assalamu alaikum man whom dr. muhammad is a multi man opcode circuit theory / hunger circuit theory Jessica aapke syllabus Mandi a gearhead Pantelis lectures / must meet hoga this may though that during the term examination hoagie jab K egg final exam who la escuela wa art assignments d Jangi turkey op kappa music practice casa que existe lava Jessica comes up coma loom here computer key basic C electronics part must mean he has a electrons go a foundation stone Couture / / na yume hasu Ruby hope you miss Kay da aapko circuit theory may should it play circuit kaga uske baad am Ohm's law Kirchhoff's law or do say analytical theorems go studying it who's caleb ah hum semiconductors me diode or transistor him italic p / him a computers me doge is a related him nam brake hardware number though software software cattle loop programming say hey job k hardware in sub circuits a related subject head hardware k analysis me subset important cheese hamare SI units OT he sa Eunice any International System of Units car is small arms in the give me arm topic Authority a missile Couture / other ham kisses a push a k point is a point vita katana Fazle head to vote 16 yeah pastor Dennis a masala Hall nahi hota Balki Hammond who's casados k unit Viva Donna Jo missile guitar / timko teen meter guillotine kilometer say who's K unit cop mentioned Cuyahoga electronics me unit sky small et cetera say in highest Rudi head her--her parameter Joby electronics made small kata hey who's Kelly a SI units lucky guy hey Tom si owners Boniadi torpor sad basic units per must million in boo NYADA Eunice me metre kilogram second Kelvin ampere or Candela Hamilton the seven quantities are known to be basic in SI unit system length is measured using the unit meter and the symbol for it is small M mass is measured in kilogram and the symbol for it is kg time is measured in second and the unit is small as electric current is measured in ampere and the symbol is capital a thermodynamic temperature is measured in Kelvin and the symbol is capital K amount of substance is measured in more and the symbol is M o L all in lowercase luminous intensity is measured in Candela and the symbol used for it is small C small D in Boniadi units paid banker degree which derived units be a husky a guy in drive juris may missile Couture per volume surface tension or speed shamily me turkey conventional definition is track egaita k platinum-iridium alloy ki Aykroyd part though mashaallah guy gay Jenko a quitter the slim k agay hey Tom me Turkey modern definition is trust hey little quest era define Cuyahoga meter up until 1983 the metre was defined as one six five zero seven six three point seven three wavelengths in a vacuum of the orange red line of the spectrum of Krypton 86 since then it is equal to the distance traveled by light in vacuum in one divided by two nine nine seven nine two four five of a second of the time second key terrifico astrology gather cesium 133 K atom key certain number of transitions go count key Ajay the old counts may detain cycles burning a unco egg seconds tabaqui Isaiah Lee has a is key formal definition is Tracy hoagie the second is defined as the duration of nine one nine two six three one seven seven zero cycles of the radiation associated with the specified transition of the cesium 133 atom kilogram kilogram ki terrifico estrus illa li ji k e egg cylinder Capiz jo k platinum-iridium alloy seven higher hey Paris me Institute of Bureau of weights and me escape as per our Cusco a kilogram gave Robert the Saborio Jia Li hase the standard for the kilogram is a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy kept by International Bureau of weights and measures at Paris the kilogram is the only base unit still defined by a physical object Calvin Calvin kita reef mistress a key Giuseppe high-temperature key focuser dispar pani egg Hollis a do three halat me the deal hojjat ahead Yannick a toast say Maya yuppers Maya say gas solid metal deal hota hai the kelvin is defined as the fraction 1/2 7 3.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of the water that is the point at which water forms and interface of the solid liquid and vapor this is defined as point 0 1 degree C on the centigrade scale and 32 point 0 2 degree F on Fahrenheit scale the temperature 0 degree K is called the absolute 0 0 degree C though so theatres Kelvin K brubber Jota hair Tinashe arm conversion me centigrade say absolute temperature hustle clinically a dose of Te Teko centigrade value may add Cuyahoga ampere and perky tarif Strasse foggy K agar dough parallel conducting wires go eek meter K far sleeper rock Ajay or endo no wires may say current key kuzmic Dodd Pescara hee ho or uske baad agar do not Aron Kader Mian Joe Foss pedagogy Moscow mayor Carnegie bod 2 into 10 raised to the power minus 7 Newton per meter ho to in may say pass Moonee Valley Berkey aha aghh impair the server Cuyahoga ampere is defined as that current if maintained in each of two long parallel wires separated by a distance of one meter would produce a force between the two wires of 2 into 10 raised to the power minus 7 Newton's for each meter of length Candela Candela is defined as the luminous intensity of 1 divided by six zero zero zero zero zero of a square meter of a cavity at a temperature of freezing Platinum to 0 for 2 degree K more yay the public unit have just me kcb substance ki Boniadi econo carbon Baraka 0.01 to kilogram maimie tooth at monkey tada azad move asana kiya-jaye daha the more is defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary and touch entities as there are atoms in 0.01 to kilograms of the carbon 12 jul 8 o'clock ram masky kisi bhi cheese co 8 meter fast Leeteuk metallically Jo energy the car ho t hey who say a jewel kaha Java jewel is defined as the energy consumed in moving an object of one kilogram through a distance of one meter one Joule is equivalent to the zero point seven three seven six foot pound force and point two three eight eight calories what yay jewel said later he ate unit hair or si humm Kobe come Carnegie Scirocco viscosity what is defined as the rate of doing work one watt is equal to one Joule per second one watt is equivalent to zero point seven three seven six foot pound force per second or equivalently 1/7 forty five point seven horsepower in basic units Chabad Torre's a decimal system kibarim a hockey malumat me is a ahuna decimal systems may raise to the power couch you see a data just a missile Qatar per 100 Co 10 raised to the power to east malkia jaga the uphill fractions me just a point 0 0 0 1 co 1 into 10 raised to the power minus 4 is malkia jaga in unis Cafe de up Co point 0 0 Vergara digit slickness a chitara de LICA decimal system may the SI system uses the decimal system to relate larger smaller units to the basic units it employs prefixes to signify the various powers of 10 the prefixes uses in decimal system are 10 raised to the power minus 24 is called Yocto and is represented by small Y 10 raised to the power minus 21 is called Zepto and is represented by small Z 10 raised to the power minus 18 is called Otto and is represented by small a 10 raised to the power minus 15 is called femto and is represented by small F 10 raised to the power minus 12 is called Pico and is represented by small P 10 raised to the power minus 9 is represented by and and is called Nano 10 raised to the power minus 6 is called micro and is represented by the Greek letter mu 10 raised to the power minus 3 is called milli and is represented by small M 10 raised to the power minus 2 is called santi and is represented by small C 10 raised to the power minus 1 is called deci and is represented by D in the same manner the positive quantities are 10 raised to the power 24 is called yatta and is represented by capital y 10 raised to the power 20 one is called Zetas and is represented by capital Z 10 raised to the power 18 is called exa and is represented by capital e 10 raised to the power 15 is called beta and is represented by P 10 raised to the power 12 is called tera and is represented by T 10 raised to the power 9 is called Giga and is represented by capital G 10 raised to the power 6 is called Mecca and is represented by capital M 10 raised to the power 3 is called kilo and it's represented by small K 10 raised to the power 2 is called hecto and is represented by small H and tennis to the power 1 is called deca and is represented by small D and small a missile Couture P a laser emits light at a wavelength of 248 nanometers this is same as 0 2 4 8 millimeters or 2.48 micrometers or zero point 2 4 8 micrometers or 2 4 8 0 0 angstroms the answer is 0.24 micrometers another example a logic gate switches from the on state to the off State in 10 nanoseconds this corresponds to 0.1 microseconds or 10 microseconds or point 0 0 1 microseconds or point 0 1 microseconds the answer is point 0 1 microseconds it's a ogwuche of the way hum terrassa mostly materials key basic structure k bar immediately here the mom materials a temper must mill jota he Adam is a building block for all the materials in the world adam itself consists of three basic units electrons protons and neutrons subatomic elements like electrons they are negatively charged particles protons it is a positively charged particle neutrons they are neutral particles and carry no charge electrons and protons in an atom egg atom ECB physical substance jesse toes maya Gasca subsea Chhota building block Jota hair Electronics Co a cheater assay semaj nickel a hamare da ye Jana's Rui had Kay Adams gender que ahora ha ha Jessica Vegas a hum a baja - Delia Nasser ah ta a stable atom banana Cayley electron or proton a hosta nasib say Milton he or he ate Anna so much leaf elements Kay Adams Kelly a mostly hota hai an atom is the smallest particle of the basic elements which form the physical substance we know as solid liquid and gases each stable combination of electrons and protons make one particular type of atom to understand the concepts of electronics we must have the understanding what is happening at the atomic level but not why it happens there are a number of methods by which electrons and protons might be grouped the assemble in specific atomic combination for a stable arrangement we are taking an example of hydrogen the protons in the nucleus make it heavier and stable part of the atom because it is one eight four zero times heavier than the electron hydrogen k nucleus me a key proton hota hai jokey electrons say a Tara so Charlie's guna body particle here is Li a electrostatic force key 1s a proton sockin Reza hey Jackie electron is killed during a Goomba other Casilla Tommy hydrogen atoms key Nesmith Giada electrons or proton Hong gay - Tom proton nucleus may suck in the hanging jab Kay tamam electrons mostly dye domain nucleus k get revolve Karenga kisi be stable atom kelly a yes Rudi Houda heck you skate nucleus may module proton kita dad nucleus k get gum nemily electrons kita dot k Bravo ho kisi bhi atom k outer ring k electron what m e8 k Hamel jota he qk Kimmie I Tom lockitron he he electron hissa let a Hey as a result the electron stays in its orbit around the nucleus in an atom that have more electrons and protons than hydrogen atom all the protons are in nucleus while all the electrons are in one or more rings around the nucleus Jessica apne finger medica a hydrogen atom ki missile league a head hydrogen atom can nucleus me a proton reside karahi jockey electron whose k-8 guilt ring me Gumrah ha one electron is shown as the orbital ring around the nucleus in order to account for the atom stability we can consider electron spinning around the nucleus as planets revolve around the Sun the electrical force attracting the electron towards proton is balanced by the mechanical force or in other words we can say centrifugal force directing it outwards the total number of electrons in the outer rings must equal to the number of protons in the nucleus in a neutral atom the distribution of electrons in the orbit orbital ring determines the atoms electrical stability especially important are the number of electrons farthest from the nucleus for example carbon atom illustrated in the figure have 6 protons in the nucleus and six six electrons in two outside rings it's canoe Clea Smee J proton hota he or it when he electron outer rings may Hotei him Jessica figure me de carga hey it's me doorbells Jota he under wale orbit co-op knee stability Kelley a doe electrons or bar Valley co-op knee stability Kelley a eight electrons ki zaroorat Fatiha this outermost ring requires eight electrons stability except when there is only one ring which requires only two electrons for its stability as another example the copper atom in figure has only one electron in the last ring which can include eight electrons therefore the outside ring of copper is less stable than carbon Jessica apne copper atom key structure P dekha toh uska outermost orbit may self ake electron here job COBIT our ear wire copper material given energy - yay electron egg free electron couture / come kreega and because the copper itself is so compacted that these electrons that they are not sure from which atom they belong to therefore their movement caused a flow of current through the wire when there are many atoms closed in in copper wire the outermost electrons are not sure from which atom they belong to they can migrate easily from one atom to an other at random these electrons are called free electrons any free electrons giving us a copper co Ekman hottie a ladder chica conducted the slinky again mr. lava a bomb couch bath atom key structure to bottom occurring in a lurch a naked I say committee seen a Adam Cola has an inky ahead pair B is key properties is kill per charge vulgaris a taxis ki jaya although nobody has ever seen an atom it's hypothetical structure phase experimental evidence that has been measured very exactly the size and electrical charge of the invisible particles are indicated by how much they are affected by the known forces subsequently Max Planck's or Albert Einstein named quantum theory of atom pesky uske baare hoon ki d ASCO terrassa push or polish kiya Lord Rutherford knee-jerk Aymara present the planetary model here yay Unisa theorem a nil born a fish Kea our present planetary model of the atom is proposed by Neil ball in 1913 his contribution was joining with the new ideas of nuclear atom developed by Lord Rutherford with the quantum theory developed by Max Planck's and Albert Einstein the nucleus contains protons of all the positive charge in the atom atom a jitna be positive charge Jota hey you schism Andheri nucleus may module protons pay ho t here the number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the number of planetary electrons the positive and negative charges are as the electrons and protons have the equal and opposite charges the orbits for the planetary electrons are also called shells or energy levels nucleus may mowjood protons Casilla Tom a positive charge k similar Jota he jabbed K nucleus we module protons heated odd sk8 killed Goom nemily electrons gay brother ho t hey Adam connective charge in the electrons given s a module throat ahem electron valence this value is the number of electrons in an incomplete outermost shell a completed outer shell has a valence of 0 copper for instance has a valence of 1 as there is one electron in the outermost shell of the copper TCB item k villains whose k nucleus can tilt goombah male electrons go Zack attack missile Qatar / RK c @ MK outermost shell me number of electrons mcconnell hangi to us ki Kui valence number Ning hoagie a citrusy Jessica come near be take our copper K outermost shell me a collect on ly hase copper cable and see egg hey subjects although not shown in the illustration all the shells except K shell are divided into sub shells this subdivision accounts for different types of the orbits in the same shell tamam orbits go mazeed chori chori subshells means y que el que taxi Kyohei or in May Phil who's a relative lectrons key motion ko dekha Dada for instance electrons in the one sub shell have circular orbits while other electrons of the same shell have elliptical orbits this subdivision accounts for the magnetic properties of the atom particles in the nucleus a stable nucleus it is not radioactive contains protons and neutrons the neutron is electrically neutral without any charge its mass is almost same as that of the proton the protons has the positive charge of the hydrogen nucleus the table shows the charge and mass for these three basic particles in our atoms particle charge and mass this table shows the comparative comparison between various particles with respect to their mass and charges electrons M orbital shells in per Joule charge sugar that will be 0.16 into 10 raised to the power minus 18 coulombs and the type of discharge will be negative whereas their mass will be 9 point 1 0 8 into 10 raised to the power minus 28 grams protons in the these are in the nucleus the carry at charge of 0.16 into 10 raised to the power minus 18 coulombs whereas the type of the charge onto the protons is positive and the mass of a proton is 1 point 6 7 2 into 10 raised to the power minus 24 grams neutrons these particles also stay inside the nucleus they carry no charge whereas their mass exists and it is having a value of 1 point 6 7 5 into 10 raised to the power minus 24 grams atomic number this gives the number of protons or electrons required in the atom of each element for hydrogen atom the atomic number is 1 orbital rings the planetary electrons in successive shells are called k l m n o P and Q at increasing distance outward from the nucleus each shell has a maximum number of electrons for stability optic hum nucleus k guilt geode array up called the Heike unko orbital rings gator a lake in scientifically in Co ma cliff Nam Dae Jin Mei k l m n o P or Q champagne or in shells me number of electrons egg fixed at me ho t as indicated in table these stable shells corresponds to the inert gas helium and neon is slide me Romney Doge emit gases helium or neon kekkaishi okiya hey Jim came Olaf orbits me number of electrons go the Cuyahoga he for example electronic configuration of the copper atom having 29 protons in nucleus and 29 orbital electrons will be K shell is equal to 2 electrons L shell is equal to 8 electrons M shell is equal to 18 electrons and shell is equal to 1 electron therefore the total number of electrons is equal to 29 for example an element with 16 protons and 16 electrons has what atomic number 14 or 18 or 16 or 20 - the answer is 16 another example what is the electron valence of an element of atomic number 5 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 the answer is 5 at least 11 you have dr. hominid atom key basic structure cavalry me or okay it killed two male electrons to bury me Sika the costura say number of electrons go mostly shells may accommodate key data or atom key structure or scheme nucleus may Konkan say particles by setting mazeed egg a ham conductores que para me for hindi conductors Jessica Akuma loon here solid ski informatica lake in in may say busines guzar bohot fast ricochet ho sakta conductors when electrons can move easily from one to another in a material it is a conductor in general all the metals are good conductors with silver the best and copper second it's a pitch Limassol me just again I'd Iike to copper me if he fell to electron whose go outermost shell me modular algebra compact size me must leave copper K items go consign Kia gotta have tho yeh electron just go home free electron gas today each atom say loosely autonomy Boozer T'Challa data him or ec3 case a current key flow establish shorty hey Lee has a Doozer conductors maybe yeah he tariqa apply eSATA him subsets a conductors me silver or escape our copper co the slim kadai insulators a material with atoms in which the electrons tend to stay in their own orbits in an insulator because it cannot conduct electricity easily however the insulators are able to hold or store electricity better than the conductors a conductor chemical ma insulator collision insulators key electronic structures over here mobile cool complete what the hell Yani is me free electrons car down jota lee huzzah electricity conduct economy in role in height in height comes over time easily in go dialectics be kajada insulators Chabad a guamazo semiconductor sky semiconductors co use amazg a cage a conductors or insulators k there me an egg material him semiconductors key property disco hung up me mozzie cam topic change kar sakte Yanni K in cater me on flow of leptons Co electronically controlled chaos a septa carbon can be considered as semi conductor conducting less than the metal conductors but more than the insulators in the same group are germanium and silicon which are commonly used for transistors and other semiconductor components Co carbon Co V hum XM e conductor guitar P is small cars at the lake in it says Adachi arm toward a small moon evilly materials may semiconductor materials may silicon or germanium gonna Matta disc a bottom josh kappa Rivenbark ringing charge consumers neatly ik mythology this may a come co petite receive rub car key agar kagaz ke shortly to clone Kappa / I to Coombe colors K children to Krakow a pitcher of attract Carlotta essa cumin grubbing Couture on whom K electrons to cable free electrons nahi Li has a moon pay charged Drella positive or Chavez pay positive charge Lea has a positive or negative charge egg two three Co attract cart a Coulomb is the unit of electric charge the mechanical force of attraction and repulsion between the charges is the fundamental method by which electricity makes is evident any charge is an example of static electricity because the electrons and protons are not in motion the charge of many billions of electrons or protons is necessity for common application of electricity therefore it is convenient to define a practical unit called Coulomb as equal to charge of six point two five into 10 raised to the power 18 electrons or protons stored in a dialectic the analysis of static charges and their forces is called electrostatics static charges are uncommon mowjood forces came italico electro static kaha jata here the symbol of electric charges Q or small Q standing for quantity this unit is named after Charles II Coulomb a French physicist who measured force between the charges negative and positive polarities historically the negative polarity has been referred to the static charge production on rubber amber silk and resinous materials in general positive polarity refers to the static charge produced on glass and other various materials on the basis of this the electrons in all atoms are basic particles of negative charge because their polarity is same as the charge on rubber protons have positive charge because the polarity is same as the charge on glass Z's the lava opposite charges they always attract each other in the same way an electron can be attracted by a proton or if we hold a negative charge and a positive charge while they can move freely and we bring them close to each other they will be attracted similarly the same charges they will repel each other if we have a negative charge and another freely moving negative charges brought near to the first negative charge they will try to repel each other is it like a case positive positive charge maybe hoga are you taking slide charges of the same polarity repel figure Amy de carga he castara agar a positive charge or a negative charge unco hum kisi strings say not kadhi though they will start attracting each other figure B when they hear the negative charges go stinky mother say suspend key again and even if we try to bring them near to each other they will repel each other figure C it's been the key to do positive charges go stinky mother say suspend key again or Jessica kissed her like a negative charge ESCA positive charge is Kobe Elohim Pig do sneaky Cleveland Akiko sheesh carry me to vol 8 2 3 Co repel currently exists a lava atomic structure say hum mozi thumbnail charge Cooper ha whose key definition for he I am husky he exercised acting exercise number 1 what will be the atomic number of an atom having 29 electrons number 2 charge of one Coulomb and charge of 2 Coulomb we attract or repel what will be the electronic distribution of an atom of atomic number 23 this slide shows a flowchart for problem solving strategy because in the forthcoming lectures we'll be having some problems to resolve and find their solution therefore it's better to discuss the strategy that how the problems will be handled there are some particular points which we should cater for and using these points we can handle our problems heavily so while looking onto this slide the first box shows read the problem statement slowly and carefully after performing this task we will move to the next block where it is given that identify the goal of the problem once we have identified the goals of the problem we move to the next step that is collect the known information so this means that whatever information has been provided into the body of the question we must collect that carefully as well once these three steps has been performed then we have to take a decision therefore decide which available technique best fits the problem so while solving a particular problem we have to decide which technique will be best suitable for that particular problem because we'll be knowing several techniques to resolve a single problem after making this decision we have to give a mathematical treatment to the problem therefore in the next block it is given that construct an appropriate set of equations once we have constructed a set of equations then we can solve these equations simultaneously or otherwise to determine if additional information is required if no further information is required then we can move to the next step that is to attempt a solution but if some information is required then we'll be going back to the step number three and try to extract the required or missing information once we have attempted the solution then we can verify the solution and check it whether the values which we are getting as a solution are within the reasonable or expected range therefore in the second loss Diamond blog it is written verified the solution is it reasonable or expected if yes that will mean that we have come to the end of our problem a girl gave Mary values they are not within the expected range then we have to go back to the above diamond block and once again check for our additional information etc as is the lava ash hamman a monthly introductory Mossad copper ha Jin may atom structure of the atom conductors insulators or semiconductors kibarim a bony edema loom at dusk a lava mocked live basic international janeski definition or unko kustra say derived units may convert Kia data for her ugly program me I'm taking a cake astre resistor capacitor inductor or ohms lock oh come a lie that I lecture number one car what ha - muah ugly lecture tackle yay each other DG food our office