what up APUSH people today we're going to take a look at period 5 key concept 5.1 and the key idea for this concept 5.1 is the idea of manifest destiny and the movement West will have a variety of economic political and social consequences you know in this period you know in the 1840s all the way up until the 1870s you have huge amount of Irish immigrants coming into the country and they're leaving Ireland because of a PO po crop failure and severe famine especially in the 1840s they're largely going to settle in cities like New York and Boston and they're going to be working in unskilled laborer type jobs and as a result of this there's going to be a tremendous amount of competition with African-Americans which is going to lead to racial tensions in Northern cities um politically the Irish are going to be very important because they are going to largely support the Democratic party um in fact by the 1870s and 1880s the political machine tamine Hall in New York is going to be heavily influenced by Irish voters the second biggest group of immigrants coming into this uh into the United States during this time period are the Germans and they're very diverse group of people Germany is not a unified Nation yet um by this time um there's a mix of German immigrants coming in a mix of religions Protestants Catholics Jews um they're coming from a variety of social classes lower middle income and Wealthy different occupations and unlike the Irish the Germans are going to largely settle in the old Northwest and in the frontier on homesteads and they're going to develop these very tight-knit German communities as a result of this change of Who's Coming to America these Irish and German immigrants you have a rise in nativist or anti-immigrant feelings and there's a variety of reasons and motives one there's this feeling especially the Irish they're taking jobs from native born white Americans because they're willing to work for such low wages there's also this concern that they're going to somehow outvote or take over American politics as you see that being expressed in the political cartoon there's this belief that they're going to ruin American anglosaxon culture with their inferior racial makeup and of course especially for the Irish there's a huge concern because many of them are Catholics and there's this fear that some how they're going to ruin this idea of a Protestant white Anglo-Saxon America there's going to be political groups that are going to form the order of the star bangled banner later on forming a political group called The no nothing party they're a group of American nativists and they're going to Advocate um for restrictions on immigration throughout this period and an important concept to keep in mind though is America was becoming more and more ethnically and racially diverse new people are coming in to America another key concept to keep in mind is this enthusiasm for territorial expansion and this has been a reality of American History way before the 1840s but it increases and it's based upon economic National Security interest and claims of us racial and cultural superiority and really the big belief in the 1840s is this idea of manifest destiny this idea that it was America's destiny to conquer and civilize the entire continent all the way to to the Pacific Ocean um this idea is heavily built upon a belief of white superiority that we are somehow going to civilize you could see that in that painting called American progress a lot of examples of American expansion during this period 1846 a treaty is signed by James K pulk establishing us occupation of Oregon Country at the 49th parallel during the election of 184 44 there was these threats of 5440 or fight no fight needed and Oregon would be under us command Texas is Ann nexted in 1845 by John Tyler just as pulk is getting elected and of course the big one is the Mexican-American War which will end in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe adalo and Mexico is going to lose a huge chunk of its territory to the United States big idea that you also need to keep in mind is new territories were brought into the Union which forced the issue of slavery into the center of national politics they've been trying to compromise and avoid it and inevitably this is going to lead to a rise in sectionalism which we're going to cover in the lecture on key concept 5.2 in fact if you click that pony you'll be transported to that lecture on sectionalism now the other part of this kind of period is this idea of western expansion and you can see on this map that expansion is taking place over time in the 1850s 60s '70s and so on we've already seen this for example the Mormons were seeking religious Refuge um from intolerance towards their faith in 1847 they settle in uh Utah territory in 1848 there's the California Gold Rush which brings a ton of people into the area um and you get the uh rise of calls for California to enter into the Union as a free state and a big idea you need to keep in mind when studying this period is that new economic opportunities and religious Refuge out in the west were a key factor in bringing people um not just white Americans but African-Americans Asian immigrants from China and all over the world another important idea is this idea of the federal government actively promoting Economic Development and the movement West you know there's this idea that a lot of people have that you know these Cowboys got on these stage coaches and H headed west this rugged individualism and this is not entirely true in fact economic activities out in the west were largely driven by federal government policies for example in 1862 the Pacific Railroad Act was passed during the Civil War which authorize the building of the Transcontinental Railroad along a northern route and you can see those red lines are railroad construction in the period 1870 to 1890 so mass building of the railroad out into the west and the federal government is going to provide money and land subsidies to the railroad companies to construct this development and the Transcontinental Railroad is going to play an important role of linking California with the rest of the Union therefore creating a national Market another kind of key part of the economic development of the West is the mining Booms that take place throughout the West uh we already talked about in 1848 the California Gold Rush which kind of brings San Francisco up in its population but similarly you also have the Comm stck load in Nevada which leads to the growth of cities such as Virginia City but you could see whether it be Colorado or future territory of Idaho mining booms are going to take place throughout this period and it's going to bring people once again not only from the eastern part of the United States but from other nations such as China and so forth another key part of the economic growth of the West is the movement of people to the trans Mississippi West to start Farms you know when you say the trans Mississippi West we're talking about west of the Mississippi all the way to the uh West Coast and a big part of this was also driven by the federal government you can see the different crops and agricultural items being uh developed in this region but the Homestead Act plays a key role once again passed during the Civil War in 1862 and it offers public land up to 160 acres to any person or family who farmed that land for 5 years they could buy it for a very small fee and you get a huge number of people people moving West seeking this Economic Opportunity um that was presented and encouraged by the federal government with the Homestead Act Now inevitably with this movement West you're going to have a dramatic environmental impact and dramatic environmental changes will take place as a result of western expansion and the biggest example is the huge population decline of the Buffalo um it is killed for a number of reasons one to make make way for the building of the railroad the big large Buffalo herds got in the way of the railroad uh operation to undermine Native American resistance if you kill an important part of the Native American society and culture the Buffalo it's going to hurt the Native Americans ability to resist white expansion and of course there's this huge demand for Buffalo Hyde out in the Eastern markets and those two images the one at the top shows you that drastic Decline and the one at the bottom shows Buffalo skulls um having been slaughtered another key environmental change is the removal of grass to develop these homesteads on the Great Plains that area in the light blue will lead to soil erosion and the degradation of the land so the land is going to be used up because it's going to be over uh planted and then finally the biggest impact will take place on the lives of the Native Americans in the trans Mississippi West and there's a whole bunch of different environments out in the west and Native Americans had adapted to those environments over many many years and it is going to unfortunately to brutal conflict between American settlers and the native people who had uh called this home for many many years the two circled ones are the ones we're going to cover for period five we cover the others in Period six and the expansion of the US leads to conflict with Native Americans two examples San Creek massacre in 1864 a Colorado militia attack and kill over 100 native people and it truly is a Massac Massacre because about 2third of the victims were women and children killed by the militia and you could see that in the image right there another famous uh example of this conflict takes place at the Battle of Little Big Horn there on the map in 1876 members of the tribe inspired by one of their leaders Sitting Bull kill a US Army Officer General kuster and his men in the seventh Cal calvalry are killed this famous event known as kuster's Last Stand so it's a rare defeat for the Americans but shortly after that the American Army will come in and Crush native resistance in the dtas and in Montana and then finally Native Americans were expected to assimilate into white Society or forced onto reservations during this time period so you're going to see both those things happen unfortunately increasingly throughout the late part of the 19th century and another key aspect is following the Treaty of Guadalupe adalo in 1848 the californos the Hispanic residents of the area you see were guaranteed under the treaty property and citizenship rights and unfortunately very often those rights would not be respect expect it and their land would be lost by Court actions or by forced sale by the Anglo settlers coming into the southwest and although that did take place there will be the preservation of Latino Hispanic culture throughout the Southwest although the land was conquered and taken over one last thing that's important for key concept 5.1 is also the US interest in expanding trade led to economic diplomatic and cultural initiative Westward to Asia you get the clipper ships which allow for faster travel and a boost to us trade with Asia you have a treaty in 1844 which is the first diplomatic agreement between the US and China and its goal was to promote trade between the two Nations and as a result many missionaries Christian missionaries from the United States are going to China trying to spread Christianity and Japan as well is seen as a place for economic relationship in Japan opens up which had been isolated for over 200 years and president Phil Moore sends Commodore Matthew Perry in 1852 to Japan to open up relations between the two Nations thanks for checking out key concept 5.1 explained if you haven't done so subscribe to Joe's Productions tell all the homies and home girls out in the world to check out these videos to help them with a push if you like the video click like if you didn't like it click like and as always thanks for watching peace