Smart Grids: Basics to Advanced Technologies Lecture Notes

foreign [Music] welcome you all to the course on Smart grids Basics to Advanced Technologies in comparison to the conventional power grid of last 20 years have you ever wondered how smart our electrical network has become to meet the exponential growth of electricity demand every year it has become smart by the incorporation of new sourcing of smart components and operational techniques this includes wide area monitoring system islanding detection tactics phasor estimation and digital relays for smart grid protection along with modern demand response management and its analysis for smart grids which has been covered briefly in our previous course titled introduction to Smart grid the course introduction to Smart grid was popular and I thank all of you who have taken the course and successfully completed the examination I am confident that all of you must be using those concept in your day-to-day applications classes and labs we felt that the course on introduction to Smart grid need additional laboratory exposure which can further help you to take the concept of smart grid to its next level hence we designed a new course titled smart grid Basics to Advanced Technologies in such a manner that along with the basics of smart grid an updated version including laboratory expectations of necessary modules has been added we have added 11 experiments such as solar and wind Generations Phil experimentation for symmetric and asymmetric fault analysis of grid connected dfig wind turbine grid connected DC microgrid parallel operation in AC microgrid Energy Management in the microgrid Peak energy management using energy storage system battery management system and EV charging and many more we are very confident that this course is unique among the online teaching material available in nptl we hope and wish that this course will necessarily help you to understand fundamentals along with helping in teaching research and experimentation so now let us start with the lecture one introduction to Smart grid first of all let us understand what is the meaning of electrical energy grid the moment we talk about electrical grid it means electric grid is a network of synchronized power providers and consumers that are connected by transmission and distribution lines and operated by one or more control centers being said that now you can see the view of energy Grid or electrical grid we do have generation stations transmission lines substation step down Transformers and connected across different type of loads the Generating Station ah which is ideally transfer its energy through either ehp ac lines or hpdc lines and the voltage rating of those ESP ac lines are either of 800 slash 765 kilo volts 400 kilo volts 220 kilo volts and 132 KV whereas the commonly used hpdc lines are of 500 kilovolts the customers especially the sub transmission customers connected at 33 KB primary customers at 11 KV and secondary customers we residential are at 400 volts now the different components of electrical grid to me is generation first which is either of thermal type Hydro type nuclear type and very recently renewable energy sources now the transmission is being told recently it is either of high voltage AC or high voltage DC the distribution system mostly it is AC type but in the recent time people started talking about DC type two the consumers as we all know they are industrial types commercial types and residentials or domestic type the electrical energy grid structure historically vertically nature that is the energy is being produced at generation point or generated stations then being transmitted through transmission lines distribution lines and reaches to the consumers but with the new technology and the mega penetration of renewable energy at low voltage levels May allow the energy to flow not necessarily from top to bottom but it could be from the bottom to top two so the vertical structure currently may have two different forms that is energy flowing from generation to Consumers and the energy May flow from consumers to generation stations too through transmission and distribution the history of power gate is quite interesting if you look back Thomas Edition considered to be the father of direct current distribution who perhaps created DC technology and then hence Nikola Tesla again we treat him as a father of AC distribution system Tesla invention for long distance AC distribution were commercialized in competition against Thomas Edison's short distance DC distribution system and eventually AC systems or AC distribution owned the day due to its lower cost and higher efficiency in distributing electricity over long distance so I wish to conclude at this stage that though DC distribution was equally popular similar to AC distribution but over a period of time it has been realized that SC distribution system is more economical compared to ah DC distribution especially when you are transmitting ah through long distance further to add sir Adam back the father of Ontario's electrical power system Beck believed in the principle that publicly owned power it cost to the people and Beck built the past system with government debit which was paid back in user's fee over the lifetime of the assets now that is how today we see the whole world is depending on AC system which is reliable robust working well for long distance transmission but in recent time there are two new things which are coming up the first one is presence of renewable energy at all the voltage levels and the DC technology cannot be discarded completely as it was before many decades now looking at Indian National Grid a quick glance in early sixties grid Management on Regional basis started State grids were interconnected to form Regional grid India was demarcated into five regions namely Northern Eastern Southern Western as well as Northeastern regions in October 1991 North East and Eastern grid were connected and during March 2003 western region and Eastern region as well as Northeast region were interconnected August 2006 north and east grades were interconnected thereby four main Regional greed that is northern eastern western and North Eastern grids are synchronously connected forming Central grid operating at one frequency considered to be a great achievement during 2006 December 2013 southern region was connected to Central greed in synchronous mode with the commissioning of 765 kilovolt raichur solapur transmission line thereby achieving One Nation one grid one frequency so dear listeners I wish to conclude that the energy greed of India achieved one frequency one grid in the month of December year 2013. now look at the the regulatory the authorities of Indian energy sector Ministry of power which is the major component deals with planning policy formulation processing and implementation of projects enactment of legislation in regards to power generation transmission and distribution next important body which is power grid cooperation of India Limited responsible for National and Regional power transmission planning then we move to Central electricity Authority advice on matters related to National electricity policy and formulation of short term and perspective plans for development of Power Systems their next Central electricity Regulatory Commission and state electricity regulatory commissions regulates tariff formulates policies regarding subsidies and promotion of efficient and environmental policies at Central and state level respectively then we moved to Central transmission utilities and state transmission utilities developed efficient coordinated and economical system of Interstate and Interstate transmission lines now if you look at the impact of electrical grid in specific Global demand of energy is expected to climb about 25 percent by 2040. it is a great hike the whole world is expected to increase their per capita energy consumption and its a great challenge in front of all of us how to achieve that 25 percent increase by 2040 in a green clean manner above and all India contributes about 45 percent of world energy demand growth in 2040. so being said the whole world is worried about creation of energy sources in a cleaner a green manner whereas The Challenge on India would be far more because out of those 25 percent increase by Twenty forty forty five percent increase is just by India India and China so the largest increase with each reaching more than one billion middle class citizens India will grow strongly with its share of global GDP doubling now if you look at the key figures of our country in 2016-17 the population is 1.32 billion which is used the total area that we possess is close to 3.287 million kilometer Square and the Energy Mix we do have energy from oil coal gas nuclear hydro and renewable the electricity consumption ah it is in terawatt hour which is 1114 and whereas electricity generation capacity ah as on March 2017 was 326.8 gigawatt the very challenging component is overall Network losses it it is reasonably High which is expected to be far lower than what is being mentioned currently it is 22.7 percent which is extremely at higher end so we need to try our level best to make sure the energy does not move a long distance and it is efficiently being utilized so that the loss can be dropped on by few percentage in near future and certainly the smart grid we are talking going to talk in detail and of the lecture today will certainly help us expected that the distribution losses will drop further the Energy share we do have the major share from coal ah which is as high as 59 percent then we do have renewable ah which had a wonderful stack of 17 percent followed by hydro which is 14 percent and then we have nuclear and Diesel are of single digit and gas is of double digit percentage contribution respectively but I am very keen to mention something very specific here that the renewable energy contribution in India is close to 57 gigawatt and that is ah close to 17 percent of the total energy mix and it is a good idea and we will keep on increasing those renewable contribution in future to achieve the low carbon Footprints in this country and contribute to the global ah challenge in achieving green energy in future now if you look at the current status in this country the install capacity over last 10 years you can see that the wind energy installation is keep on increasing the PVS also keep on increasing the biomass is also keep on increasing and the hydros keep on increasing so today we can easily see the hydro which is very close to 40 gigawatt and my wind which is very close to 28 gigawatt and my PV which is very close to 8 gigawatt and my biomass which is close to 6 gigawatt but one interesting scenario that we all can see here when you come back to the year 2020 now we can see that the PV installation will go as close to ah 98 to 100 gigawatt ah which is a great Challenge and followed by the wind which is close to 60 gigawatt and then the hydro may go up to 78 gigawatt and then the biomass may be close to 10 gigawatts so in 2022 maybe another four to five years from now we are going to add as high as 250 gigawatt Renewables in the system so we need smarter technology to accommodate those Renewables for stable operation of the energy grid now if you look at the the X ah this is what the report says I mean in the October 2016 if you take the one of the data ah in the First Column we can see that the total makes Energy Mix is 6287 ah for the month of October itself and it has combination so the energy is coming from wind solar biomass OK and small hydro and others so this gives me an idea how the Energy Mix ah from especially renewable sources on a particular month so we can see the pattern in which how it has been generated we can see for October 2015 and then this is a completely April 2016 to October 2016 which is a six month period And as well as for 2015. so reasonably we are at good position ah with respect to Renewable Power Generation and their mix as well as the energy production now what are the major factors affecting the performance of the existing grid now as we all seen that we are keep on putting Generations over years because the demand is keep on increasing the expectations from the public is keep on increasing the per capita energy consumption is keep on increasing and hence the one of the major factor that puts us in Risk today is increasing huge increase in demand of electricity supply shortfall of electricity means there is a energy gap between what we produce and what we expected to deliver so they to do not match exactly and perhaps the energy production is slightly less compared to the energy expected during peak hours for reducing losses one of the major factor as you say and we are at very close to 22 percent of distribution loss that need to be reduced Peak demand management means today especially during peak hours we experience Peak shortage of close to four to five percent and that need to be reduced by putting maximum generations and one thing I like to highlight here when you like to reduce the peak energy gap by putting energy sources it is very difficult to go for Hues nuclear or Hydro or thermal power plants that may take actually six to ten years time from now so very quickly you cannot meet out your Peak shortage so the only one way I could see at this point is that putting renewable energy sources as maximum as possible in our country that lead to achieve excess generation install capacity and may reduce the gap between Peak energy requirement and energy available at that time period now integration of renewable energy generation system so as I mentioned we have to go for renewable energy to meet the peak Energies of peak demand management but to do that we need to have technology which can perhaps integrate safely and for Reliable operation of those sources connected at different voltage level so integration of renewable energy generation system also do possess challenge now solution to global warming we all have to contribute effective use of electric vehicles currently they are randomly being manufactured and especially the electric vehicles in India it is mostly electrical research and the charging discharging pattern are never been Technical and they need to be organized so that the charging can be done during off peak period and ah discharging is not possible but at least the charging can be respected but in next five years time from now the electrical Vehicles May contribute for discharging during peak hours now better customer satisfaction quality power or energy overcoming difficulties in meter reading So currently we have all manual readings that can be made automated and poor efficiency of conventional power generation systems most of the thermal power plants today are getting old aged and the efficiencies are coming down day by day potential of technological advancement in new business opportunities ah aging assets and lack of circuit capacity most of the Assets in this country are 40 to 50 years old they required quick replacements and power Network design life is need of replacement which is the biggest challenge the capital cost of like for like replacement will be very very high security of supply need reliable electricity Supply as more and more critical loads are connected thermal constraint transmission and distribution lines at its limit most of the lines are congested or overloaded reduction in the life of the equipment increasing incidence of fault we experience frequent fault at different corridors given extreme loading conditions operational constraints voltage and frequency limits uncertainty of renewable energy sources and now coming back to so this is what the whole history behind the conventional energy grid the current status challenges that energy grid poses today and what we are aiming in next five years that is 2021 what kind of energy growth we are expecting what type of sources especially the integration of renewable energy as well as in twenty forty we have to add add actually huge amount of energy sources across different Energy Mix starting from thermal nuclear Hydro renewable all segments the energy installation has to grow though the majority may be from renewable energy sources but what do we understand because this is anyway greed so the question is are we currently operating an energy grid which is not smart enough or what you understand by smart grid or what makes a grid smart the digital technology that allows for two way communication two way communication between the utility and its customers and the sensing along the transmission lines is what makes the grid smart according to customer perspective if you already manage activities such as personal banking from your home computer imagine managing your electricity in a similar way for example customers will no longer have to wait for monthly statement to know how much electricity he or she use with a smarter grid he can have a clear and timely picture of it through smart meters can able to see how much electricity you use when you use it and its cost means combined with real Time pricing this will allow you to save money by using less power when electricity is most expensive means you can organize your consumption pattern based on the energy cost time of use energy cost so that your monthly Energy bill can be made minimum as possible smart grid has the potential to help you save money by helping you to manage your electricity and choose the best times to purchase electricity and you can save even more by generating your own power by putting rooftop solar now the nist National Institute of Standards and Technology ah provides you the pictorial view of how the smart grid conceptually works now we can see ah this bulk generation and we have transmission then distribution and customers now we can say this is my Operating Center and we do have energy Market and we do have service providers now the very interesting part that the thick lines you could see which is between operation to bulk generation transmission distribution customers the secure communication interface and whereas these are the dotted lines the yellow dotted lines shows the electrical interface and these clouds are nothing but my domains so this is how the smart grid conceptually work taking care of electrical energy flow interface as well as communication interface so this energy and communication interface together perhaps conceptualize the smart grid operation now let us understand the standards of different standards of smart grid definition now the first one European technology platform for smart Grid in 2006 defines a smart grid is an electricity Network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it generators consumers and those that do both in order to efficiently deliver sustainable economic and secure electricity Supply a smart grid employs Innovative products and services together with intelligent monitoring control communication and self-healing Technologies to it foreign it is mainly to better facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and Technologies allow consumers to play a part in optimizing the operation of the system provide consumers with greater information and option for choice of supply significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity Supply system maintain or even improve the existing high level of system reliability quality and security of supply maintain and improve the existing service efficiently poster Market integration towards modern Energy Systems now let us finally understand the definition of smart Grid in precise way now U.S department of energy Doe defines smart Grid in the following manner greed 2030 Ambitions fully automated power delivery Network that monitors and controls every customer and node ensuring two wave flow of information and electricity between the power plant and the appliance and all point in between this is what the definition of smart grid by Doe now based on International Electro technical commission IC the smart rate is a developing network of transmission lines equipment control and new technologies working together to respond immediately to our 21st century demand for electricity dear listeners the smart grid definition vary but as a whole the outcome of each definition remains same the main intention here is to establish a strong communication two-way communication a two-way flow information between the power plant and appliances has to be established to make your grid smarter now the major duties of smart grid is more efficient transmission of electricity quicker restoration of electricity of after the power disturbances reduced operation and management cost for utilities and ultimately lower power cost for consumers reduced Peak demand which will also help lower electricity rates increased integration of large scale Renewable Energy Systems better integration of customer owned power generation System including Renewable Energy System improved security and if you now come to a reasonable conclusion to compare how the existing grid look like and how do we see the future smart grid will look like now the existing grid it is completely Electro mechanical and partially digital where smart grid is expected to be completely digital existing grid do have one way communication and the smart grid may have two way communication existing grid has centralized generation smart grid will have distributed generation existing grid has limited sensors and smart grid will have sensors throughout existing grid is of manual monitoring and smart grid will be self monitoring existing grid will be may come across failures and blackouts but smart grid will convert them into adaptive and highlighting mode of operation existing grid will have limited control mechanism and the smart grid will have pervasive control mechanism and existing grid achieve manual restoration and smart grid is expected to have self-healing mechanism now finally let us have a look to the smart grid architecture now in the smart grid architecture we will have the main energy management system now we could see that the distribution stations taking power from solar energy storage and we could also see the wind power plant they all constitute renewable energy sources and then we can experience hydropower generation and through underground cable they can be interconnected to the same Energy Management Systems the energy from thermal nuclear other source of energy and these are all our smart houses so we expect the smart grid architecture will wonderfully connect all residences electric vehicles cities with renewable energy sources through an efficient energy management system so this is what we expect the smart grid of the future will look like and so called smart grid architecture of the future now the smart grid components are of the major components of smart grid are classified as follows we will have Smart infrastructure smart communication smart management as well as smart Protection Systems now the smart infrastructure system is further divided into two parts Smart Energy System and smart Information Systems the Smart Energy System will be of power generation type transmission type and distribution type whereas the smart information system will have Smart meetings sensors phasor measurement units as well as information management now with this we stop at our first lecture today and in the next lecture we will continue with the introduction to Smart grid by understanding the detailed components and their characteristics applications of smart Grid in detail during next class thank you [Music] thank you

foreign [Music] welcome you all to the course on Smart grids Basics to Advanced Technologies in comparison to the conventional power grid of last 20 years have you ever wondered how smart our electrical network has become to meet the exponential growth of electricity demand every year it has become smart by the incorporation of new sourcing of smart components and operational techniques this includes wide area monitoring system islanding detection tactics phasor estimation and digital relays for smart grid protection along with modern demand response management and its analysis for smart grids which has been covered briefly in our previous course titled introduction to Smart grid the course introduction to Smart grid was popular and I thank all of you who have taken the course and successfully completed the examination I am confident that all of you must be using those concept in your day-to-day applications classes and labs we felt that the course on introduction to Smart grid need additional laboratory exposure which can further help you to take the concept of smart grid to its next level hence we designed a new course titled smart grid Basics to Advanced Technologies in such a manner that along with the basics of smart grid an updated version including laboratory expectations of necessary modules has been added we have added 11 experiments such as solar and wind Generations Phil experimentation for symmetric and asymmetric fault analysis of grid connected dfig wind turbine grid connected DC microgrid parallel operation in AC microgrid Energy Management in the microgrid Peak energy management using energy storage system battery management system and EV charging and many more we are very confident that this course is unique among the online teaching material available in nptl we hope and wish that this course will necessarily help you to understand fundamentals along with helping in teaching research and experimentation so now let us start with the lecture one introduction to Smart grid first of all let us understand what is the meaning of electrical energy grid the moment we talk about electrical grid it means electric grid is a network of synchronized power providers and consumers that are connected by transmission and distribution lines and operated by one or more control centers being said that now you can see the view of energy Grid or electrical grid we do have generation stations transmission lines substation step down Transformers and connected across different type of loads the Generating Station ah which is ideally transfer its energy through either ehp ac lines or hpdc lines and the voltage rating of those ESP ac lines are either of 800 slash 765 kilo volts 400 kilo volts 220 kilo volts and 132 KV whereas the commonly used hpdc lines are of 500 kilovolts the customers especially the sub transmission customers connected at 33 KB primary customers at 11 KV and secondary customers we residential are at 400 volts now the different components of electrical grid to me is generation first which is either of thermal type Hydro type nuclear type and very recently renewable energy sources now the transmission is being told recently it is either of high voltage AC or high voltage DC the distribution system mostly it is AC type but in the recent time people started talking about DC type two the consumers as we all know they are industrial types commercial types and residentials or domestic type the electrical energy grid structure historically vertically nature that is the energy is being produced at generation point or generated stations then being transmitted through transmission lines distribution lines and reaches to the consumers but with the new technology and the mega penetration of renewable energy at low voltage levels May allow the energy to flow not necessarily from top to bottom but it could be from the bottom to top two so the vertical structure currently may have two different forms that is energy flowing from generation to Consumers and the energy May flow from consumers to generation stations too through transmission and distribution the history of power gate is quite interesting if you look back Thomas Edition considered to be the father of direct current distribution who perhaps created DC technology and then hence Nikola Tesla again we treat him as a father of AC distribution system Tesla invention for long distance AC distribution were commercialized in competition against Thomas Edison&#39;s short distance DC distribution system and eventually AC systems or AC distribution owned the day due to its lower cost and higher efficiency in distributing electricity over long distance so I wish to conclude at this stage that though DC distribution was equally popular similar to AC distribution but over a period of time it has been realized that SC distribution system is more economical compared to ah DC distribution especially when you are transmitting ah through long distance further to add sir Adam back the father of Ontario&#39;s electrical power system Beck believed in the principle that publicly owned power it cost to the people and Beck built the past system with government debit which was paid back in user&#39;s fee over the lifetime of the assets now that is how today we see the whole world is depending on AC system which is reliable robust working well for long distance transmission but in recent time there are two new things which are coming up the first one is presence of renewable energy at all the voltage levels and the DC technology cannot be discarded completely as it was before many decades now looking at Indian National Grid a quick glance in early sixties grid Management on Regional basis started State grids were interconnected to form Regional grid India was demarcated into five regions namely Northern Eastern Southern Western as well as Northeastern regions in October 1991 North East and Eastern grid were connected and during March 2003 western region and Eastern region as well as Northeast region were interconnected August 2006 north and east grades were interconnected thereby four main Regional greed that is northern eastern western and North Eastern grids are synchronously connected forming Central grid operating at one frequency considered to be a great achievement during 2006 December 2013 southern region was connected to Central greed in synchronous mode with the commissioning of 765 kilovolt raichur solapur transmission line thereby achieving One Nation one grid one frequency so dear listeners I wish to conclude that the energy greed of India achieved one frequency one grid in the month of December year 2013. now look at the the regulatory the authorities of Indian energy sector Ministry of power which is the major component deals with planning policy formulation processing and implementation of projects enactment of legislation in regards to power generation transmission and distribution next important body which is power grid cooperation of India Limited responsible for National and Regional power transmission planning then we move to Central electricity Authority advice on matters related to National electricity policy and formulation of short term and perspective plans for development of Power Systems their next Central electricity Regulatory Commission and state electricity regulatory commissions regulates tariff formulates policies regarding subsidies and promotion of efficient and environmental policies at Central and state level respectively then we moved to Central transmission utilities and state transmission utilities developed efficient coordinated and economical system of Interstate and Interstate transmission lines now if you look at the impact of electrical grid in specific Global demand of energy is expected to climb about 25 percent by 2040. it is a great hike the whole world is expected to increase their per capita energy consumption and its a great challenge in front of all of us how to achieve that 25 percent increase by 2040 in a green clean manner above and all India contributes about 45 percent of world energy demand growth in 2040. so being said the whole world is worried about creation of energy sources in a cleaner a green manner whereas The Challenge on India would be far more because out of those 25 percent increase by Twenty forty forty five percent increase is just by India India and China so the largest increase with each reaching more than one billion middle class citizens India will grow strongly with its share of global GDP doubling now if you look at the key figures of our country in 2016-17 the population is 1.32 billion which is used the total area that we possess is close to 3.287 million kilometer Square and the Energy Mix we do have energy from oil coal gas nuclear hydro and renewable the electricity consumption ah it is in terawatt hour which is 1114 and whereas electricity generation capacity ah as on March 2017 was 326.8 gigawatt the very challenging component is overall Network losses it it is reasonably High which is expected to be far lower than what is being mentioned currently it is 22.7 percent which is extremely at higher end so we need to try our level best to make sure the energy does not move a long distance and it is efficiently being utilized so that the loss can be dropped on by few percentage in near future and certainly the smart grid we are talking going to talk in detail and of the lecture today will certainly help us expected that the distribution losses will drop further the Energy share we do have the major share from coal ah which is as high as 59 percent then we do have renewable ah which had a wonderful stack of 17 percent followed by hydro which is 14 percent and then we have nuclear and Diesel are of single digit and gas is of double digit percentage contribution respectively but I am very keen to mention something very specific here that the renewable energy contribution in India is close to 57 gigawatt and that is ah close to 17 percent of the total energy mix and it is a good idea and we will keep on increasing those renewable contribution in future to achieve the low carbon Footprints in this country and contribute to the global ah challenge in achieving green energy in future now if you look at the current status in this country the install capacity over last 10 years you can see that the wind energy installation is keep on increasing the PVS also keep on increasing the biomass is also keep on increasing and the hydros keep on increasing so today we can easily see the hydro which is very close to 40 gigawatt and my wind which is very close to 28 gigawatt and my PV which is very close to 8 gigawatt and my biomass which is close to 6 gigawatt but one interesting scenario that we all can see here when you come back to the year 2020 now we can see that the PV installation will go as close to ah 98 to 100 gigawatt ah which is a great Challenge and followed by the wind which is close to 60 gigawatt and then the hydro may go up to 78 gigawatt and then the biomass may be close to 10 gigawatts so in 2022 maybe another four to five years from now we are going to add as high as 250 gigawatt Renewables in the system so we need smarter technology to accommodate those Renewables for stable operation of the energy grid now if you look at the the X ah this is what the report says I mean in the October 2016 if you take the one of the data ah in the First Column we can see that the total makes Energy Mix is 6287 ah for the month of October itself and it has combination so the energy is coming from wind solar biomass OK and small hydro and others so this gives me an idea how the Energy Mix ah from especially renewable sources on a particular month so we can see the pattern in which how it has been generated we can see for October 2015 and then this is a completely April 2016 to October 2016 which is a six month period And as well as for 2015. so reasonably we are at good position ah with respect to Renewable Power Generation and their mix as well as the energy production now what are the major factors affecting the performance of the existing grid now as we all seen that we are keep on putting Generations over years because the demand is keep on increasing the expectations from the public is keep on increasing the per capita energy consumption is keep on increasing and hence the one of the major factor that puts us in Risk today is increasing huge increase in demand of electricity supply shortfall of electricity means there is a energy gap between what we produce and what we expected to deliver so they to do not match exactly and perhaps the energy production is slightly less compared to the energy expected during peak hours for reducing losses one of the major factor as you say and we are at very close to 22 percent of distribution loss that need to be reduced Peak demand management means today especially during peak hours we experience Peak shortage of close to four to five percent and that need to be reduced by putting maximum generations and one thing I like to highlight here when you like to reduce the peak energy gap by putting energy sources it is very difficult to go for Hues nuclear or Hydro or thermal power plants that may take actually six to ten years time from now so very quickly you cannot meet out your Peak shortage so the only one way I could see at this point is that putting renewable energy sources as maximum as possible in our country that lead to achieve excess generation install capacity and may reduce the gap between Peak energy requirement and energy available at that time period now integration of renewable energy generation system so as I mentioned we have to go for renewable energy to meet the peak Energies of peak demand management but to do that we need to have technology which can perhaps integrate safely and for Reliable operation of those sources connected at different voltage level so integration of renewable energy generation system also do possess challenge now solution to global warming we all have to contribute effective use of electric vehicles currently they are randomly being manufactured and especially the electric vehicles in India it is mostly electrical research and the charging discharging pattern are never been Technical and they need to be organized so that the charging can be done during off peak period and ah discharging is not possible but at least the charging can be respected but in next five years time from now the electrical Vehicles May contribute for discharging during peak hours now better customer satisfaction quality power or energy overcoming difficulties in meter reading So currently we have all manual readings that can be made automated and poor efficiency of conventional power generation systems most of the thermal power plants today are getting old aged and the efficiencies are coming down day by day potential of technological advancement in new business opportunities ah aging assets and lack of circuit capacity most of the Assets in this country are 40 to 50 years old they required quick replacements and power Network design life is need of replacement which is the biggest challenge the capital cost of like for like replacement will be very very high security of supply need reliable electricity Supply as more and more critical loads are connected thermal constraint transmission and distribution lines at its limit most of the lines are congested or overloaded reduction in the life of the equipment increasing incidence of fault we experience frequent fault at different corridors given extreme loading conditions operational constraints voltage and frequency limits uncertainty of renewable energy sources and now coming back to so this is what the whole history behind the conventional energy grid the current status challenges that energy grid poses today and what we are aiming in next five years that is 2021 what kind of energy growth we are expecting what type of sources especially the integration of renewable energy as well as in twenty forty we have to add add actually huge amount of energy sources across different Energy Mix starting from thermal nuclear Hydro renewable all segments the energy installation has to grow though the majority may be from renewable energy sources but what do we understand because this is anyway greed so the question is are we currently operating an energy grid which is not smart enough or what you understand by smart grid or what makes a grid smart the digital technology that allows for two way communication two way communication between the utility and its customers and the sensing along the transmission lines is what makes the grid smart according to customer perspective if you already manage activities such as personal banking from your home computer imagine managing your electricity in a similar way for example customers will no longer have to wait for monthly statement to know how much electricity he or she use with a smarter grid he can have a clear and timely picture of it through smart meters can able to see how much electricity you use when you use it and its cost means combined with real Time pricing this will allow you to save money by using less power when electricity is most expensive means you can organize your consumption pattern based on the energy cost time of use energy cost so that your monthly Energy bill can be made minimum as possible smart grid has the potential to help you save money by helping you to manage your electricity and choose the best times to purchase electricity and you can save even more by generating your own power by putting rooftop solar now the nist National Institute of Standards and Technology ah provides you the pictorial view of how the smart grid conceptually works now we can see ah this bulk generation and we have transmission then distribution and customers now we can say this is my Operating Center and we do have energy Market and we do have service providers now the very interesting part that the thick lines you could see which is between operation to bulk generation transmission distribution customers the secure communication interface and whereas these are the dotted lines the yellow dotted lines shows the electrical interface and these clouds are nothing but my domains so this is how the smart grid conceptually work taking care of electrical energy flow interface as well as communication interface so this energy and communication interface together perhaps conceptualize the smart grid operation now let us understand the standards of different standards of smart grid definition now the first one European technology platform for smart Grid in 2006 defines a smart grid is an electricity Network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it generators consumers and those that do both in order to efficiently deliver sustainable economic and secure electricity Supply a smart grid employs Innovative products and services together with intelligent monitoring control communication and self-healing Technologies to it foreign it is mainly to better facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and Technologies allow consumers to play a part in optimizing the operation of the system provide consumers with greater information and option for choice of supply significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity Supply system maintain or even improve the existing high level of system reliability quality and security of supply maintain and improve the existing service efficiently poster Market integration towards modern Energy Systems now let us finally understand the definition of smart Grid in precise way now U.S department of energy Doe defines smart Grid in the following manner greed 2030 Ambitions fully automated power delivery Network that monitors and controls every customer and node ensuring two wave flow of information and electricity between the power plant and the appliance and all point in between this is what the definition of smart grid by Doe now based on International Electro technical commission IC the smart rate is a developing network of transmission lines equipment control and new technologies working together to respond immediately to our 21st century demand for electricity dear listeners the smart grid definition vary but as a whole the outcome of each definition remains same the main intention here is to establish a strong communication two-way communication a two-way flow information between the power plant and appliances has to be established to make your grid smarter now the major duties of smart grid is more efficient transmission of electricity quicker restoration of electricity of after the power disturbances reduced operation and management cost for utilities and ultimately lower power cost for consumers reduced Peak demand which will also help lower electricity rates increased integration of large scale Renewable Energy Systems better integration of customer owned power generation System including Renewable Energy System improved security and if you now come to a reasonable conclusion to compare how the existing grid look like and how do we see the future smart grid will look like now the existing grid it is completely Electro mechanical and partially digital where smart grid is expected to be completely digital existing grid do have one way communication and the smart grid may have two way communication existing grid has centralized generation smart grid will have distributed generation existing grid has limited sensors and smart grid will have sensors throughout existing grid is of manual monitoring and smart grid will be self monitoring existing grid will be may come across failures and blackouts but smart grid will convert them into adaptive and highlighting mode of operation existing grid will have limited control mechanism and the smart grid will have pervasive control mechanism and existing grid achieve manual restoration and smart grid is expected to have self-healing mechanism now finally let us have a look to the smart grid architecture now in the smart grid architecture we will have the main energy management system now we could see that the distribution stations taking power from solar energy storage and we could also see the wind power plant they all constitute renewable energy sources and then we can experience hydropower generation and through underground cable they can be interconnected to the same Energy Management Systems the energy from thermal nuclear other source of energy and these are all our smart houses so we expect the smart grid architecture will wonderfully connect all residences electric vehicles cities with renewable energy sources through an efficient energy management system so this is what we expect the smart grid of the future will look like and so called smart grid architecture of the future now the smart grid components are of the major components of smart grid are classified as follows we will have Smart infrastructure smart communication smart management as well as smart Protection Systems now the smart infrastructure system is further divided into two parts Smart Energy System and smart Information Systems the Smart Energy System will be of power generation type transmission type and distribution type whereas the smart information system will have Smart meetings sensors phasor measurement units as well as information management now with this we stop at our first lecture today and in the next lecture we will continue with the introduction to Smart grid by understanding the detailed components and their characteristics applications of smart Grid in detail during next class thank you [Music] thank you

Transcript for:Smart Grids: Basics to Advanced Technologies Lecture Notes

Transcript for:
Smart Grids: Basics to Advanced Technologies Lecture Notes