US Involvement in the Middle East

Introduction

• US presence in the Middle East spans almost a century.
• Relationships in the region: friends have become foes, enemies have become allies.
• The US has played a significant role through diplomacy and military presence.

Strategic Importance of the Middle East

• The region is resource-rich, spanning Western Asia and Northern Africa.
• Key role in global foreign policies, especially for the US.

Oil

• 1938: US oil well in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia discovers the largest petroleum source.
• Oil is crucial for the global economy, enhancing strategic importance.
• By 1945, US establishes its first base in Dhahran.
• US is now self-sufficient in oil; in 2022 it was the world's leading oil producer.
• Control over Middle Eastern oil is crucial for influence over other nations, especially competitors like China.

Arms Sales

• Middle East is a significant market for US arms manufacturers.
• In 2023, US arms sales reached $238 billion, over 40% of global arms sales.
• Arms sales also serve to buy influence in the region.
• Israel is the largest recipient of US aid, primarily for military purposes.

Alliances in the Region

• US alliances in the Middle East have changed over time.
• Turkey is a NATO ally, requiring US defense if attacked.
• Alliances shaped by power struggles and Cold War dynamics.
• Russia has increased its influence in the region, especially in Syria.
• US withdrawal can create a power vacuum filled by competitors like Russia.

Commitment to Israel

• US commitment to Israel is unique and longstanding.
• First recognized by President Harry Truman in 1948.
• Shared values cited as the basis for the special relationship.
• US has been integral in the Israel-Palestine peace process.

Relationships with Other Nations

• Close ties with Qatar, Bahrain, and Egypt.
• Historical alliance with Iran until the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
• US actions in 1953 led to the overthrow of Iran's democratically elected leader.

The Iraq War

• The 2003 invasion of Iraq is highlighted as a pivotal intervention.
• Declared as a response to 9/11 and the global war on terror.
• Claims of weapons of mass destruction and fighting Al-Qaeda were later discredited.
• Occupation led to instability and the rise of terrorist organizations.

Consequences of the Iraq War

• Significant troop presence during 2007, with about 250,000 US troops.
• The rise of ISIS in the aftermath of US withdrawal.
• Shift towards remote warfare, with less direct military presence in recent years.

Current US Role in the Middle East

• Maintains a presence in response to national security threats.
• Protects strategic shipping lanes in the region (Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Suez Canal).
• Acts as the "world policeman" for security and stability.
• Many believe a future for the Middle East hinges on US involvement.

Conclusion

• The US is viewed as a dominant global power responsible for maintaining stability.
• The future of the Middle East is intertwined with US influence.