Now, for the membranes, again, we're going to back, as you remember, if you remember this picture, these are the different, you should have a round-plot arrow in a different area. As you can see here, this is the different body cavities. now body cavities again and this body cavities is line that separate each body cavity from each other and those lining are what we call membranes now we're going to talk about the tissue membranes now the tissue membranes are thin sheets of cells that covers the outside of the body organs and intestines and joints okay and i'm going to say outside the body organs intestines and joints because that separates different types of tissue membranes we have mainly four types number one is the mucous membranes number two is the serious membranes number three is the cutaneous membranes and number 4 is the synovial membranes.
The mucous membranes is line the body cavities that are open to the outside. Okay? So, ano itong mga body cavities ito?
For example, sa respiratory tract natin, the esophagus, no? Ano pa? Sa lining ng GIT natin. Okay. In short, ito yung open to the external environment.
No? So that's where the mucous membranes are layered. So next is the serous membranes, it's lined with body cavities.
Again, the body cavities that we discussed during our first week and surrounds some organs. Next is the cutaneous membrane. This refers to the skin. Cutaneous membrane is the skin.
Why? Because it opens the external environment. Okay, so in short, any areas that are open to the external environment other than the skin is lined by mucous membranes. Okay? Kapag skin specifically is cutaneous membrane.
Other than the skin, it's mucous membrane. Then last would be the synovial membrane is the one that lines the joints. Okay, here, no? we have here the pericardial cavity which is aligned by the serous membranes the pericardial space we have here the pericardial space here pericardial space which is lined by your serous membranes okay what's the function of the Oh, there are some other states.
Then we have here the synovial membrane. The synovial membrane is the joints. We have here the mucous membrane. For example, what is this tract? This is the trachea, the respiratory.
As you can see here, what are these cells? This is a columnar cell. Columnar cell, single layer. But look at the nucleus, different areas.
So this is pseudostratified. So this is pseudostratified, the lining of the respiratory tract. What kind of membrane is this? It produces your mucous membranes.
Then we have the cutaneous membrane, which is the skin. Now, we are going to talk about the mucous membranes first. So again, it lines the cavity that are exposed to the external environment. For example, what is that? The nasal mucosa, the oral mucosa, the esophageal mucosa, the bronchial mucosa, the gastric mucosa.
As you can see here, we have here, for example, the food. The food enters the mouth. Okay, it enters the esophagus.
Then, it enters the stomach. Then, the small intestine, the large intestine, and then it enters the anus. And the areas that this food passes through are lined by your mucous membranes. Another example. would be air.
How do you breathe air? Usually to the nose, it goes to the nasal cavity, then to the oropharynx, trachea, then to the lungs. Are those examples of exposure to the external environment? Yes. So what do you expect from them?
It's the mucous membrane. Because those areas usually contain what we call the goblet cells. what does goblet suits produce mucus is this uh watery or thick no no secretions okay now we have here the mucous membranes again this is not mucous membrane this is the serous membranes serous membranes the serous membranes are the one that covers and line the internal organs they reduce friction they reduce friction as created as organs move for example, this is the pericardium of the heart the uterus of the lungs and the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity why? what does the heart do?
pump blood what does the lungs do? breathe what is the what is continued abdominal cavity? intestines and what does intestines do?
they move through peristalsis are all these samples of movement? yes okay if they move now if the heart pumps will it have friction? causes friction with the adjacent organs yes no it may cause friction no couple of the pop-up shop because the those cavities no are shaped enough to hold each organ in place now so I don't know I got a bonobo part where they share with was gaza lungs so what prevents that it's your serious membranes because it reduces friction because the fluid inside those spaces in the serous membranes when it pumps when the heart pumps reduces the friction it does not stick to the lungs so it decreases the risk of injury okay due to friction because it serves as a lubricant now next will be the clenus membranes So, can they use Membrane someone against the skill? As you can see, what is the lining of our skin? What is epithelium?
What is it? Is it a lot? Yes. So, it will be stratified. When we swallow, what is the appearance of our flat cells?
Squamous. Epithelium. Is it a special characteristic? Yes.
the presence of keratin. It is keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. So that is the composition of your cutaneous membrane.
It is essentially the skin, protects the skin from desiccation and pathogen. It is based on stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissues. Where can we see connective tissues? In the dermal layer. As you can see, the connective tissues that you can see here have the blood vessels.
For example, we have the fibroblast here, and the different connective tissue properties here. And we have here the hypodermis which is composed of fats, a fatty layer. We have here sweat glands. What is the composition of sweat glands? It's a coiled tubular.
Coiled tubular. So where does the sweat glands come from? Actually, it's not seen here.
but it's associated with the hair no the apocrine sweat glands dita sya nakalagay the sebaceous glands okay sebaceous glands anong nililist nya holocrine holocrine secretions okay yun lang naman dito so again Special characteristics of Keratin is that it provides a thick barrier protection against pathogens. Next, let's do the synovial membrane. Synovial membrane, what you'll see is the joints. You know? Movable joints.
Movable. So, what's its function? You know?
Lubrication. It nourishes the cartilage in the joints. Since it has lubrication, it produces the friction.
What's another example? In the elbow, hip, and knee. You know? Are there a lot of movements yet? Yes.
Okay? So what is the fluid that we have inside our synovial membrane? Again, it is the synovial fluid. Now, just think about it, what is the synovial fluid? This is the one that caused the duplication.
Okay, so now let's check what is the function of the serous membrane? Okay, what is the function of the serous membrane? Does it reduce friction between bones?
As bones move? What is this? Sinovial To form barrier between the internal and external environment Hmm, what is this?
It can be mucus or it can be what? It can be mucus or it can be cutaneous Reduced friction as internal organs move Internal organs move? Yes, this is it To protect the internal body cavities from pathogens Hmm?
Is this the function? It serves us to reduce friction. Okay? This protects internal body cavities from pathogens. It's also good for our bupust membranes.
Pust membranes. I will also continue with this video, Tissue Growth and Healing. This is just a short lecture. We're going to talk about inflammation.
The inflammation is the body's initial response to injury. So, what happened here? So, as you can see here, this is the skin.
This is the epidermal layer of the skin. Here is the stratum corneum. So, what happens? For example, you got hurt. Is there a breakage of the skin?
Yes. Is the protection compromised? Is there a compromise? Protection?
Yes, why? This breakage of the skin will allow the microbes and other materials in the external environment to penetrate through that area where you have a glassy rate. Which allows your pathogens to proliferate and to invade the skin. So that's where inflammation comes in. So what happened to your inflammation?
In your inflammation, usually, it has processes that we call Fulvor, Calor, Dolor, Tumor, Punctualiza. Punctualiza. Fulvor means you have redness.
Redness. Why do you have redness? Because your blood vessels in that area.
We'll recruit more blood components, for example, our RBC, the platelets, WBCs, which will diffuse towards the areas where you have breakage. And we'll fight up infection as well as form your blood clots. to prevent further bleeding and provides a layer of protection for example your blood clots, your platelets and red blood cells will be recruited outside the blood vessels to the area that has a wound which now will form your scab Red blood cells, does it provide protection from external environment?
Yes. Because it's no longer exposed, but it's still brittle and can be removed upon scratching. So, it will bleed again. So, what else do we have?
That is rubor, redness. Ano pa? Kalor. Kalor is increase heat, increase temperature.
localized temperature because of the increased blood flow and the areas where you have an injury and there is active recruitment also increased use of energy due to increased metabolic processes to defeat the pathogens as well as form new tissues it will produce heat and this heat will now be a part of your inflammation okay next would be dolor dolor. Dolor means pain. What are the nerve endings that we have here in the epidermal layer? You have three nerve endings.
Three nerve endings. And these three nerve endings are stimulated upon exposure to the external environment and chemical processes. So, when you stimulate that, what happens?
Stimulate pain. Stimulate pain. Is this a good thing? Yes.
Because it's one of the initial way to determine that there is something wrong with your body. The feeling of pain. For example, you got hurt.
You got hurt by a tree. Without the sensation of pain, you don't you won't know that your body has been injured. Okay, pag natusok ka kunwari, your initial response would be to remove from this painful stimuli.
So, ilalayo mo to reduce the injury. Ilalayo mo yung paa mo, tataas mo kunwari yung paa mo. Hindi mo naitutuloy-tuloy yung pagbaon pa ng bubog kunwari na nakatusok. Kasi tinaas mo yung paa mo due to the sensation of pain. Okay?
Revoir, cabor, dolor, tumor. Two more naman, okay, dito yung swelling. Okay, in the area kung saan ka nagkaroon ng sugat, surrounding that, there will be an area na nagkakaroon ka ng swelling, ng mga maga.
Yung area ng swelling na yun serves as a containment. Ibig sabihin, pag na maga yan dyan, that area contains the wound. So what will happen if this wound is contained? You will localize the inflammation.
You will localize the area of injury. So the pathogens will not be infected anymore. So that's another thing that happens here. The more the lower, the more functionalized.
Function...lized... is the loss of function okay for example you got hurt, your hand got hurt that hand until it heals is not going to be fine okay the area where you got an injury is going to be damaged if it's damaged the tissues there will also be damaged okay for example what is the function of the epidermis of the skin what is the function of the epithelial the stratified squamous epithelial tissue of the skin it serves as a protection from the external environment now here you have a breakage that that does it still serve its function of being a protection of protecting the body from external environment yes now there is a loss of function It cannot do the function of protecting the body from external environment due to the breakage of the skin. Okay?
So, meron tayong dalawang crossing inflammation. Acute inflammation, which is just short-term, and chronic inflammation, which persists for long periods of time. Now, so how does tissue healing occur? It begins with the removal of the debris and toxins. the clot then it will now form clots the clot now stops the bleeding then we will it will form a granulation tissue that forms to allow the epithelial tissues to regenerate those tissue and for it will be scar and the granulation tissue if it goes very fast no mereshan rapidly repair it may form scars okay So what is the removal of debris and toxins?
Here is where the recruitment of your white blood cells occurs. The white blood cells are... out of the blood vessels via the process of what we call the chemotaxis.
Chemotaxis. This chemotaxis allows the recruitment of the white blood cells towards the area where you got the infection. Now, they will now patrol for pathogens and defeat them. Okay?
As well as the small debris they will eat. and remove them. Now the next here is that there will be bleeding because of this very small blood vessels that are damaged.
So for us to prevent bleeding, we have a recruitment of platelets, the red blood cells and clotting factors. Okay now they will function together. and seal that area okay now once that is sealed, that is where the granulation tissue formation will occur the granulation tissue formation is the one is the regeneration process of forming new tissues uh new tissues underneath the areas that are uh areas that are damaged and it starts from the deepest layer deepest layer towards the superficial layer why is the movement like that?
from the deepest to the superficial because if you have debris here or you have shards for example it will push it up towards the surface so that it can come out then now it will now form the epithelial tissue of the skin will now regenerate and once it regenerates it will now form a new tissue okay devoid of and now served again its function of protecting the body now again tissue healing once it healed it never returned to its normal function 100 percent function at most maybe 80% of its functioning because it's not our normal tissue anymore yung collagen dito is now different compared to the surrounding collagen kung nasaan surrounding collagen na maayos pa okay and that ends our discussion on the tissue and membranes pati na rin sa regeneration tissue regeneration