Seabased Empires and European Expansion (1450-1750)

Introduction

• Timeframe: 1450 to 1750
• Focus: European seabased Empires began to dominate globally, marking a significant shift from land-based empires.
• Importance of Europe: Previously marginal, now a central power.

Maritime Technologies Adopted by Europeans

1. Magnetic Compass

   • Origin: Developed in China.
   • Function: Helped sailors navigate the seas accurately.

2. Astrolabe

   • Origin: Developed by Arabs or Greeks.
   • Function: Allowed ships to determine latitude and longitude by measuring stars.

3. Lanteen Sail

   • Origin: Developed by Arab merchants.
   • Function: Triangular sail that allowed for more precise sailing by taking wind on either side.

4. Astronomical Charts

   • Origin: Muslims, building on Greek astronomy.
   • Function: Provided detailed diagrams of stars, aiding navigation.

Key Point on Technology Adoption

• Europeans adopted rather than invented these technologies.
• Exposure through trade: Technologies were acquired through trade routes, facilitated by the Pax Mongolica.

European Innovations in Shipbuilding

Portuguese Developments

1. Caravel

   • Characteristics: Smaller ships, nimble, capable of navigating shallow waters and inland rivers.
   • Armed: Equipped with cannons, suitable for fighting.

2. Carrack

   • Purpose: Larger ships for carrying more cargo and guns, essential for trade empire.
   • Role: Key to Portuguese dominance in the Indian Ocean trade.

Dutch Developments

1. Fluyt (Flute)
   • Design: Exclusively for trade, large cargo holds, small crew requirements.
   • Efficiency: Cheap to build due to innovative production tools.
   • Impact: By mid-17th century, responsible for half of Europe's shipping tonnage.

Conclusion

• European states, with their newfound maritime technology and shipbuilding innovations, shifted the global power balance in their favor during this period.
• Promo: Details on further study resources and review guides for AP World exams.