and so it just has to do with a structural component so that gives us our gist of carbohydrates so now let's look at proteins okay now we've thought proteins are huge you talk about those all in gene expression you talk about those in evolution you talk about proteins all year long right so what are they made up of carbon oxygen and hydrogen are going to be the commonalities that are in everything right you have nitrogen and then you sometimes have sulfur um they could it's been a lot more than just sometimes so we just say sulfur um and so the nitrogenous we found in this amino group and the sulfur will be found in this r group and there was a big important experiment back in the day a hershey and chase experiment in which they were trying to figure out um whether the material that transformed material like so the hereditary material whether it was um basically whether it was proteins or whether it was nucleic acids and so they were able to determine that since sulfur is in a protein that it was not the transforming agent and we'll talk in a second about the other side of that um and so the monomer fork is an amino acid amino acids are made up of basically four different things you have this central carbon here and then you have this amine group so the nh2 is your amino group it's very basic okay and so it's going to cause the hydrogens to be removed from the solution to allow for that basic component it also has a hydrogen and then there's a carboxyl group as you notice here we have a c double bond o o h which is the carboxyl group and is very acidic okay so between these two the amine group being basic and the carboxyl group being acidic it has a lot of variance based on ph and then we have this variable group this r group this r group can be one of 20 different things and i put 20 in quotes because the fact that there's actually more than 20 amino acids but we really just kind of focus on those 20. um so the r group is variable it can differ it can vary based on h amino acid um and so there's a lot of different things we'll talk about in just a moment about that r group um so when we go through the dehydration reaction and we take out that water molecule and we put together two amino acids that's called a peptide bond okay so you're going to have multiple peptide bonds so the polymer of this is called a polypeptide because i have multiple peptide bonds now it's important to understand where that peptide bond is there's been questions before asking about that orientation what can be paired together um so here we see a dipeptide or is of course two amino acids bonded together and i have this peptide bond kind of coded right here you can kind of see it's right here between this carboxyl group of this amino acid and the amino group of this amino acid so it's always between the carboxyl of the first amino acid and then the amino of the second amino acid and i say first and second just meaning the one that's before the peptide bond and the one that's after that peptide bond okay so proteins have a directionality to them okay um so there's an n-terminus and a c-terminus the n-terminus means it is on the amino side and the c-terminus is on the carboxyl side so it just kind of gives you that long string and proteins are built from their n-terminus to their c-terminus and so now that's so much information we got to keep on adding more you have a whole other half of the slide right um so with this we're going to see that our proteins are going to fold up and so there's different levels to that folding different levels to this protein structure so the first level or the primary structure is just going to be the string of amino acids um yes this live stream will be saved as a video it'll be posted onto the market learning page so you can access it later um so the primary structure is just a string of amino acids um and so between each of those amino acids that bond is called a peptide bond as we said before and so of course we need to make sure that we know that that's the type of bond we have in primary so you can see of course that primary structure so the second level we have is the secondary structure so secondary structure is an alpha helix so it kind of makes like a a coil and then there's also the beta pleated sheet that just kind of looks like a wave okay and that's why i make all these hand gestures try to help you to understand right um and so the bond that we see with this are hydrogen bonds and they're hydrogen bonds between the backbone so it's between a carboxyl group and then it's between an amine group way downstream like way far downstream and so we're going to see that this kind of attachment between them um allows you to get that coil for the alpha helix or allows you to get that wave for the beta plate and so again it makes the structure for secondary alpha helix or beta pleated and then the um type of bond is a hydrogen bond and it's between the backbone the tertiary structure is going to be the third level that we'll see and this is our final three-dimensional structure that we have okay now any bond that you've ever heard of is applicable now right we've got hydrogen bonds we have covalent bonds we have ionic bonds you have van der waals forces you have all of these bonds taking place it's important to understand what are those bonds taking place between they're taking place between the r groups okay so that r group is going to bond with another r group and that's what gives you that final three-dimensional shape this final structure right some of it has alpha helix and it has a beta plate but it's all like configured together okay now tertiary is the end of a single polypeptide so we're completely folded with this one polypeptide but not all proteins are one polypeptide so for example hemoglobin hemoglobin has four subunits so there's actually four polypeptides that will now interact in our coronary structure so this is the final level of structure of folding um and this has to do again any bond and it's between the r groups of our different polypeptides so now we can allow for these four subunits of hemoglobin to all interact to give us that structure of hemoglobin so there you see our final little picture now i see a question coming up in the chat ask about r groups determining polarity you are so right so r groups depending on them right if it's a hydrophobic group or a polar side chain then it's going to fold toward the exterior or the outside of that protein why because the environment is aqueous and it's made up of water and so since you have a hydrophilic or a water loving side chain it's going to aim outward towards that water molecule if you have a hydrophobic side chain it's going to kind of focus inward and go toward the interior of the protein to hide hydrophobic means that it's afraid of water so it's going to kind of hide to the interior of that protein and if it's charged it'll go toward the um outside of that membrane right absolutely outside membrane the outside of that protein structure for the outside of that configuration um so you might be saying well how do i know if it's polar or if it's non-polar so you're going to notice that the side chain if it's charged we'll have a plus or a minus um so that one's an easy giveaway um if it's hydrophilic then you're going to see that it's going to be um made up of there'll be oxygens and sulfurs there'll be a lot of electronegative atoms in it versus if we're looking at a hydrophobic side chain it's gonna be all carbons and hydrogens because we know the carbohydrate bonds are nonpolar covalent bonds versus the oxygen hydrogen bonds or the sulfur hydrogen bonds are a polar covalent bond okay so that gets us to the end of proteins so let's move into nucleic acids so our nucleic acids what makes it up carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen again and then phosphorus okay so there's only two of your macromolecules that have nitrogen that was the protein and that's the nucleic acid and there's been questions before asking you to identify something that had nitrogen in it so it's important that we know that the nucleic acids do have that nitrogen and that subdue the proteins so we mentioned earlier about the hershey and chase experiment and how they were coding different things so they used phosphorus to code our dna our nucleic material so i'm sorry our nucleic acid to determine the hereditary material and they were able to see that that phosphorus was on the inside of the e coli that they were testing and so since the phosphorus moved from this virus to the e coli and we were able to say okay well that must be the uh heterogeneity material and that is just like a quick overview of purpose green tape we'll talk more about hurricane chase when we get into those experiments in unit [Music] five six later on um so what is the monomer as we said always you need to know those monomers it's a nucleotide and the nucleotide kind of has this general basic shape so we're going to have a phosphate group we're gonna have a nitrogenous base and we're gonna have a pentose sugar so these are going to be found in every single of our nucleic acids now these vary a lot based on whether we're in dna or whether we're in rna and we'll talk about that in just a moment so the bond that we'll see is a phosphodiester linkage okay so this is going to be between the phosphate of one okay and the hydroxyl the other because right here on this third carbon is a hydroxyl group you can see it right here that there's this hydroxyl okay and so we'll form that bond between the phosphate and not a hydroxyl so this right here is our phosphodiester linkage now it's important to understand that dna and rna have a directionality just like proteins the directionality for this is going to be five prime to three prime and when we look at this it's going to be anti-parallel so if you notice in our picture we have a five prime end here and across from it is a three primate showing you that they're anti-parallel they're equidistant apart but they're going in opposite directions so that was why we call that anti-parallel um so here we see a long structure that we have okay so again our five prime n is going to have a phosphate group on it so there's this phosphate right here right and then our three prime end is going to have the hydroxyl group so my students long ago said we should just say poo because it will help us to remember so p for the five prime end and o h for the three prime n gives you poo i don't know if that helps you but that's what my students used to say back in the day um and so we have different nitrogenous bases and so the different nitrogenous bases you can have would of course be adenine thymine cysteine guanine and uracil two of those are going to be purines okay so what i mean by curing is that it has a double ring so you can see here that there's two ring structures attached to each other and then here with guanine again i have two ring structures attached so those are going to be called purines um and so a way you can remember that is you're looking at pure silver because silver's uh elemental signal is ag so purines are ag and then the other ones we have are called pyrimidines the pyrimidines are going to be the single ring so here you can see with a cytosine we have one single ring and then here with thymine we have again a single ring and uracil is going to look very similar to these um with that single ring so the way to remember it is of course cut because you're going to cut the pyramid i don't have a better way to remember it someone uh in a review session once told me that there's if you think about a pyramid being a triangle there's three points to the pyramid and so you can remember that c-u-t-i i don't know that depends on how you want to remember it um and the base pairing adenine pairs with binding or uracil if we're looking at rna and then cyasine pairs with guanine so it's important to know the number of hydrogen bonds you're going to have here so between adenine and thymine we're going to have two hydrogen bonds and between cytosine and guanine we're going to have three hydrogen bonds okay to remember that it takes two lines in order to make a t for thymine so there's two bonds and then c is the third letter of the alphabet so you can remember those three bonds between c and g hopefully that helps you remember and then we also need to know the differences between dna and rna so we've already mentioned that they have a different in the nitrogenous basis in which they have a c and g but dna will have a thymine or a t well uracil sorry rna will have uracil so we'll see this u the sugar is different um in dna we have a sugar of deoxyribose but in rna we have a sugar of ribose um so somebody in the chat just says pyrimidines also have a y while a and c don't so it's another way to remember the pyramidines um so um and then of course our strandedness so double stranded versus signal stranded um there does exist signal stranded dna there does exist double stranded rna but we're looking at the general consensus of it which is that dna is double stranded and rna a single character for the most part um and then when you talk about the sugar i don't think i mentioned this um but when we say it's deoxy students oftentimes think that that means that there's no oxygen in it all that means is that they're missing one oxygen so right here you see there's not a hydroxyl group um which tells you that is missing that one oxygen so if they give you a question in which you can see the numbers of carbon hydrogens and oxygens and whatnot um you can tell that it is dna because it'll be missing one oxygen versus the rna will have all those oxygens so that gets us to the end of nucleic acids um and my if you're wondering why i'm going so fast i'm trying to get to the time for us to be able to do q a because the session's only an hour long so i wanted to make sure that you had that time to ask your questions so our fourth macromolecule we have is lipids so now lipids are made up of carbon hydrogen oxygen and then there's sometimes phosphorus phosphorus is going to be found in your phospholipids but for the most part you're only going to see carbon hydrogen oxygen now when we saw the carbohydrate it was a one to two to one ratio but our lipids are going to be a one to two to few because there's not a lot um of uh sorry there's not a lot of oxygen um it's usually just a couple oxygen molecules at the start of the fatty acid tails when they bind to the cholesterol so there's not a lot of oxygen so one two diffuse now there is no monomer of your lipid because these aren't con are aren't formed by repeating structure so when we look at carbohydrates we had a repeating structure of monosaccharides when we looked at protein we had a repeating structure of amino acids we looked at nucleic acids we saw we had a repeating structure of nucleotides but lipids don't have that repeating structure so there is no monomer for them so instead we have three different lipids that we talk about i'm sorry i missed this up um all of our lipids are going to be considered non-polar uh because of the fact that they're made up of these hydrocarbons so there's three of them we have you have fats we have phospholipids and we have steroids fats oops our fats are being made up of this glycerol that you see right here and then we have three fatty acids that come out from it so you go through three different um dehydration reactions in order to bond each of those fatty acids okay so where you have two three water molecules that come out of it um and so you can look at it and see that there's two that are having a straight change and there's one that's kind of like bent and it's turned so you're thinking to yourself well why is it bent like what's happening there so we have two different types of fatty acids there are saturated fatty acids what that means is that they are completely saturated every single carbon will have two hydrogens on it is completely full completely saturated there's all single bonds going through that whole fatty acid all single bonds versus an unsaturated fatty acid is going to have at least one double bond so if you look right here you can see that we have a cis double bond um fifth meaning that they're on the same side so these two hydrogens are on the same side of that double helix i'm sorry sorry double bond um so we would call this a cis double bond um and so this is considered a unsaturated fatty acid because it has that double bond in there which causes not all of our carbons to be saturated with hydrogen yeah most of them are saturated but we still have one that's not so this is considered unsaturated um so if you've ever heard of like omega-3s omega-6s omega-9s what that's telling you is that every third carbon has that double bond in it so it's just kind of giving you information about the type of double bonds okay so that leads us to the end of facts so phospholipids all they did here is we take off one of those um fatty acids and instead we have a phosphate group attached okay so you see we still have our two fatty acids coming down and then we still have a glycerol i made a cartoonist i used a cartoonistic picture just because it makes it a little easier to show like how this makes up the membrane um but there is a glycerol molecule right here and that's attached to a phosphate group and then two fatty acids um so all we do is take off one bag nothing too crazy here and this is called amphipathic so we are specifically calling this molecule to be amphipathic because it has a polar and a nonpolar region this one phospholipid is considered antipathic but when you make an entire membrane of these phospholipids we lose that antipathic component because that one little phosphate doesn't have enough polarity on it to form the whole membrane to be antipathic so the membrane is still considered nonpolar um and so when it associates it's gonna associate so that those polar hydrophilic heads of phosphate go toward the extracellular intracellular region of the memb of the cell and that the fatty acid tails kind of go toward the interior because they have that hydrophobic interaction to kind of associate together because they're all non-polar that gets to the end of phospholipids so steroids steroids are made up of four fused drinks you can kind of see one two three four um and so you actually consume most of your steroids in terms of cholesterol and then your body modifies that cholesterol by adding different functional groups to the cholesterol which forms the different steroids that you're going to need well steroids we come back to a lot in terms of cell communication because steroids can be a type of hormone you have steroid hormones so like estrogen and testosterone those are steroid hormones and so they are part of cell communication and so we'll talk later about this but because of the fact that our steroids are non-polar we're going to see they'll have intracellular reception which means that the receptor is going to be on inside of the cell because these can pass directly through that positive membrane and we'll talk about that a little bit more when we get into unit two that gets us to the end of our macro molecules you're thinking to yourself oh my miss jones so i wanted to make it into like a kind of a graphic organizer for you um so this one page can be printed and you have all of that information that we had on all those slides um the only issue is right here you don't see the the picture of the protein structure it's because the way i had to format the structure like the powerpoint i'm sorry um so let's get into our next part which is water properties so water properties all come down to the fact that water is polar right and a lot of the properties come from that so like cohesiveness or the fact it's universal solvent or the surface tension all of those are due to the fact that water is polar we also see that there's a high specific heat it has less dense when it's a solid and then also the ph of it is kind of important kind of the connect in there it may not actually be a unit one topic but i felt like it went really well because we were currently talking about water so let's jump down that polar rabbit hole if you may um so as i said universal solvent cohesive and then surface engine so when we think about it water has polar covalent bonds so number one a covalent bond means that you have um sharing of those valence electrons so valence electron is electron on that outer ring and so if two things are sharing that electron it's called a covalent bond now this is a polar covalent bond because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen so it's going to pull it slightly okay and so because the fact that the oxygen pulls that electron closer to it it has more control of it which means that it's partially negative while the hydrogen has less control of it and it's going to be considered partially positive and so that bond between them is a polar covalent bond which leads to partial positive and partial negatives within that water molecule so because of that we see a lot of hydrogen bonding taking place between them so here you can see the hydrogen bond so the partial positive hydrogen is attracted to the partial negative oxygen i'm sorry if you hear a little about background noise my son is trying to get into my room um so we have this little hydrogen bond that's showing that attractive force um and so we see hydrogen bonds occurring between the oxygen and hydrogen that's going to be between our water molecule and this those hydrogen bonds are what we see being the reason why we have all these other things right so universal solvent because of the fact that we have a partial positive here that partial i'm sorry i want the wrong one um because we have this partial negative here on the oxygen it causes anything that's partially positive like polar or anything that is positively charged like a cation to be attracted to that side and the same applies for hydrogen because the hydrogen is partially positive it attracts parsley negative or anion things okay um so we also have cohesion cohesion has to do with that water molecules are attracted to other water molecules and so that's cohesion versus adhesion is when water molecules are attracted to other polar substances um and so you kind of have this picture here right where we have these water molecules are being attracted to each other which shows you cohesion versus adhesions where they're attached to some other polar or charged substance you see this when we look at the meniscus or that little u-shape when you put water into a graduated cylinder it kind of climbs the edges right and somebody in the chat is asking about capillary action so cohesion plus adhesion together make that capillary action it makes it so that the um the water is able to move from the roots to the leaves in a plant how because up here we're seeing transpiration right the water is evaporating and as that water evaporates it pulls a water molecule and that water molecule is attached to other water molecules by cohesion so we see like the pull of the string of of waters up right and at the same time the water is attracted to the size of the xylem or the size of this tube that brings the water up so it's going to kind of help to hold the water up so it doesn't fall due to gravity so we kind of see cohesion and adhesion together and i wouldn't call cohesion and adhesion one property together there was a free response question a couple years ago that separated them and it was two different points and so if you put them together you would risk losing that point um so i probably would keep them separate um properties um you could mention that it's all due to the fact that water is polar but kind of you want to connect them that's perfectly fine um so surface tension has to do with again cohesion oh wait there's no adhesion that's the type of um so due to cohesion all these water molecules are attached to one another okay and so because of that these water molecules are attracted to one another and attached to one another they create the surface on the the solution right and the solution tends to be of course water um so here you can see kind of gravity um it's kind of pulling that substance down and you're able to kind of like hold that material up you could do this with a paper clip if you want to be like special like and pretend like you're magic um take a paper clip and a fork and you can take the fork and dip the paper clip down into the water and then move the fork under and the paper clip will stay on the surface i mean you can show people that your magic anyways so this also allows you to skip rocks so you can kind of throw a rock as long as you don't have too much force to break that surface tension then it'll just skip along the top also this is how water strider moves across the top of the wire there's like a bug that just walks across so that brings us to the end of the polar part of it but let's talk about this high specific heat and then less density as a solid right so it's less dense than the solids why because the fact that those hydrogen bonds inhibit that compaction it inhibits these water molecules from getting close together and when they get close together that's what ends up making solids more dense than their liquid component right so because there's this space not air because there's this space in there um we're going to see that ice will float so solid water floats and this can act as a temperature buffer so we can um allow for like lakes and these different aquatic environments that kind of get really cold it ensures that the entire lake doesn't freeze it ensures that um we can maintain a like a temperature that isn't too cold for these life forms in there right and so that they can survive the winter and be okay um so this picture kind of shows you what i was mentioning about how um there's all this space inside that keeps them like apart and it has to do with those hydrogen bonds so we also have high specific heat passive heat just means that it takes a large amount of energy in order to change one gram of water by one degree celsius i mean increase or decrease it's 4.184 joules if you really need to know the number but it's okay um and so this allows us to have temperature control in coastal regions right so during the day in that coastal region you've got the sun beating down on the the ocean right and it's it's picking up all that heat and it's absorbing it so you aren't feeling all of that heat on the beach right and then at night when it cools down that heat is released from the water giving you a nice warm breeze so it's kind of fun um this also works with body temperature so if you're really really hot like you go out for a run you go exercise you're just hot right you start to sweat so what's happening there well that's evaporative cooling it has to do with the fact that you have water on your surface and of your skin and your skin is hot so the heat from your skin is heating up that water and as it heats up that water it's breaking these bonds and it's converting the liquid water into gas water and so we are able to evaporate taking the heat with us so this is called evaporative cooling and then of course leads into ph ph is calculated by having negative log of your hydronium ions or hydrogen ions and so as the concentration of your hydronium ion increases your ph will decrease this comes into play we start talking about cellular respiration in which we're talking about like the hydrogen moving across the membrane and so you're able to say you know that the intracellular of the inner membrane um region into membrane space is going to have a very low ph because of a high amount of hydronium ions in there due to the process of cell respiration right there's a lot of stuff right so i have two multiple choice questions and then i have a portion of a long-story response question because i figured it'd be good for us to just have this quick tip of checking information right so scientists examined a folder structure of a putrify or sorry purified um protein resuscitating water and found the amino acids within nonpolar r groups were primarily buried in the middle of the protein whereas amino acids with polar r groups were primarily on the surface of the protein which only best explains the location of amino acids in the full destruction so we have these polar r groups and they're on the surface those are true right and as soon as they can form ionic bonds so ionic bonds we know are due to attraction between opposite ions so an anion and a cation are going to bond together which leads us into that ionic bond right well if we're looking at polar then we're not looking at an ionic bond we're looking at covalent bonds so this actually forming some type of hydrogen bond between them if you're looking at that so we know that a is not right b says polar r groups are too bulky to fit in the middle of the protein or push towards the protein surface again polar is going to fold toward the outside membrane due to the polar nature of its aqueous environment so we're not looking at that here c says nonpolar r groups that cannot form hydrogen bonds with water are pushed into the middle of the protein well that's true if it's nonpolar then we're not going to have a partial positive or partial negative right and we're not going to see that bonding with or hydrogen bonding with the aqueous environment on the outside right plus we're going to see all the hydrophobic interaction taking place right and then d says nonpolar arguments from different parts of protein form covalent bonds no it's not covalent bonds it has to do with hydrophobic interaction which is due to attractive forces so the only logical answer we have was c okay and this leads us into our next question which definitely i feel like is not a unit one topic but it was coded as a union topic so i want to make sure that you realize that this can apply a lot of the unit 1 stuff actually is more in the later units because of the fact that it is the fundamental information like the supporting information um to be able to then um answer a lot of our biological questions so rosalind franklin's x-ray diffraction sorry diffraction images taken in the 1950s most directly support wish the following claims about dna so we already talked about this all these structures dna right we know that dna is anti-parallel right um we know that it's made up of a purine bonded with a pyrimidine right your purines was your adenine and your guanine your perimeters where your cytosine your uracil your thymine so you know that an adenine and a cyanide bond together is appearing in a pyrimidine a guanine and a cytosine is also appearing in a pyrimidine so they are going to have of course this equal distance um we know there's two strands that make it up um so there's all the stuff that we know about it right so now let's look at our answer choice and see which of those could be found thinking about a picture of x-ray crystallography so the ratios of base pairs are constant can you see ratios from a picture well no the nucleotide sequence determines genetic information although that is a true statement that the nucleotide sequence can determine your genetic information again you can't see that from a picture right an extra crystallography picture the two strands of dna are anti-parallel that is also true statement can you see it in a picture and the basic molecular structure is a helix well that's true because the fact that we can see that you've got an equal distance and it's making this like circular shape from that helix so that was our answer there and then our fear response practice so last year 2021 they had a one of the long efforts and i didn't want to bother you by showing you the entire long frq because only a applies to unit one um so the genesis investigates the mode of inheritance of a rare disorder that alters the glucose metabolism the first show symptoms in adulthood all this fun stuff right so they say the disorder alters glucose metabolism describe the atoms and types of bonds in the glucose molecules so think to yourself for just a moment see if you can come up with what the answer is okay um there's a couple questions in the chat that i'm going to answer real fast um if you want to go ahead and type your answer to this and tell me what atoms and the types of bond that are in a glucose molecule see if we can if you get it right and i'm going to answer the questions that i currently see in the chat um so somebody asked what is the difference between an ionic bond and a hydrogen bond um so an ionic bond is going to be between different ions right so a cation that's a positive charged ion and an anion is a negatively charged ion this ion is formed from the transferring of electrons so one of those valence electrons was taken by another so example would be sodium and chlorine so sodium is positively charged because it lost its valence electron to chlorine chlorine is negatively charged because it gained that valence electron this allowed both of them to have a complete octet and now they of course have a charge because they have more protons than electrons giving them a positive charge or more electrons than protons giving them that negative charge first the hydrogen bond is due to a partial positive or partial negative they have a covalent bond so they don't actually lose their electron they just have less control or more control of electrons they're partially negative if they have more control of that electron and they're partially positive if they have less control of that electron so i've given you a moment to answer in the chat so the different atoms that make up glucose we know it's a carbohydrate so it has carbon hydrogen oxygen right and then we know the type of bond that they have is a covalent bond so you had to mention both carbohydrates hydrogens oxygens and you had to mention that they were held together by that covalent bond and that is the part one of this frq so that gives us about 20 minutes that i can answer any questions that you have about unit one my goal was to kind of do it this way where you had like a quick little refresher of the concepts um and then you also had um some time to ask questions back in the day i used to do these sessions on instagram and they were 100 q a in which you would um ask the questions back and forth um you would ask me a question and i would then answer your question um and so it it allowed for more of a conversation and less of me just structured stuff um so i did want to give you a moment that if you had any questions you could ask those questions um i'm currently seeing like the live and so i see that you're a little seconds behind me so the q a literally just popped up on that screen um so i know that you haven't even had a chance to ask questions yet um so let me give you just a moment that you can now answer ask some questions there were some questions about that frq it says uh thanks the atoms in the glucose molecule carbon hydrogen oxygen one to two ratio glycosidic linkage bond between the one to four you're correct they do see a glycosidic linkage um i would assume that the readers would give you credit for glycosidic linkage because that is a specific covalent bond that we have um so i would honestly um oh actually good point um aiden you're right it wasn't talking about multiple electrons it was only talking about the single one so yeah glycosidic wouldn't count um because they were asking about a single glucose molecule i'm sorry i'm we're forgetting the question um but yeah you were right that between glucose molecules is glycosidic but since the question specifically asked about one glucose molecule it would be covalent so i don't see any questions in the chat does anyone have questions or do you want me to get john to end our session i wish i'll need hey johnny i wanted to just chime in here great group of people by the way thank you guys for watching um i wanted to also point out you know this broader question today's february 6th some of you are watching this the night before the exam is recording but what are some of the resources that you've got on your instagram page which is ap bio penguins on your tik tok account some of the things you're going to be doing this spring because there's plenty more to review in the coming months of course um so on my website i have a ton of stuff um so i have a 316 page review guide that walks you through um each of the the standards and it gives you i can say questions um sorry i can statements there's topic questions in there um i've got multiple choice questions three response questions all broken down by the units um actually let me do it this way um i can show you the website um so here you can kind of see that i've got you know a whole section here with all of the that's where you would get the review guide it's got all that um every single day i'm going live on my instagram not live emotional sorry i post in my stories every single day questions about these topics i will be going live every single sunday either on tick tock to do quiz games with y'all or i'll be coming live with marco learning on the other sunday so that we can go through all that and all those sessions will be recorded and posted if you go to the market learning sessions tab you can also see of course all of the sessions that i've already done this year with marco learning you can get all the ones from last year so if you click here you can get to all of last year's sessions as well you have all that i have tick tocks that i post little quick little one minute blurps about concepts i've got 60 plus review games and these are always open just go to this website and type those code in and you can access these games at any point um if any of those games are hit their participant limits there is actually backup games at the bottom so you can still access them even if the codes are you know ended um there's videos from frq friday so that um if you are having trouble with frq you can see um hey this is how ms jones would have approached it this is how i can find points without actually knowing some information like how can i pull information from the prompt there's a lot here and tiffany this is what i so appreciate about everything you've done for the community of students and teachers who are in ap biology is that you've put out so much content for free and i think that that's so generous of you and your time i love that youtube's a free platform where we can talk to you all we are um we i got to get a question from victoria about our frq grading program now because we one of the things we did last year was one of our superpowers at marco learning was people would send us their essays their free response questions and we would grade them but because we have people grading them we have to pay them that we can't make a free resource but there's more that we're going to be posting about that on our instagram page on our tick tock account um on our website so definitely stay in touch with us and i think it's just an exciting time for those of you who are here this early to get ready um take advantage of these incredible resources that tiffany's putting out that they're being built um and i just can just say that we've got a great mascot at marco learning but i love me a penguin too um and i think tiffany if you could get i've hoisted marco up live on our youtube channel i think if you could just invest a few ten thousand dollars into a little ice farm for a penguin adopt it and maintain it with little fish for a year it'd be really great to hold a live penguin up on on air or at least we'll get some stuffed animal versions i'll work on getting a step animal version for us because at this point all my penguins are at school i don't even think i have any penguins in my office the best you can get is a mug that says that i'm a penguin trapped in a human body that that's the best i can do for you sorry we got some swag some merch for all this well anyway everyone uh and uh lila or lila you're saying that her content is so amazing it is thank you so much tiffany um i don't see actually there's one more question that came through and then i'll let you answer that one uh there's actually a couple questions i'm seeing um i see one about uh how resistant of covalent bonds versus ionic bonds um so covalent bonds um do are due to share of advanced electrons so it's usually the materials that are kind of like carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur kind of in the inner part of the periodic table um versus our ionized bonds are going to have to be non non uh metals and metal so that's like chlorine and that's uh sodium most of the bonding that we see is going to be covalent and i believe they're going to give you some type of information to be able to determine if it's ionic or covalent because of the fact that technically knowing those bonds is not part of this um like the standard right you don't have to be able to identify them but you do need to know what is it which ones have covalent bonds in them and all of our macromolecules are going to have covalent bonds in them um the only time you ever see ionic you will probably see it as a positive charge or a minus charge as an r group and you'll just know that that has to fold of course upwards um so somebody asks how does salinity affect the protein structure um it's going to denature it basically anything you say has an effective protein structure most of the time is going to denature it or it's going to cause it to unravel um and it has to do with the way those bonds form it will cause them to kind of disrupt those bonds so if you change the ph if you increase the temperature all that is going to cause denaturation decreasing temperature doesn't because we don't have that kinetic energy that breaks them but increasing temperature changing ph and salinity is all gonna denature your protein um let's see somebody says what molecules pass through phospholipids um molecules that capacity phospholipids would be small and nonpolar because of the fact that it can fit between those phospholipids as well as it has to be non-polar to fit like to be able to pass through that non-polar region um and i think that gets us to the end of the questions that i have in here um so with that since i don't see that there's any other questions john you're welcome to wait let me say something does it affect all four structures um it'll affect everything past the primary structure so primary structure will stay intact but the secondary tertiary and coordinate structures will all be broken down in some way shape or form great well thank you so much tiffany this was such a great session again we're going to be going live on this channel so make sure that you subscribe turn on that notifications bell and be in touch with us at marco learning and ap bio penguins and you know what tiffany will definitely have to set up some fun instagram and tick tock lives on collabs on top of this um everything we're going to be doing so have a great day everyone and thank you tiffany