okay so now our focus is going to be on the individual endocrine endocrine glands and the hormones they produce so you want to make sure that you know what the hormones do where they come from what their names are and the beginning of this is definitely the worst because of the stupid anterior pituitary after that it gets better so you just kind of have to hang in for the beginning of this lecture it will give up so the reason why the pituitary gland is such a pain is because the hypothalamus is in charge of it so the hypothalamus they're pictured and then the pituitary is the red structure that kind of looks like a piece of fruit dangling off of it so we had the hypothalamus named p1 because that was a neural structure so that was part of the nervous system we mentioned the pituitary gland and AM p1 as well because it had some neurological function but its biggest job as endocrine so the hypothalamus is a brain structure a nerve structure that's controlling the secretions from the pituitary gland so the hypothalamus has a lot of work to do the hypothalamus is constantly checking and maintaining and making sure everything in your body is going right so this little tiny brain structure is checking your stress levels your temperature how the blood looks like is there enough water in the blood is there enough sugar and the blood is there enough calcium in the blood so this guy has a very big role in our body the pituitary gland is also called the hypothesis let's not call it that let's just call it go to a dairy gland that's a lot easier so it is very small and so if you look at it down below there it is cratered in the skull if you remember that structure from a mp1 the sella turcica so if you had me I'd go around and make you guys put your pinky in it so you can appreciate how small that sella turcica was so if you remember what that structure looked like in the skull that really gives you an appreciation for how small the pituitary gland is so it's divided into two parts the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary so it's also called the Edina hypothesis and the neuro hypothesis which again well that's not let's just call it front and back the Tewa terian be done that guy dangles off the hypothalamus like a piece of fruit and so the stem is the pituitary stalk so the hypothalamus is in charge of this guy and it does kind of look like testicles and we can say that because we're gonna have testicular anatomy in the second half of this semester so if we look at this picture we're exhausted already right all of these hormones are just coming from the anterior pituitary so once we get through the anterior pituitary this chapter is not that bad but yowza so such a tiny little structure no wonder the skull protects it so intensely it's such a tiny little structure to be doing all of these hormones and then when we get into the functions of these these guys affect everything so it's not even like the hormones have that much in common so we're gonna see prolactin which I used as an example in the last lecture which is pro milk production the thyroid stimulating hormone which is going to stimulate the thyroid gland follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone both affect reproduction growth hormone well that helps you grow so that's one of my favorite hormones because at least it's nice and easy and then the worst one adrenocorticotropic hormone which is going to affect the adrenal gland so this is all just from the anterior pituitary can other glands affect each other through hormones yes so anytime you see trophic or trophic because I've seen it written both ways so trophic or trophic these are hormones that are released from one endocrine gland and produce an effect on another endocrine gland so again this really is the anterior pituitary giving us all this drama otherwise it's going to be not as bad for the rest of the hormones so because the anterior pituitary controls other glands the hypothalamus ultimately controls those glands as well so for example adrenocorticotropic hormone this is going to stimulate the adrenal gland to release their hormones so the hypothalamus has to give permission for the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone that then gives permission for the adrenal gland to release their hormones so it's very complicated and I know it's frustrating but it's all about checks and balances you want to have control over hormones hormones being like drugs are so powerful if you go get a vaccine they don't just give you whatever they give you the amount that you need so you want to make sure the injection is controlled well it's the same thing with hormones too little or too much would cause chaos so it's such a crazy thing chemically that we want to make sure we control its release okay so starting with growth hormone growth hormones other name is somatotropin I use growth hormone because again it's easier but if you want to use somatotropin that's fine too so somato means body tropen that's coming from trophic means it's going to affect other things but I use growth hormone so if you look at this slide everything on there basically the function of growth hormone is it helps you grow I mean that's what all this means so specifically it's speeding up cells going through mitosis which if I remember was cell division it increases protein synthesis because your whole body's protein right so if I'm gonna grow in size I'm gonna need more proteins to do that like if I'm building a brick house I need more bricks it's gonna stimulate karke stimulate the cartilage growth if you remember from a mp1 endochondral ossification boy was that a good time that was the first stage and bone growth like your body lays down cartilage and then bone when you're inside your mom developing so this stimulates cartilage growth so that way your bones grow promote glycogen sparing which is basically glycogen is your long-term storage of glucose in your liver so it growth hormone per like causes you to use other things for fuel like fat so it increases your fat catabolism so fatty acids can be used for energy I mean that's the basis of the keto diet you can imagine from its name that growth hormone is a very powerful thing right we really want growth hormone but we don't want too much and we don't want too little we want it just right like that Goldilocks with her porridge so this has to be controlled so this is a red light green light thing again this is only happening with the hormones that are in the anterior pituitary so if it was up to the anterior pituitary you would be cranking out tons of growth hormone for your entire life and we would all be 50 feet tall so that's not very practical so we want to control this so the pituitary is sitting there ready to release growth hormone whenever it's told to so who tells it the hypothalamus so the hypothalamus is going to release growth hormone releasing hormone which I know sounds ridiculous but it's basically a hormone that says okay anterior pituitary you can now release your growth hormone so that's giving the green light then we have somatostatin which again is hard to remember if you remember that growth hormone is somatotropin somatostatin kind of makes sense somato again means body stasis like homeostasis means kind of to stop or balance so this literally means stopping the body just kind of stopping the body from growing so this is the red light so when somatostatin is released from the hypothalamus growth hormone is no longer released from the anterior pituitary so in this class we always focus on when things are normal then we talk about when it's too high and too low so hypo and hyper secretion of growth hormone so starting with the low one so hypo rhymes with low so this is you have not any growth hormone or very very low amounts of growth hormone well this is going to affect you very differently depending on what phase of your life you're in so children if they have what's called hypo pituitary dwarfism so this is when their pituitary gland is not not making enough growth hormone well if you remember from A&P one when we grew we have a window of opportunity to grow then around puberty the sex hormones start cooking sex hormones put the brakes on growth so there's this window of opportunity where kids can grow grow grow grow grow well then once those sex hormones kick in and really start pumping the sex hormones put the brakes on growth testosterone puts the brakes on estrogen slams the brakes so this is why women tend to be sure the men know there's obviously exceptions to that but in general the average woman's like five five the average man's like five nine so hypopituitarism means during that growth window these kids didn't have a lot of growth hormone so they're usually less than four feet tall their sex hormones will still close their growth plates if you remember from bones so if you give a person with hypo pituitary dwarfism growth hormone that won't help because they've already reached their adult height once those sex hormones have slammed the brakes now as an adult when your growth plates are closed the bones can't get bigger we can't get taller you can't inject me with growth hormone and get me to be six foot tall it's not gonna happen because my growth plates have closed so what growth hormone does is an adult is it helps us build muscle helps us keep our bones strong so as an adult if you don't have enough growth hormone you'll notice your muscle mass is decreasing very quickly or like if all of a sudden you decide to go and lift weights you're not gonna get me like muscle gain from that then there's the flipside having too much growth hormone so again kids have that window so if they're pumping out tons of growth hormone in their growth window their bones are gonna get way longer than they should and we're gonna end up with what's called gigantism which i think is a terrible name and so these are people that are well over eight feet tall and you can imagine how inconvenient that would be I mean you'd hit your head on doorways you wouldn't be able to drive my Prius because you wouldn't be able to fit in it but they still they won't grow forever in height because they still have their sex hormones slam on the brakes as an adult if you have too much growth hormone you'll get what's called acromegaly and this is where the hands feet and nose get bigger than they should because of the cartilage it'll accelerate cartilage development also the bones will get thicker so bones stop growing in length we call that longitudinal growth but forever our bones can grow out we call that a positional so your bones can get stronger or weaker depending on your activities well if you have a lot of growth hormone your bones are going to get very thick and people with acromegaly their face will take on almost like a caveman appearance because their bones and like their brow Ridge will get really prominent so who's got the most growth hormone an adolescent boy boys are pumping tons and tons and tons of growth hormone so if you have boys in your life they go from like sometimes having some baby fat and being kind of short to like all of a sudden really tall and thin and lean sometimes in just a summer I remember my little cousin gained like three inches of height over a summer once because my aunt would only buy sweatpants for him because she's like we're not buying his expensive Abercrombie jeans because he grows out of them so quickly so again that window of opportunity where the growth hormone is pumping adding on that additional height so growth hormone seems like a pretty good deal right well because of that some people abuse it so some people think this is the key to creating like super athletes because yeah you would still have to work out but if you had a lot of growth hormone you would be stronger you would add muscle faster a lot of people think this is a potential for like a fountain of youth to help us because those of you that are CNAs you know this right like in nursing homes people are weaker their muscles have kind of wasted away well this would hopefully prevent that but there haven't been a lot of great studies with the long-term effects of injecting growth hormone you can buy it online but you probably shouldn't inject anything that you buy online bovine growth hormone we use to get milk from cows so dairy cows have these giant utters that's a fun word making like constant milk well that's not normal like if they were just running around in nature they wouldn't be making that much milk but we've given them this growth hormone so that way we get more milk so we make more money but a lot of people think that's kind of scary because when we drink that milk we're getting exposed to those hormones so Ben and Jerry's is a company that like they actually put on their label on their ice cream that they don't use this hormone because a lot of people are concerned that our bodies would respond to it too and why wouldn't we I mean we're all animals right prolactin so I used prolactin as an example earlier so we're just kind of seeing this guy again so this guy is again made from the anterior pituitary if it was up to the anterior pituitary we'd be making milk men women all the time so it affects the mammary glands makes milk so we definitely want a red light situation yeah a red light green light situation here we definitely want to control this so we have prolactin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus because hypothalamus remember controls the pituitary gland so the hypothalamus releases prolactin prolactin releasing hormone telling the anterior pituitary that it's okay to release prolactin and then milk development begins this is a good example of positive feedback because the breastfeeding increases prolactin releasing hormone the more suckling I just hate that word the more suckling that occurs the more milk is needed to feed the child so it's positive feedback because the more suckling the more prolactin we're gonna get because the hypothalamus is gonna keep stimulating it with prolactin releasing hormone so this guy this little note in red will be more important after we do the next hormones but prolactin actually decreases luteinizing hormone which effects sex hormones so the androgens which are the male sex hormones they get decreased so normal males there is no use for prolactin but men have prolactin but there's just no use for it so the hypothalamus keeps the anterior pituitary from releasing it luteinizing hormone so luteinizing hormone is akin a door open so tropen tells me its effect it's affecting another gland this case testicles or ovaries which we call bone nads so I love to work gonads cuz I'm 12 years old gonads like that's hilarious okay and so whether you're you know if you're talking about an animal we say gonads if you talk about females of course they say ovaries if you're talking about males of course we say testes but in general we just say gonads so this is going to affect ovaries and testes so this promotes the secretion of sex hormones so for females that would be estrogen for males that would be testosterone it also triggers ovulation but I don't need you to know that detail right now we'll do that when we do reproduction it's regulated by an adroit rope and releasing hormone so again because this is coming from the anterior pituitary we need a green light from the hypothalamus so this starts at puberty which is good we do not want two year olds running around hopped up on testosterone with their Duke boys there's a body here right that would be terrifying so luteinizing hormone I want you to know if you have a highlighter the key point is sex hormones so luteinizing hormone affects sex hormones follicle-stimulating hormone however is also again a door open which means it's going to affect the gonads but in this case instead of hormones this is maturing the sex cells so for females that's eggs for men males that sperm so again if you have a highlighter this is what we're focusing on is egg and sperm so luteinizing hormone is the sex hormones follicle stimulating hormone are the sex cells so earlier I had said that reproduction is the only organ system that doesn't affect homeostasis because you don't have to have sex and babies to stay alive right thank goodness imagine the pickup lines like hey baby I'm gonna die tomorrow if you don't have sex with me I mean we don't have that kind of time so you do not have to have sex or have children I don't have children I'm still alive so when we say that we're talking about reproduction we're talking about egg and sperm but hormone wise the reproductive system with estrogen and testosterone is more of an endocrine thing so your sex hormones affect homeostasis but that's again an endocrinology hormone sex hormones follicle stimulating hormone sex cells but it's also regulated by the same hormone ganado trope and releasing hormone which is kind of nice because it's one less thing this is a little flowchart and it's kind of an example of what I recommend you doing for most of the hormones because if you write them out it really does help so we have the hypothalamus he has to give a green light Gennady or open releasing hormone which tells the anterior pituitary that it's okay to release follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone so have these in pink and blue which is kind of sexist so for follicle stimulating hormone sex cells so spermatogenesis I basically plagiarize this from reproduction so it's using some fancy things that we don't need so spermatogenesis is the making of sperm and in the follicle the egg gets produced so if you want to just right on this slide follicle stimulating hormone sex cells so cells is in C e LLS I mean sex does cell that's what advertising is all about but we're talking about sperm and egg or you could just write sperm and egg and then on the luteinizing side if you're highlighting I would just highlight estrogen and progesterone and testosterone or if you want you could write sex hormones because again this uses some terms since I stole it from reproduction that we're not quite caring about right now like yes it causes emulate ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum but we don't do that to the end of the semester so follicle stimulating hormone sex cells luteinizing hormone sex hormones by roids stimulating hormone i prefer that name it's also called thyrotropin thyrotropin thyroid I get and tropen means it's gonna affect another another gland but I like thyroid stimulating hormone because that's what it's doing this is a hormone to stimulate the thyroid so the thyroid is a very important gland but before the thyroid can release his hormones which are called t3 and t4 he has to have permission from the anterior pituitary well unfortunately before the anterior pituitary can release thyroid stimulating hormone it has to have permission from the hypothalamus so I know you're getting frustrated this is the moment where everybody goes oh my god kill me okay it's gonna be okay this is just the anterior pituitary because of the stupid hypothalamus so take a deep breath and just ride it out think about it so anterior pituitary secretes thyroid stimulating hormone which is going to stimulate the effect will be on the thyroid gland what does this hormone do we'll singe we're stimulating the thyroid gland we're releasing try to fire a mean and thyroxine you can just call these t3 and t4 and we're not gonna separate the functions of t3 and t4 we're just gonna lump them together so what causes an increase in this hormone well we needthe roid releasing hormone from the hypothalamus so if your thyroid hormones drop in the blood we need to kick that thyroid gland in the ass and get it going so thyroid releasing hormone gets released from the hypothalamus tells the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid screening hormone which tells the thyroid gland to release t3 and t4 like I said we are not separating the function of t3 and t4 so these are the thyroid hormones t3 and t4 so this gets secreted when thyroid stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary says it's okay so the thing you need to know is that this affects metabolic rate so all of the little check marks are just explaining what metabolic rate is you just need to know the thyroid gland fires up your metabolism so these hormones keep your home fires burning so this increases your resting metabolic rate like how you're sitting there right now probably falling asleep this is keeping your heart going your brain functioning keeping your 98.6 your your resting metabolic rate you're still burning a lot of calories just sitting there on a couch increases respiration heart rate your appetite helps you break down carbs fat and protein for fuel increases alertness keeps the brain functioning bone growth and remodeling so even if you're most of you are not growing in height anymore some of you are because you're still young and sprightly but most of us you're done by 25 none of your bones are growing in size by the time you're 25 but they grow in thickness so that's remodeling the bones or if you've broke a bone you're remodeling skin and hair growth fingernail growth all of this is maintained by t3 and t4 so these get increased during cold weather as an animal your body is not designed to live in a house it's not designed to have heaters it's not designed to have hot soup it's designed to survive out in the world where it's tough right so in the wintertime you need your metabolism to kind of rev up to increase your heat production so your body will crave more fuel so it's not your imagination then in the winter time you want to eat all the things now I just like foods I just want to eat all the things all the time but like in the summer I can eat a salad I never loved a salad like I never eat a salad and go cut damn that was a good salad I mean it's always salad right but in the wintertime a salad no thank you in the wintertime you want like really creamy fabulous soups and big thick pieces of pizza and meatloaf and baked potatoes with all the stuff and I'm like bacon bits and it's lunchtime so it's not your imagination then in the winter you want to eat more all the time it's like this hormone is telling you to do that because if you are an animal living out in the wild you would be burning so many calories just trying to keep your body temperature up but now we have coats and we live in houses so we just eat calories and get fat and then adrenocorticotropic hormone I know this one's a beast so your adrenal glands are sitting on top of the kidneys there is an outer part if you look at this picture and then there's the little inner part the outer part is called the cortex we have that term with the brain the outer layer of the brain is the cortex and the inside of the gland is the medulla and I always remember that because medulla and middle kind of sounds similar because we're gonna see this with several organs that they have this outer part and this inner part so adrenocorticotropic hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary and he's gonna stimulate this specifically the adrenal cortex the outer part of the adrenal glands to release their hormones which are called glucocorticoids however because it's the anterior pituitary we need permission from the hypothalamus to do this so the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone which tells the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone which tells the agreeing adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids Shu I know it's really crucial to not just read these notes but to actually write these out like that little flow chart I had for reproduction or just to simply write on a piece of paper hypothalamus and then draw a narrow quarter go trophic releasing hormone and then draw an arrow and to your pituitary just so you kind of get the flow of this it will happen but I know it's hard it's ridiculous so this is another one that increases in certain situations so t3 and t4 increase when it's cold outside corticotropin-releasing hormone increases when you're stressed especially long-term stress which who doesn't have that right now 2020 the year stress so glucocorticoids the ones that are coming from the cortex of the adrenal gland so that's this wide the cortex word is in there another name for it is cortisol so cortisol is our body's stress hormone so this guy comes from the adrenal cortex and it's targeting a lot of the body's cells if you think about being under stress that affects so much of your body right so again we're focusing on the primary effect is to regulate glucose fat and protein metabolism so this stimulates fat and protein catabolism the breaking down of fat and protein for fuel increases gluconeogenesis Genesis means to make neo means new and gluco mean sugar so if you're not giving your body enough glucose to make ATP it will have to make it from protein or fat so this is the basis of the keto diet the keto diet you don't have carbs well you have to have carbs or you die so the keto diet is very very low in carbs you're allowed like 30 per day or something it's crazy low but you're making carbs from protein and fat so even though you're not ingesting cards your body's making them so that's what gluconeogenesis is you're making new sugar from non sugar sources releases fatty acids and glucose into the blood again for fuel because if you're stressed out you're stressed because a lion tiger bear oh my is chasing you you want a lot of sugar available to make a lot of energy to hopefully run real fast and kick some ass on that bear the problem is as an animal that's the stress we usually have is the survival stress but the problem is as a human animal we have the stress of relationships the stress of trying to get our nursing degrees the stresses of trying to get through anatomy school and all of our you know other issues going on our families paying bills being a human is very stressful well unfortunately when you sit down to pay your car payment your body thinks you're being chased by a bear like stress the stress it feels it the same way which is very destructive because most of us live stressed out like ever our were awake right so this is really hard on your body this is like driving down Interstate 74 going 120 miles an hour that's hard on your car it's hard on the parts especially I have a Prius so glucocorticoids these stress hormones that most of us are pumping way too much because we're stressed out have an anti-inflammatory effect so your inflammation response is like when you cut yourself and it gets swollen and hot or you twist your ankle and it gets swollen and hot inflammation is actually a good thing it's your immune system which we're gonna see in a couple chapters doing its job but it's painful and it sucks but we're doing the immune systems going to work well if you've watched a good horror movie and I love a good horror movie scary movies are my life every time someone's running in the woods they fall I was a little bit when it's some chick and she starts crying and I'm like dude someone's chasing you so shut up but they start they fall and then they start to crawl I'm like dude try to get up and I would scream at the TV and Brent laughs at me but I'm like she would be able to run on that ankle because first of all the adrenaline would be pumping endorphins would be pumping but also if you're in a situation where a serial killer is chasing you and you fall down you're gonna be pumping so many glucocorticoids that it's not like your ankles gonna swell up instantly because your body is putting the kibosh on that to to let you survive that event if you get injured in a fight you have to keep fighting so your body doesn't want you to swell up immediately because it's trying to get you to survive that event now if the bear eats you who cares but if you you're able to climb a tree and get away from that bear temporarily then the swelling can happen but like when you're still fighting the good fight you don't really have time for that so that's what this hormone is designed to do you're stressed out so it puts a kibosh temporarily on your immune system the problem is again as a human we're cranking this all the time most animals crank this when they're getting chased and then it's done but we're paying bills and taking tests and studying anatomy so we're pumping cortisol all the time so you've probably heard that stress makes you sick how many times do you get sick like during finals week or like right before a lot of people get sick right before a wedding or like major life event because they're so stressed out that their body is pumping this cortisol to keep them going because the body thinks you're being threatened but then it puts the compromise on your immune system and you get sick so this should be a short-term hormone that most of us have way too much of and it's really hard on the body okay yay we finished the anterior pituitary gland so from now on it's a lot easier it's a lot more here's the gland here's the hormone here's what it does because you don't have that stupid hypothalamus so the posterior pituitary also called the neuro hypothesis which remember we're just gonna call it posterior pituitary this guy is neural tissue so this is why in am p1 we talked about the pituitary gland a little bit because he did play for the nervous system team but he also plays for the endocrine if he had to pick he would pick endocrine as his team so he does work for both teams nervous system and endocrine but he's mostly an endocrine structure but the posterior pituitary doesn't have as big of a job as the anterior pituitary and he actually doesn't make any hormones so we just saw the anterior pituitary makes like five hormones this guy doesn't make hormones he stores hormones the hypothalamus is still in charge of the posterior pituitary but now the posterior pituitary doesn't have its own hormones so the hypothalamus makes two hormones that he dumps into the posterior pituitary for storage so then when it's time to release these hormones you just get a nerve signal from the hypothalamus because remember the high foul misses nerve tissue so this little pictures just illustrating that that the hypothalamus just zaps the pituitary and says release either oxytocin or ADH which is antidiuretic hormone so these two hormones are made in the hypothalamus and just simply stored in the posterior pituitary when it's time to release we zap it and they squirt into the blood squirt is a fantastic word I don't know why I didn't write out antidiuretic hormone on this slide it's on the next one so antidiuretic hormone anti you're against it Doretta kiff you've ever heard of a Durrett ik addict is for water loss so normally your pump and lots of ADH because normally you are anti water loss right water balance is one of the most crucial parts of our body because we don't want to gain 20 pounds of water in one day and swell up like that chicken willy wonka we also don't want to lose all our water and become basically a raisin so water balance is very very challenging and and very very important so this is a really important hormone so ADH is made by the hypothalamus it's dumped into the posterior pituitary for storage and when it's time to be released the hypothalamus is apps' the posterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary releases ADH so most of the time we are pumping ADH because most of the time we are anti water loss so what triggers the release of this the Osmo receptors in your hypothalamus sense changes in blood solids so blood solute is the stuff that's dissolved in your blood so if this stuff that becomes like if your blood becomes too concentrated if you get if the like stuff that's dissolved in your blood if that percentage rises that means your water level has dropped because it's got to add up to 100% right so if all of a sudden your blood is becoming too concentrated with good stuff and bad stuff waste and nutrients it means that the water level is dropped so your body is going to release antidiuretic hormone which will keep you from pee because you want to be anti water loss right so antidiuretic hormone has an effect on your kidneys so your kidneys are very very complicated the urinary system is one of the hardest chapters of this semester and it's our last really big chapter it's difficult because peeing which you think would be so easy like okay just go pee peeing is scary because if you pee too much you're gonna dehydrate and die I mean you could pee yourself to death in just a couple of hours so the kidneys are really crucial to regulate water balance in our body so if you are starting to get dehydrated the posterior pituitary will release antidiuretic hormone anti water loss and that will tell the kidneys to not pee as much so ultimately you still you can't stop making urine so ultimately you've got to pee but we've kind of lived our lives right there are days when you pee a ton usually in winter you can pee a lot more than in like a really hot summer day especially if you've done yard work all day and you haven't drank that much you probably don't pee for like 10 12 hours well that means you're really really dehydrated so anti water loss hormone antidiuretic hormone keeps water in the blood so what affects this secretion sodor etics are water loss you can binder etics at Walgreens some women do this during their menstrual cycle because they gain a lot of water weight like there's some women that game like 5 pounds of water weight a month during that time which I wouldn't even notice five pounds Who am I kidding but some little skinny women like 5 pounds on a hundred pound girl she'd be miserable so some women take directs during that time to get rid of that excess water medically like after surgery some people will retain water so they'll put you on a Doretta to get rid of that excess water I knew someone who had a liver transplant he gained like 17 pounds of water weight in one day like his skin looked like marble it was so stretched so they gave him a direct to get that water out of there so duratec means water loss so if you take a Doretta the reason you pee more like some wrestlers will take a Doretta the night before weigh-in to lose that water weight you'll pee more because what a Doretta does is it shuts off ADH another natural dredit Doretta is alcohol so that's why the martini glass is there so if you drink and I drink I like to drink not everybody does but as soon as you start drinking alcohol you're gonna pee more so I love how everyone has this theory about this like you don't want to break the seal and anytime someone says that I'm like what seal are you talking about an atomically there's no flap down there but I mean it's true right there's no flap down there there's no seal down there you're gonna pee cuz you have to pee the reason alcohol makes you pee more is its shutting off the hormone that keeps the water in the blood so temporarily a lot of water is rushing out to the urine is rushing out through the kidneys to the bladder because you've lost this hormone luckily though as soon as you stop drinking this hormone comes back otherwise one shot of Jack Daniels we'd be dead because we would pee ourselves to death so you're always gonna pee more when you drink alcohol no matter what your strategy is like I have this one friend who tries to drink five drinks before she pees I'm like dude it's not it's not a thing like she tries to stretch her bladder I'm like I've seen a bladder like an actual bladder it doesn't do that you know it's like it's AB like a balloon when there's air in it it stretches when there's not it's back to normal size so there's no way to beat this you're just gonna have to pee if you start drinking beer this is also why hangovers are so awful because you get so dehydrated because you've lost this hormone but naturally a way that we decrease ADH is if you drink a ton of water like we all know those people that every year on the first of January people get like all these ambitions like I'm gonna work out every day that's adorable or I'm gonna drink tons of water so I see a lot of students walking around like the first week of January with like milk jugs of water because they have this goal or on Pinterest they'll have these bottles where it's like they have these markings of how much water and people have all these goals and then they complain that they're peeing all the time well if all of a sudden you go from never drinking water to drinking tons of water your body sees that as odd and so it'll actually trigger ADH to be stopped temporarily and you'll pee out all that excess water eventually you adjust to it so like if you commit to your new water goals for about two weeks the peeing will we'll kind of slow down but initially your body just sees it as this abnormality like oh you're clearly bringing in more water than you need today so we're gonna shut off the ADH and pee a lot this is just something from the textbook so it has some words I don't really care about but basically it's saying that if the sodium concentration goes up in your plasma that means that the solute the dissolve stuff is going up in the blood which means you've lost water so this triggers the Osmo receptors Osmo from osmosis so basically the water receptors and hypothalamus tell the posterior pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone at this point the blood has too much stuff in it not enough water so we want to tell the kidneys these little collecting ducts and the kidneys we want to say don't let water go to the bladder keep it in the blood so this is going to cause you to increase your plasma volume the blood volume will go up because the water staying in the blood and it'll result in scant I like that word scant urine like you won't pee as much you still have to pee you have to get rid of that waste but you're gonna hold on to more water to keep your blood flowing so ADH antidiuretic your anti water loss Aldous Terran does not come from the pituitary gland I just put this hormone in here at this point because it also affects water so I just wanted to have it in here for this comparison so we're gonna see this guy he comes from the adrenal glands from the cortex the outer part of the adrenal glands he's a mineral corticoid so this is a hormone that helps with mineral balance specifically sodium so although Albus Tehran doesn't work on water h2o directly it pulls sodium back into the blood and so water follows like a puppy like if you've ever killed us look poor little slugs I think slugs are so cute with their weird little antennas but a lot of people will pour salt on them or they'll pour salt on a worm the reason that kills the worm and this end the little poor Louis look is that it sucks the water out of them so if you remember from a mp1 talking about hypertonic and hypotonic god that was a good time well we're gonna do that a lot more this semester so if you didn't get it the first time you'll get it now cuz we're gonna have to spend some time on that but there is that general rule that waterfall of solute water follows salt in this case so water is always going to be attracted to that solid so this is a bass ackwards way of pulling water into your body so Aldous Terran effects water in a backwards way I'll stare on directly affect sodium reabsorption you reabsorb the sodium back into the blood but then water is going to be attracted like a magnet so Aldous Tehran and ADH are both for water balance ADH is the main one and that's the big one that's in the pituitary the posterior pituitary and the adrenal gland is alastair on so those are in two very different parts of your body right water regulation is so crucial we don't want to leave it to just one structure so we have antidiuretic hormone and we have oxytocin posterior pituitary is where it comes from but remember it's made from the hypothalamus so the hypothalamus just stores oxytocin and the posterior pituitary so where does it have its effect the uterus and the mammary glands so what does this hormone do uterine contractions so when the baby is ready to come the baby is going to come so when one contraction leads to another leads to another leads to another you get more and more oxytocin this also causes the milk to be released so prolactin is making the milk but you don't need the milk to be released until there's a baby right so milk production begins as early as five we can pregnant five weeks in pregnancy but the actual letdown they actually release of it into the the gland into into the ducts doesn't happen until you have oxytocin so that begins at Labor opsi Tosun is present in males they don't have a uterus they don't have mammary glands they don't have milk so the function of oxytocin is unclear other than they do think it's they call it sometimes the love hormone because if you've had a baby you instantly love that baby right well you're pumping a lot of oxytocin at that moment so there's a lot of research that says like you know when you hug someone its releasing oxytocin and kind of just giving you like a happy feeling like a live feel what causes an increase in the release of this hormone again the hypothalamus just zaps it so it's just a neuro secretion it's just a neuro zap saying okay like an electrical impulse saying okay release your stuff this one again is positive feedback so this is like pro actin the more suckling the more milk well the beginnings of labor start out not too bad and they get worse than they get worse than then they get worse until the kid shoots out breastfeeding same thing the more suckling the more milk orgasms same thing one contraction leads to another leads to another leads to another so these are all positive feedbacks all you know relating to oxytocin these muscle contractions so if we compare and contrast the two the anterior pituitary is definitely the worst so the anterior pituitary makes his own his own hormones but the hypothalamus has to do the red light green light thing so we had thyroid stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone prolactin and growth hormone so that was the hard part the posterior pituitary is pretty easy because the posterior pituitary doesn't make any hormones he just stores them from the hypothalamus and then the hypothalamus is just zaps them when it's time for them to be released so moving out with the brain finally we have the thyroid gland so the thyroid gland is this butterfly looking gland that's right on top of your trachea which is your windpipe and on the backside of it are those four cute little yellow dots those are the parathyroid glands so these are two different glands the thyroid gland and the parathyroid gland doing two very different things so we saw that the thyroid gland makes t3 and t4 so try it with irony and thyroxine t3 and t4 you can just call them t3 and t4 so what you need to really know about try Oda thyromine and thyroxine is that last thing determines basal metabolic rate so like I said metabolism that's what all this means regulating metabolism of carbs lipids proteins increasing energy increasing protein synthesis that's all metabolism keeping your nervous system going metabolism it's like the thermostat in your house it affects everything so these are very important hormones well in order to make t3 and t4 there has to be iodine in your blood so it's like before I build a brick wall I've got to have mortar I've got to have bricks it doesn't matter how gung-ho I am about working in my garden if I don't have the bricks I can't build my garden wall so it doesn't matter how great the thyroid gland is how healthy the thyroid gland is if you don't have enough iodine so back in the day when we first came to the America and we did the 13 original colonies and we were hanging out on the East Coast people start to migrate West in search of a better life as they say why wish my ancestors had kept going but they stopped in Coles County Illinois which is where I am right now staring outside going yeah I don't know why they didn't go till they saw an ocean or a beach but they camped out in Coles County and the thing as we know living in Illinois we have some of the best soil in the world so agriculture is really big here because the soil is so great however if you plant a garden over and over and over again in the same spot you kind of Rob the nutrients well the soil around here isn't that great for iodine and so people were walking around getting these big growths their neck because if the thyroid gland is not getting iodine it'll just keep getting bigger and bigger and bigger because it's not making its hormones because remember the thyroid stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary so if your t3 and t4 levels drop dramatically you're gonna the adrenal or sorry the anterior pituitary is gonna release thyroid stimulating hormone to get the thyroid gland back in gear well without iodine it doesn't matter it still can't make t3 and t4 but the anterior pituitary doesn't know there's no iodine it just thinks the thyroid glands being lazy so you just keep stimulating it making it bigger and bigger giving us a sexy quarter which we'll see here in a minute so the key point from this slide is to make t3 and t4 the thyroid gland has to have iodine so we started adding iodine to salt so if you ever notice on salt like little salt packets that you get at McDonald's it says ionized salt because this is America and we new people are gonna eat salt so that's a really good place to put iodine it's kind of like putting fluoride in our drinking water for our teeth it's just giving us that extra boost so you don't see a lot of goiters anymore which is good hypo thyroidism so this is when the thyroid gland is too low again there's lots of causes and there's lots of situations like whether your kid or an adult but whatever so creatine ISM is infants that don't have good thyroid glands you don't notice a problem at birth because when the baby's born it has moms hormones pumpin and so immediately this isn't an issue because you're relying on moms t3 and t4 but once it's been a few months and the babies now got to take over the thyroid glands not making t3 and t4 so you're gonna have stunted growth the bones aren't gonna be formed correctly a degree of mental retardation because the nervous system needs that being fired up decrease body temperature and sluggishness because basically you've turned the thermostat down to like 50 degrees in the house it's just not keeping everything fired up myxedema is in adults having a low metabolism now most of us when we say we have a slow metabolism it's because we just ate five cheeseburgers only like 1% of the population actually has true metabolic issues and some people's miss out metabolism is too high which would be nice sometimes because I like to eat but this is someone who actually has a low metabolic rate so they're gonna be very very sensitive you know they're gonna be cold all the time because their metabolism their their thermostat is so low they're gonna have a poor appetite because their body's not really needing that much fuel because it's kind of slow sluggishness and mental dullness so they just you know find that they can't like you know kind of keep thoughts in their head Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disease and we're going to talk about autoimmune diseases a lot especially we can get to the immune system and we talked about a few and a mp1 so if you remember these are really scary because your immune system is supposed to fight the enemy well this is your immune system is attacking itself and so this would be like your army turns on you and it's really hard to treat autoimmune diseases because you can't really shut off the immune system because then you're gonna get every flu and kovat and everything else so this is when you actually produce antibodies which are normally supposed to fight viruses and parasites and bacteria and the antibodies actually attack the cells of your thyroid gland so you're destroying your own thyroid and then goiter which I just mentioned the the thyroid gland gets huge which gives you this crazy bump in your neck but there you're stimulating the thyroid gland to grow but it's it doesn't have the iodine so it can't make t3 and t4 hyperthyroidism is when your thyroid gland is cranking out too much t3 and t4 when you first read this it sounds like a pretty good deal high metabolism which means you can eat a lot heat sensitivity so you just be hot all the time restlessness hyperactivity mental alertness and excessive appetite however this is like driving your car down 74 120 miles an hour your body and your heart and your breathing is not meant to be revved up that much for that long so first when you read it doesn't sound like that that bad but it can be very very damaging to the body Graves disease is a cause of this this again is an autoimmune disease so instead of the antibodies stimulating or destroying the thyroid gland like with Hashimoto's this is stimulating the thyroid gland so it's like a master key and a lock it opens the same door these antibodies that your body is making binds to the same receptors as thyroid stimulating hormone so it's stimulating the thyroid to grow but with Graves disease you've got plenty of iodine and so you're making tons of t3 and t4 revving up your metabolism so I googled goiter this is like the cutest little goiter ever like if you want to be traumatized just Google Quarter goiter and look at some very intense pictures this can get massive but at least it's treatable give them a smile Graves disease is also treatable with a lot of different medications but one of their like early indicators of Graves disease is EXO thalamus you do not have to know that word where their eyeballs stick out so sometimes you see people where their eyeballs are protruding it can oftentimes be this hyper thyroid condition so as if metabolisms not a big enough job metabolism is crazy t3 and t4 from the thyroid gland is crazy well the thyroid gland in addition to regulating metabolism also regulates calcium so the thyroid gland is one of the most important glands in our body so this guy also besides t3 and t4 he releases the hormone calcitonin so the way that I remember calcitonin is it tones down calcium so if your calcium is too high say you've got real excited about some milk and you drank a whole gallon of milk your body has to get rid of that excess calcium because homeostasis tells me calcium in my blood has to be a certain percentage all the time I have to have calcium in my blood all the time we saw this in a mp1 we talked about the skeletal system I don't know about you but I was dumb and I thought the skeleton was like I just put calcium for strong bones I didn't really think about anything else but the skeleton is actually a savings account for calcium because if you don't have enough calcium in your diet you can take it out of your bones to put it in the blood if you have too much you can take it out of the blood and put it into your bones so if you remember the osteo class were the bone destroyers and the osteoblasts with the bone builders so if I have a lot of extra calcium I got excited about some milk yuck I would put it my bones so my osteoblasts would get busy if I don't have enough calcium like all night long when I'm not eating my osteo class can break down my bones and put the calcium back into the blood we have to have the perfect amount of calcium for three things to we did last semester we had to have calcium for nerves to fire and for muscles to contract and then this semester we'll see we have to have the perfect amount of calcium for our blood to clot so what is more important than your heart working your brain working and you to stop bleeding so calcium regulation is crucial phosphate regulation is - but calcium is everything so calcitonin calcitonin tones down calcium so it's going to do that by inhibiting the osteoclasts if I have tons of calcium in my blood why would I pull more calcium out of my bones that would be stupid in fact I'm gonna tell my bone builders to put it my bones because I don't want to waste the calcium calcium is a valuable thing if you have to you compete calcium your body's gonna do everything to bring your calcium down to normal just like if your heart rate was going too fast your body's gonna work to bring it down her body temperature it's gonna work to bring it down but we don't want a pea calcium because first of all it's valuable I'm gonna turn right around and knead it again and also this could lead to kidney stones as we'll see when we get to the kidneys so cut the thyroid gland is gonna tone down your calcium you're gonna pee it if you have to but ideally you're gonna store it into your bones so we're gonna tell the osteoblasts to get busy we're not gonna free up any more calcium just like if you get paid you put money in your savings account you don't take money out like as soon as you get paid you don't take more money out of your savings account you just got paid so if you just got paid with calcium you're gonna want to store it so tones it down the parathyroid glands which are right behind the thyroid gland makes parathyroid hormone which I like the name cuz it tells me what gland it comes from but it doesn't tell me what it does this guy is going to also regulate calcium and phosphate it's going to raise your calcium levels so when we increase calcium we decrease phosphate these guys always yin and yang like that but again calcium is our biggest focus so calcitonin from your thyroid gland tones it down parathyroid hormone raises it up so this is gonna do the exact opposite it's going to tell your osteo class to chew up and free up those ions from the bones just like if you haven't been paid in a while you may take money out of your sock drawer or out of your savings account we're gonna tell the builders to stop it I'm not gonna build bone if I don't have enough calcium to keep my heart and my brain and my blood clotting why would I build if I don't have enough money to pay my bills why would I put money in my sock drawer we're also gonna tell the intestines to grab every bit of calcium they can like normally if some calcium escapes your body in your duties that's okay because you're gonna eat again and whatever but if you're in the situation where your calcium levels have dropped you want to make sure that if you do eat some cheese or you drink some that every ion of calcium is getting absorbed so we're also going to cause more vitamin D to be produced by the skin if your member vitamin B is the one that your integumentary do sis vitamin D helps you deliver calcium to the bones so it helps you deliver calcium at the intestines into the bloodstream so it pulls more calcium into the blood so vitamin D delivers is how I've always remembered that so these two hormones are working ying and yang calcitonin is bringing everything down parathyroids raising calcium levels up so calcium balance is so crucial to homeostasis so we have help okay I can talk hypocalcemia and hyper so hypo is when it's too low this causes your nerves to be very excitable so they'll fire randomly causing tetany in your muscles basically causing cramps in your muscles but this has kind of an opposite effect on the heart so while it will cause your skeletal muscle to contract your cardiac muscle tissue with low calcium depresses the heart so the heart will just lay there so that's not good so in your skeletal muscle you get contraction that you can't really control calcium in the heart the heart muscle the heart just lays there so the heart is very very sensitive to calcium levels hypercalcemia having too much calcium causes the nervous system to fire weakly so you get weak skeletal muscle contractions but again the opposite effect on the heart since calcium is what starts contractions and cardiac tissue you run a risk of the heart over contracting with prolonged contractions so not quite a cramp but instead of a nice steady beat it would like seize up a little bit which obviously could kill you so if you know any heart patients my husband's father and my father-in-law my husband's dad has had three heart attacks and so it's calcium levels of something they're obsessed with regulating and you can see why because if your heart muscles already weak if you don't have enough calcium it's going to be even weaker and if you have too much it might put a strain on the muscle that you have so calcium balance is so crucial to the entire body but especially to the heart