AP World History: Developments in East Asia (1200-1450)

Introduction to the Song Dynasty

• Time Period: 1200-1450
• Significance: China was a significant power during this era, particularly the Song Dynasty.
• Focus: How the Song Dynasty maintained and justified its power.

Maintaining Power

1. Confucianism Revival

   • Background: Confucianism, originating in the Han Dynasty (~200 BCE), emphasized hierarchical relationships (e.g., fathers over sons, husbands over wives, rulers over subjects).
   • Filial Piety: Honoring ancestors and parents as a practice to honor the Emperor.
   • Neo-Confucianism: Revival during the Tang Dynasty, carried into Song rule, integrating Buddhist and Taoist ideas.
   • Impact on Society: Justified hierarchical society, reinforced by Confucian ideals.

2. Imperial Bureaucracy

   • Function: Carried out the emperor's will across the vast Chinese territory.
   • Civil Service Examination: Based on Confucian texts, ensured bureaucracy was staffed by the most qualified, increasing efficiency.

Cultural Influence on Neighboring States

1. Korea

   • Tributary Relationship: Korean officials acknowledged Chinese superiority to maintain political and economic ties.
   • Cultural Adoption: Civil Service exams and Confucian principles, influencing family structure and marginalizing women.

2. Japan

   • Voluntary Adoption: Despite geographical separation by ocean, Japan adopted Chinese structures, particularly before 1200.
   • Influences: Imperial bureaucracy, Buddhism, and Chinese writing system.

3. Vietnam

   • Tributary Relationship: Similar to Korea, but politically independent.
   • Cultural Adoption: Confucianism, Buddhism, literary techniques, and civil service examination.
   • Women’s Rights: Less marginalized than in China, evident by the higher view of women in Vietnamese culture.

Buddhism in China

• Origin: South Asia, spread to China by the Han Dynasty.
• Core Beliefs: Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.
• Branches:
  • Theravada Buddhism: Traditional, focused on monastic practice.
  • Mahayana Buddhism: More inclusive, compassionate, Buddha as a god-like figure.
  • Tibetan Buddhism: Mystical practices.
  • Chan Buddhism: Distinct Chinese version.

Song Economy

1. Commercialization

   • Paper Money & Credit: Facilitated trade and economic growth.

2. Iron and Steel Production

   • Usage: Military (armor), trade (coins), agriculture (tools).

3. Agricultural Innovations

   • Champa Rice: Drought-resistant, multiple harvests per year, contributed to population growth.

4. Transportation Innovations

   • Grand Canal Expansion: Linked key rivers, reduced trade costs.
   • Navigational Improvements: Magnetic compass, shipbuilding advancements (water-tight bulkheads, stern-mounted rudders).

Conclusion

• Significance of Song China: Cultural and economic powerhouse with significant influence on neighboring states and global trade during 1200-1450.