Basics of Internet of Things (IoT) Lecture Notes

Introduction to IoT

• Overview of fundamental concepts behind IoT.
• Discussion on basic technologies and connectivity devices.
• Understanding how IoT is structured and made.

Motivation for IoT

• Anticipated future where all physical objects around us will be interconnected.
• Current Internet is a network of computers; IoT extends this to physical objects (e.g., lights, appliances).
• Vision: Internetwork of things (IoT) with everything interconnected, not just computers.

Importance of IoT

• Provides advanced levels of service to society and businesses.
• Physical objects will be fitted with embedded systems, electronics, and IT.
• These objects will act as nodes in the IoT, expanding the current internet.
• Enabling technology for smart homes and smart cities.

Technologies Enabling IoT

• IoT will utilize various wireless technologies:
  • Wi-Fi
  • Cellular technologies
  • Bluetooth
  • Zigbee

Challenges and Considerations

• Scalability: IoT is projected to involve billions of connected devices exceeding the number of computers.
• Two approaches to building IoT:
  1. Expand the existing internet to include physical objects.
  2. Create a separate internetwork from scratch.
• Unification of diverse technologies is critical (cloud computing, big data, etc.).

Characteristics of IoT

• Efficiency in serving application needs.
• Scalability to accommodate numerous devices without compromising performance.
• Clear naming and addressing architecture is essential due to the complexity of nodes.
• Low power requirements and sleep modes for devices.
• Mobility of devices and sub-networks.
• Addressing intermittent connectivity issues (e.g., opportunistic mobile networks).

Applications of IoT

• Manufacturing & Business (40.2% market share)
• Healthcare (telemedicine, portable monitoring)
• Retail (inventory tracking, consumer analytics)
• Security (biometric systems, remote sensors)

Evolution of Connectivity Devices

• From ATMs and web connectivity to smart meters, digital locks, and smart healthcare systems.
• Growth of smart city infrastructures and applications.
• New applications: smart parking, structural health monitoring, environmental monitoring, etc.

Enabling Technologies in IoT

• Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication.
• Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) integrating computational and physical systems.
• Web of things (WoT) focuses on web-based technologies for IoT.

Future Outlook for IoT

• Trillions of sensors and billions of smart systems expected.
• Various application fields including smart homes, factories, and healthcare.
• Addressing environmental challenges through IoT developments.

Conclusion

• Understanding the basics of IoT, its motivation, applications, challenges, and future directions will be covered in subsequent lectures.