AP Human Geography Unit 2 Review

Introduction

• Covers material in Unit 2 of AP Human Geography.
• Use the study guide from the Ultimate Review Packet for notes.
• The packet includes a variety of resources: review videos, practice quizzes, study guides, answer keys, and more.
• Aim: Get an A in class and a 5 on the AP exam.

Human Population Distribution

• Four Major Regions:
  • South Asia: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka.
  • East Asia: China, Japan, Korea.
  • Southeast Asia: Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam.
  • Europe: Closer to natural resources due to the Industrial Revolution.
• Factors Influencing Settlement:
  • Physical Factors: Climate, landforms, bodies of water, natural resources.
  • Human Factors: Economic opportunities, cultural acceptance, historical events, political stability.

Population Distribution vs. Density

• Population Distribution: Spread of people in an area (dispersed vs. clustered).
• Population Density: Amount of people in an area.
  • Arithmetic Density: Total population/total land area.
  • Physiological Density: Total population/arable land.
  • Agricultural Density: Number of farmers/arable land.

Consequences of Population Density and Distribution

• Political: Higher density areas have more political power. Impact on voting patterns.
• Economic: Higher density areas have more job opportunities, services, and amenities. Higher taxes and costs.
• Social: Better access to education and healthcare in dense areas. Community feel in dispersed areas.
• Environmental: Urban sprawl in dense areas. Undisturbed green spaces in dispersed areas. Impact on carrying capacity.

Population Composition

• Demographic Characteristics: Age, gender, ethnicity, education, income, occupation.
• Population Pyramids:
  • Y-Axis: Age ranges.
  • X-Axis: Number of people or percentage.
  • Categories: Pre-reproductive (0-14), reproductive (15-44), post-reproductive (45+).
  • Insights: Aging population, growth rate, economic potential, sex ratio, dependency ratio.

Population Dynamics

• Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Number of live births per 1000 people.
• Crude Death Rate (CDR): Number of deaths per 1000 people.
• Natural Increase Rate (NIR): CBR - CDR.
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average number of children a woman will have. Replacement rate is 2.1.
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Number of deaths of infants under 1 year per 1000 live births.
• Socioeconomic Factors: Better healthcare and education lead to lower TFR, IMR, and NIR. Gender roles, economic development, and political policies impact growth rates.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

1. Stage 1: High CBR and CDR, low NIR. Subsistence agriculture, high mortality rates.
2. Stage 2: High CBR, decreasing CDR, high NIR. Population boom, urban migration.
3. Stage 3: Declining CBR, low CDR, moderate NIR. Urbanization, improved healthcare and education.
4. Stage 4: Low CBR and CDR, low NIR. Zero population growth possible. High female education and employment.
5. Stage 5 (Speculative): Low CBR, low CDR, negative NIR. Aging population.

Epidemiologic Transition Model

1. Stage 1: High mortality from pestilence, famine, diseases.
2. Stage 2: Reduced pandemics, improved living standards.
3. Stage 3: Increase in degenerative diseases.
4. Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases, longer life expectancy.
5. Stage 5: Resurgence of infectious diseases.

Malthusian Theory

• Thomas Malthus: Predicted population growth would outpace food production, leading to catastrophe.
• Criticism: Advances in technology and slower growth rates disproved his theory.
• Neo-Malthusians: Believe in potential depletion of natural resources.

Government Influence on Population

• Pronatalist Policies: Encourage larger families (e.g., tax incentives).
• Antinatalist Policies: Reduce births (e.g., China’s one-child policy).
• Migration Policies: Base on economic needs, security, and cultural values.

Women and Demographic Changes

• Economic Development: Leads to lower TFR and IMR, increased female education and employment.
• Gender Inequality: Higher TFR and limited opportunities.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

• Economic reasons, short distances, step migration, rural to urban movement, counter-streams, development, gender differences.

Migration Types

• Forced Migration: No choice (e.g., refugees, human trafficking).
• Voluntary Migration: Personal choice (e.g., transnational, chain migration).
• Guest Workers: Temporary migration for work/education.
• Transhumance: Seasonal livestock movement.
• Rural to Urban Migration: Economic opportunities.
• Intraregional vs. Interregional: Within a region vs. between regions.

Impact of Migration

• Political: Citizenship debates, immigration quotas vs. family reunification policies.
• Economic: Increased talent pool, brain drain.
• Cultural: Mixing of traditions, acculturation, assimilation, syncretism.

Conclusion

• Review the study guide and practice problems.
• Utilize the Ultimate Review Packet for additional resources and quizzes.