Hi Karl Marx is considered one of the most influential intellectuals in the Western world. His work changed the analysis in the fields of Social and Human Sciences. Concepts such as historical materialism, social classes and class consciousness, alienation and surplus value were developed by this Thinker. We will see all of this in this video, but first, download the mind map to help you follow the content and don't forget to activate the bell so you don't miss any videos of the entire subject. Let's go and the dog Max was a philosopher and political activist and one of the founders of scientific socialism and sociology. He was born on May 5, 1818 in Trier, then Prussia, Germany. The city was located in the basin of the Rhine River. It had abundant mineral resources and was close to the French border. Napoleonic troops had occupied the region and introduced ideas of freedom and democracy that favored the bourgeoisie. All of this, however, would end when Trier returned to Prussia and the old privileges of the nobility were reestablished. It is in this context that Max was born into a Jewish family with no financial problems. However, at this time, the Jews had to choose between converting or losing civil rights his father, a lawyer and Justice Councilor, preferred to retire for a year and educate his children in non- religious schools. Later, inspired by his father, he studied law at the University of Bonn and then transferred to Berlin. At that university, he discovered his true calling: philosophy. He approached the disciples of E. Girl and studied their writings on dialectics, which would be so important in supporting his theories. Circular houses. Toccata. Jenny Von Westphalen, who would collaborate in his writings and research, would also help cover the household expenses and the couple's numerous children. In 1842, working at the Rhenish Gazette newspaper, he met Frederick Engels, with whom he would write and edit numerous books. Later, the newspaper was closed by the police and Max went to Paris. In the French capital, he came into contact with socialists such as Cruz and Anarchy and Bakunin. He also witnessed the reaction of French workers to the effects of the Industrial Revolution, which was persecuted in France because of his criticism of the King of Prussia. Marx was expelled from the country at the request of the ambassador. That year, he moved to England in 1849, where they remained until his death in London. He knows the harsh reality of the working class, because without specific legislation, working days in English factories exceeded 14 hours a day and working conditions were unhealthy. Marx and Engels Fundão in 1864 International Workers' Association, better known as the First International, is the organization intended to unite the proletariat of all countries to found an independent party that would take power. After the death of his wife in 1881, Calmax fell ill with a throat infection that prevented him from speaking and eating. He died in London as a result of bronchitis on March 14, 1883. Now that you know a little about Karl Marx's life, let's look at the main concepts of his theory. Historical materialism studies the relationship between labor and the production of goods in societies. Therefore, for historical materialism, it is material production, not ideas or a divine force, that makes history visible. Social and economic changes such as revolutions, wars, and disputes for power would be driven by economic reasons. Therefore, society would be divided between those who own the means of production, the bourgeoisie, and those who do not. These goods are only the labor force of the proletariat. Thus, there is a tension between the interests of each of these classes. The bourgeoisie does not intend to change its status. It is up to the proletariat to fight to transform the situation through political organizations. The social class is the group within a society where people of the same economic condition come together. According to Marx, capitalism has two large social classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie is formed by the holders of the means of production, that is, those who have machines and capital to transform raw materials. On the other side, we have the proletariat, which only has its labor force and its children. In fact, the word proletariat sells offspring. That is why the proletariat has to sell its labor force to the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie will always want to maintain power in order to maintain its social position. Interestingly, despite the exploitation of the proletariat, it is not aware of its value, afraid of unemployment and accustomed to obeying. The proletariat must discover its strength and fight the bourgeoisie. At this moment, the workers understand that they are exploited and revolt. History does not happen by chance. The Communist Manifesto, one of Marx and Engels' most popular works, begins with the phrases: The history of all societies that have existed up to our days has been the history of class struggles. The word alienation comes from the Latin alienare, which means to make someone alien to something or someone. Alienated labor arises when the worker loses possession of the means of production and is understood as part of the assembly line. Just like machines and tools, the worker then assumes a single function to generate profits. This is therefore a socioeconomic alienation where the fragmentation of labor produces the fragmentation of human knowledge. The social division of labor emphasized by capitalist society contributes to the process of alienation of the individual. After all, citizens who participate in the process of producing goods and services end up not enjoying them. Therefore, alienation legitimizes social control. An example is that of construction workers, bricklayers, carpenters, and plumbers. They build luxurious buildings but will hardly be able to live in any of them. According to Marxist theory, they are alienated, and surplus value represents the relationship between the time needed to perform a job and the time needed to perform a job. Your remuneration, for example, we can think of the following: to meet basic life needs such as housing, education, health, food, leisure, etc. A worker's salary is achieved with a 5- hour workday. In this way, he only needs to perform his function during this period. However, the capitalist system prevents him from working only 5 hours, so three more hours per day. He must perform his function. This difference is what will be the profit of the capitalist system. This phenomenon was called surplus value. These were Marx's main ideas that influenced thinkers around the world. The first country to put them into practice was Russia in 1900. When Lenin and Trotsky led the October Revolution in this year, after World War II, countries such as Germany and China also adopted socialism as a form of government. In the Social Sciences, we observe several authors using Marxist categories in fields as different as pedagogy, art, and psychoanalysis. Now that we have seen the main Marxist concepts, let's do a review. Materialism studies the relationships between work and the production of goods in societies. Social class: A group within a society where people of the same condition come together. Economic class consciousness the proletariat must discover its workforce and fight the bourgeoisie alienation the worker loses possession of the means of production and begins to be understood as part of the line and assuming a single function generating profit surplus value relationship between the time needed to perform a job and its remuneration Whoever liked it, it became clearer for you there is a mind map with all this content just click on the link to download it and subscribe to the channel And don't forget to share the video with those who need to know about Marx and his concepts until next time