[Music] you've probably clicked on this video thinking there's no way he's going to cover all of criminal psychology in just 20 minutes but that's exactly what I'm about to do that's all of criminal psychology all the theories studies key Concepts and applications that you need to know to smash your exams all done in under 20 minutes let's get straight into it so let's get started with the five types of crime now for this the most important thing is that you know your definitions as well as a simple example of each as often the questions aren't too complicated on this topic firstly we have violent crimes and these are pretty straightforward they're crimes like gbh or assault then we have drug rated crimes for example dealing drugs supplying drugs or actually taking drugs we then come on to acquisitive crimes this one can sound a little tricky but all it is is anything where you gain something so for example theft where you would gain something from someone else then we come on to sexual offenses this is anything like sexual assault or rape and finally we have antisocial crimes and these are any crimes where you're doing something that actively goes against Society great examples here include things like vandalism uh public disorder drinking in the streets that kind of thing they are antisocial crimes for the next bullet point we need to understand why crime could be considered a social construct that means something that is created by the society that it's in now crime is an example of this another example of this is queuing some societies decide that queuing is the right way to do things and others don't another example of a social construct is how microwaving fish in a communal staff room is considered to be wrong whoa whoa whoa whoa whoa whoa whoa no no we're not doing that no I don't know why you're into this but we're stopping it right now you can tell I've had some rough experiences with colleagues microwaving fish so how can crime be considered a social construct well crime is different around the world where some countries would say that some things are a crime other countries would disagree for example in some countries euthanasia is legal euthanasia is the assisted suicide of an individual when they are potentially really ill and they want to end their lives in the UK this is illegal so this is one example of how a crime is different in different cultures around the world cultures also differ with things like homosexuality as well as rights of certain individuals and so this is why crime could be considered a social construct now for this next part you need to very briefly understand how crime is measured and I say briefly because although there are loads and loads of ways that crime is measured in the reality for the course you only need to know two and these are Official Police statistics and self report methods official statistics involves making use of any of the actual reports made by the police or maybe when people have reported crimes to the police and putting them all together to collect data now you can actually have a look at this yourself on the Police website I've put a little QR code on the screen you can take a look and you can have a look at the crime rates in your area all categorized into different types of crime and it's really interesting now the problem with collecting data like this is that the police don't catch everyone who gets reported to them every time that there's a crime reported that's all well and good but the police Poli don't always manage to get their person and so this isn't always as representative therefore we can also ask the public about their experiences with crime this is called the self-report method of collecting crime this involves sending out things like surveys to people to see whether they have either been involved in crime or they've actually been a victim of crime as you can imagine whereas Official Police statistics under report crimes because there's lots of people who won't want to step forward to the police for whatever reason using self-report methods allows for an over represent of crime people are much more likely to report stuff if they're told that it's through an anonymous survey and so therefore this again might not be representative of the truth next we come on to social learning theory and for social learning theory the most important thing you need to know are these key terms that I'm about to go through so as long as you can memorize the definitions of these key terms then you're actually all good to go for social learning theory firstly social learning theory says that we learn through observation simply means we see other people doing things specifically it says that we love to observe our role models people that that we look up to might be an older sibling parents or just a friend that you really really admire now if you see other people getting rewarded for something then that's great that's called vicarious reinforcement and that's simply when you watch somebody getting rewarded for their behavior especially in the Realms of crime you might see someone stealing something from a shop and getting away with it that would be vicarious reinforcement now if you then go ahead and steal something from the shop yourself and you get away with it that would be direct reinforcement you've stolen it and you then get away with it if you got caught that would be direct punishment and likewise if somebody else got caught stealing something and you observe that that would be vicarious punishment finally if you do that behavior over and over again so for example stealing then eventually you may believe it to actually be the right thing to do that's called internalization you finally do a behavior so many times that it becomes a normal part of your personality of your behavior also if social learning theory says that criminals have become criminals because because they've observed other people then where did the first Criminal come from social learning theory does not explain the origins of crime they have learned through observation and watching others then who was the first criminal and how does it explain the first criminal and so we come on to our first study in this topic that's Cooper and Mackey now Cooper macki can be quite a long and complicated study and I will do a full in-depth video in fact it might be on this channel already by the time you're watching this video so do take a look however for now I'll go through a simple version of the study for you here so the aim of the study was to investigate whether video games can cause violence and this obviously links in with social learning theory quite well as social learning theory says we learn through observation so if that's true then by watching somebody playing a video game an aggressive video game or by taking part in an aggressive video game you should become a more aggressive individual this is what koer makaki wanted to test now although there are loads of research methods to go through with koera makaki let's keep it simple and just say it was a lab experiment and that the sample consisted of 84 children so the study itself went like this firstly the participants were all given a questionnaire to ask them about their previous experiences with playing video games this happened about a week before the study actually started then when the study started they were split into Pairs and these pairs were randomly allocated the only thing they may sure of was that the pairs were the same sex and that they were the same grade so roughly the same age consent was gained from the children's parents once they were paired up they were randomly allocated one of two roles one of the children in the pair would be a player and one of the children of the pair would be an observer this would happen for about 8 minutes now the game that they were playing or observing was randomly given to them based on one of three conditions it was either a high aggression condition where they played a game called Missile Command very tame by today standards compared to GTA they could be put into the low aggression Group which would be Pac-Man or the control condition which was a pen and paper Maze Game remember each pair only had to do one of these three games not all three once this 8 minutes was was up they were moved into one of two rooms in room one the participants got the opportunity to play with one of four toys whilst they didn't realize but they were being observed the four toys were the following there was an aggressive toy there was a skill-based toy there was an active toy and there was a quiet toy this part of the study was to see whether playing an aggressive video game in condition one would lead to them playing with an aggressive toy in this second condition therefore supporting social learning theory now room is a little bit tricky so I'm going to keep it really simple in room two they had to do what's called an interpersonal aggression test and here they were given three behaviors these included talking back to someone hitting someone and stealing something and they were asked to choose which one they thought was the worst they were also asked to come up with one of three possible punishments for them in order to choose how bad that punishment had to be there was a red buzzer and the longer they pressed that buzzer for the worse the punishment would be to that person obviously this never actually happened it was just a hypothetical what would you do type of situation and the whole point of it was to measure how aggressive that individual was and how aggressive they became as a result of whether they saw or observed an aggressive or not aggressive video game again after several minutes they swapped rooms and they would do the opposite condition and finally that is the end of the procedure for Cooper and macki I would argue probably the most complicated and long-winded procedure in all of GCSE psychology studies now when it comes to the findings they are just as complicated as the procedure there's a lot going on so I'm going to summarize it with just the key findings here however it is worth having a look at revision guide just to make sure you get all the findings that you can remember as for the key ones the most important thing you need to remember is that girls were way more affected than boys when it came to the violent video game when we measured what kind of toys the children played with we found that boys were hardly affected by which video game they played which means whether they played Missile Command Pacman or the Maze Game it didn't really matter and it didn't really have an effect on which toy they played with in that first room girls however if they played the violent video game were much more likely to play with the aggressive toy that is the most important finding you need to take away as for the buzzer condition it didn't really seem to be affected by anything at all so remember the key finding is that girls were way more affected by the violent video games than boys this study also had limitations mainly being the fact that a it was quite old and video games back then were nowhere near as violent as today's standards we actually have a fancy term for this it's called temporal validity and this study has what we call low temporal validity it simply means that because the study is so old we may not be able to apply it to today other evaluation points include the fact that it had low ecological validity because it was in a lab which means it didn't reflect a real life environment but it was very controlled because it was in a lab which means it had what we call a standardized procedure now there's a load of research methods key terms there and I am planning on doing a massive research methods video soon so stay stay on the lookout for that now we're halfway through the video and it's taken me absolutely hours to put this together for you and if you finding it really useful a subscribe goes a long way Believe It or Not Over 80% of you watching this video right now are not subscribed and as I say it's the best way to show me that these videos are really helpful next we come on to Isen Theory now Isen theory is quite tricky so i' definitely recommend you go and have a look at my full video on my channel however I'm here to provide a very brief summary and in summary ISAC says that every single criminal has got the same three personality traits these are extroversion neuroticism and psychoticism extroversion relates to somebody who is really outgoing who's really thrill seeking for example someone who might love going on roller coasters that would be someone who's very extroverted or someone who loves going to parties neuroticism is characterized by somebody who is quite anxious and also quite emotional potentially violent someone who is psychotic is somebody who lacks emotion they don't really care about other people's feelings now what's really important about ising's theory is that Isen said unlike social learning theory that we don't Lear learn our criminal Behavior through our environment he says that all of these traits have got a biological basis that means that there is a biological reason why people have developed these three traits and so for your exam you need to make sure you know not only what the three traits are not only their definitions and an example but also what this biological reason for each of the three traits are let me give you a very brief breakdown Isen says the extravision is caused by an underactive or under aroused cerebral cortex the cerebral cortex is that outer layer of the brain and according to ISAC he says that anyone who's extroverted needs loads of stimulation in order to satisfy the Cravings that the cerebral cortex has this is because a part of the brain called the reticular activating system filters out too much information from the environment and therefore this leads to them needing extra excitement in order to satisfy the same urges that everyone else has for example thrill seeking like going on roller coasters or skydiving or in the case of criminals committing a risky crime now according to Isen neuroticism is caused by an overactive autonomic nervous system the autonomic nervous system also controls something called the lyic system and the lyic system is all to do with aggression and violence and emotions and so therefore when this is overactive which according to iank it is in neurotics it leads to highly violent behaviors things like assault and finally psychoticism is caused by what we call an overactive dopamine reward system dopamine is a chemical in our brains and our bodies that is triggered by rewards so every time that you get given something or every time that your teacher told you you've done some really good work today your brain releases a little bit of dopamine well people who are psychotic according to Eisen have got an overactive dopamine reward system meaning that dopamine is something that really really reinforces their behavior this means anything like theft where they gain something or sexual act are something that reinforces their behavior a lot and they're more likely to do it overall then criminals have all three of these traits meaning that all of these biological causes that I've spoken about come into one to create a criminal Isaac's main criticism is that it doesn't take into account something called individual differences this means that Isen simply hasn't taken into account the fact that not all criminals are going to have the same personality type if you were to give all criminals a questionnaire that measured their personality type you'd probably find that not all of them have extroversion psychoticism and neur autism as high scores in fact there are some really famous serial killers which obviously I won't go into here who have been considered to be very introverted most of the time until of course they committed their horrible acts the theory also focuses too much on nature and ignores the role of nurture and upbringing in the formation of criminal Behavior next we come on to Heaven's study Heaven's study is the study that supports Isaac's Theory and so what it tries to do is support the idea that criminals all have a very similar personality in this case Heaven looked at what we call delinquents which is young people who commit crime now before we look at the procedure let's look at the research methods it's what we call a longitudinal study because it was done over 2 years and it's what we call a correlational study and the reason for that is because heaven didn't actually do any experimenting now this will make more sense once we get onto the procedure finally it's what we call a self-report method this is because heaven used questionnaires in his study and questionnaires are a self-report method Heaven sample was 282 students and they were all taken from two Catholic schools in Australia so a very limited sample and we'll come on to that when we talk about the limitations so what was the AIM well Heaven believed that people who committed what we call delinquency which was crimes at young age would be more likely to demonstrate psychoticism extraversion and instead of neuroticism which Isen used Heaven decided to use self-esteem so what was the procedure well it was really simple Heaven did the procedure over 2 years and an easy way to look at it is to think of it as time one and then time two 2 years later so time one happened at one point it was in 1992 and then time two was in 1994 and what heaven did was in time one at the start of the study he got all participants to do questionnaires to try and figure out what kind of criminal personality they had so if they were psychotic or extroverted to try and figure out what kind of self-esteem they had so if they had high or low self-esteem and then finally what kind of delinquency they've taken part in so what their kind of criminal record is and if you think well no one's going to admit to anything well Heaven assured them that it would be anonymous and that nothing would be reported to the police however whether it had an effect on their responses or not that's one of the limitations of the study however he wasn't done here after 2 years he got them to do it again now 80% of them came back that means that 20% of the participants actually dropped out of the study and were not present in this second scenario and so once Heaven had all of the questionnaire results from both times time one and time two he put them together looked at the data and he analyzed whether or not there was any sort of correlation between the personality they came out as their self-esteem levels and delinquency which is their crime so what did Heaven find out well there's quite a few findings but the main one that you really need to know is that heaven found a positive correlation between psychoticism and delinquency this means that If Heaven's study is correct then people with high psychoticism scores would be more likely to commit crimes at a young age this is delinquency and this therefore supports Isaac's theory that criminals have a certain personality now as always the study does have some limitations this includes the fact that there's a very limited sample all from Australia or from two Catholic schools we could say this has what we call low population validity we could say it has culture bias the fact it uses questionnaires as a self-report method means that people could lie this is called social desirability and is especially important in Heaven's study because Heaven's asking them about criminal Behavior something that lots of people won't want to admit to finally because it's a correlation it lacks what we call cause and effect we don't know if people who score highly in psychoticism ISM become delinquents or if people becoming delinquents makes them have high psychoticism scores that's a problem of a correlational study and in order to find out more we'd have to do a proper experiment finally we come on to what we call the applications of criminal psychology and in this section it's all about how we reduce crime now there are two types of reducing crime that you need to know and that is Rehabilitation and punishments now Rehabilitation is split into two and their restorative justice and the use of positive role models for punishment there are three that you need to know they are fines prisons and Community sentencing for each of these key terms you need to know the definition and roughly an example of how it would be used in real life now let's get started with Rehabilitation this simply means when we try and change criminals into becoming normal members of society we try and get them to stop their criminal ways and start contributing to their Community there are two that you need to know and these are the use of positive role models and the use of restorative justice now the use of positive role model simply means that we try and make use of social learning theory which remember says that we learn through observation through observing people and we try and use those theories in order to try and get criminals to observe positive role models instead of negative role models we might pair them up with somebody who maybe has similar characteristics to them and get them to see do you know what if they can make it without being a criminal then I can too and again it makes use of social learning theory to try and change their ways Nar restorative justice means that the criminal meets the victim and a good example of this would be for example shoplifting if a criminal has shoplifted they might meet the owner of the shop in order to see the impacts that it's had on their lives on their family the business and likewise the criminal also gets to explain his point of view often this ends with a Criminal apologizing or giving back what he's stolen and this therefore hopefully gets them to change their ways this process of the criminal meeting the victim is called restorative justice we then come on to punishment and this again makes use of social learning theory to suggest that well if people are reinforced by rewards then hopefully by seeing or taking part in punishments they will be put off from committing crimes the first one is f and this is usually for just really minor crimes things like illegal parking or speeding and the whole point of this is that if people are reinforced by the idea of money then hopefully they will also be deterred by the idea of losing money we then come on to prison and this is for more serious crimes again using social learning theory people will lose their freedoms people lose the ability to see loved ones and this will hopefully deter them from taking part in crimes we then finally come on to community sentencing Community sentencing makes them go out into the streets maybe do things like litter picking cleaning Graffiti Off the Wall and very often they are shown in high fist jackets this is done on purpose in order to both make people of the public see them and think well I'm not going to want to commit a crime so why I'm not in their shoes but also the criminals themselves will feel shame and guilt and it will make them not want to be in that position again hopefully deterring them from committing another crime and somehow that's all of criminal psychology in just 20 minutes please comment if you have any questions that you want answering also like And subscribe if you found the video helpful the channel has more detailed videos otherwise I'll see you guys in the next video