This chapter is a part of human Physiology. Decoding things with love are going to. There are a lot of tricks, a lot These are all the mnemonics that will help you understand this chapter. It will seem easier. my hand drawn mind You will find the maps here which is very important from revision point of view. So if you inhale for 12 to 16 times are doing it. We are doing acceleration. i.e Let us assume that you consume about 6 to 8 litres of air Whatever it is, I am inhaling it in a minute. This From the particular curve, we find that At which points and for which reasons oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin He could, he could move away. Hello everybody, how are you Are you all there? I hope each and everyone of You are doing absolutely good. my name is Dr. Vipin Kumar Sharma and I to all of you I welcome people wholeheartedly Physics of this beloved platform of ours On top of Vala. And today in this mind map session Inside we are going to revise a lot This is the most important chapter whose name is Breathing and exchange of gases. Or Then we can call this chapter Respiration in Human Beings. here we are Let's also discuss different animals. But our prime focus is on humans It will remain above. because this is the chapter it Is a part of human physiology. So We have to study each and every thing in great detail. are going to. Decoding things with love are going to. There are a lot of tricks. Enough There are all the pneumonics that help you The chapter will seem easier and it will be like icing on the cake, You can find my hand drawn mind maps here You must be meeting him. so many things like that which you do not understand in NCERT It comes. You will understand it here And in a very small area you will find the whole All content is also in consolidated format You will be getting which variant from Revision Point of View. So first of all whenever We begin a chapter V Always think of the name. We are always They enter into the name. Here you will find the name Breathing end is visible Exchange of Gases. So brother what about breathing What does it mean? Breathing means There is exchange and supply of air. That means when you are you breathing that is inhalation or Inspiration. and when you're breathing out That is exhalation or expiration. Its We call this breathing. i.e whether you are breathing in or breathing out we are the cumulative sum of these I will call it breathing. and Exchange of Gases. You know that all the things in your body There are cells, each cell has to do its job Oxygen is needed. because you've Whatever food you have eaten, it should be digested will reach your different cells. And The digested food is stored in different cells The material has arrived, it needs oxygen We break down in the presence and make ATP which is our energy It is a currency. That is, if you need all your very good in all sales If you want to create energy then you need to do this in every cell Oxygen will also have to be given. and when this energy When it is formed, CO2 is also formed along with it That means carbon dioxide is also produced. So You have to give oxygen to every cell and that Carbon dioxide needs to be removed. So What we mean by exchange of gases is the exchange of gases with the atmosphere. will take oxygen into their body and they Oxygen is present in every cell and every tissue of our body will be distributed and every sale and We take CO2 from our tissues and remove it from our body. I will throw you out. i.e. inhalation and We are calling acceleration as breathing. with which we put oxygen into the body and expels CO2. So Breathing what happened brother? inspiration from Oxygen comes into our body. End Expiration, which takes CO2 out of our body It goes out. But sir what about breathing and Is respiration the same thing? No. listen to this I grow beans. and many more in the books It is written the same in every place. but this There are no beans. Breathing means breathing Inhale and exhale. While the respiration This means that the oxygen you take in through your breath I have put it in my sales and now it is working It is hurt. They are in your body End energy has started breaking down molecules She has started making it. so the word respiration is Its meaning is related to energy generation. It happens. Associated with ATP formation It happens. Whereas breathing means only through the process of inhaling and exhaling It is related. So what is respiration? Utilization of oxygen. Now what you have You have taken oxygen into your body What does it do indirectly? Molecules breaks down to make ATP or energy. What do we call this? Respiration They say. So understand the difference between the two Should come. Now this is the mechanism Another mechanism of breathing is respiration this is different, there are many different In Animals. And it depends on habitat Where an organism lives. if let's If an animal lives in water then it has gills It will respire through. and if an animal If he stays on land, he moves through his lungs It will respire. So where an animal lives the only thing that matters is that his How will breathing be? secondly level of Organization also matters. Level Everyone will pass but my brother this is the level At what level is your body developed? Is? Is there only a select few in your body? If there are sales then your body directly Gaseous exchange can take place. Environment She will remain in contact with. If your body thin, tape-like like tape forms If it happens then you are directly in the atmosphere you remain in contact and your body parts The organ that can take in oxygen and release CO2 It can be done directly in the environment itself. We Can't do this. So inside us the well There are developed organs called lungs goes. so depending upon the level of There are different types of organizations here structures can be found. for example Sponges are called Porifera. Sponges, one of which is a talking sponge Which you rub on your body and then take a bath Are. They have a lot of pores in their body Are. That is why they are called Porifera. I used tape like the Sealrata and flat warm Worm was named here. So these are so They are thin. Their body was so simple that directly from their body surface CO2 can go out and oxygen can come in Can. They need some other organ It doesn't happen. if you talk about earthworm If you do then the earthworm's giggle will the cuticle is wet which is the cuticle Moist cuticles help exchange gases It is possible if you talk about insects So insects have trachea. As We saw inside the cockroach. Cockroach Read We have already done it. So we know aquatic Arthropods. now any arthropod that If it lives in water then it will have gills. This is called bronchial respiration. And inside the molluscs, these are also present in your water I live in. Gills can also be found in this Are. Fishes also live in water. Fish water if she is the queen of then she is the queen of water then in this also Gills will be found. Ephibian Bhaiya Ephibian We have read Frog. In the Frog Respiration also occurs through the skin, which is called It is called cutaneous respiration. Yours It was also occurring due to buccal cavity which we called buccopharyngeal respiration and It was also happening through the lungs which we call pulmonary It is called respiration. So in the frog You will find different types of organs here Can be seen. but if you rest Talking about amphibians, talking about reptiles Let's talk about birds and mammals If we talk about it, then it mostly lives on land. Are. That means these include lungs i.e. pulmonary Respiration will be seen. so depending upon the type of organism that his body what is the level and habitat in which it lives Where it is? Based on these two things, you All examples in NCERT have been given. now my friend if you are human Talking about the respiratory system, the human Where does the respiratory system start Is? First of all, you should look at the two nose holes Are visible. just above the upper lip Above you can see two nose holes. What is this? External nostrils. so one There is a pair of external nostrils. i.e There are two nose holes which you can see Meet above the lips means above the lips. Its There are two nose holes after that. if you look from here The nasal passage will be visible. Isn't it? the inside This is the side hose. After these holes a pipe It is connected. that is called as your nasal Passage. Which is the length of your nose. that is Basically your nasal passage. then nasal passage Air will reach inside you through this. which We call it the nasal chamber or nasal cavity. A common passage after the nasal cavity Aayega we is called as farings. this is common It is called a tube like structure. it The common passage is because these pherings Both your food and air go in it. Brother Even if you are breathing, it is here It will reach you and even if you are eating food It will reach here. so there is a common passage Called Age Ferings which is your Food Plus Air contains both. i.e it is a part of digestive system age Well Edge Respiratory System. after that eat It goes into your esophagus, or food pipe. and the air goes through your trachea, i.e., wind pipe I go away. then buffering happens After your firings. Here we are talking about respiration That means we are talking about air. So you Ferings' younger brother will be seen Larynx which is also known as sound box Or it is also called voice box. so it is Formed up of cartilage. and this voice box which helps you to produce your voice He does. That means your voice is generated from here. and you shape the words with your tongue And the rest is given through the mouth parts. Like if you use mouth parts If you don't do this then the same sound will come out. But when you are speaking, your tongue It touches at different places. and different types of characters, which are of different types These are the words that are coming out of you. if you speak in hindi and english ultimately this is what learnings is called Edge Sound Box. After your laryngitis Trachea arrived. yes which is called as Wind pipe. so this trachea it is a Tube like structure called wind pipe. And what will you make next? It will build lungs. Now the trachea is the primary bronchi It will be converted into . then this primary bronchi which are secondary bronchi Will make. Will form tertiary bronchi. donation After that, primary bronchioles will be formed. will form secondary bronchioles. Terminal will form bronchioles. We will make Elvalai and These are making your entire lungs healthy Will be. So this trachea is yours in the left and right primary bronchi It gets converted. Primary bronchi. Right? At the level of T5 i.e. fifth thoracic At the level of the vertebra. Right? If I give you If I show you a goat brother here, then you will get a Will you get an idea of what T5 is? What is the fifth thoracic vertebra? See, this is Gotiya Bhai's backbone. So first of all I showed you seven bones They give. These are called cervical. Right? Look here C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 right? so it happens after cervical Your thoracic. so on this thoracic T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 come approximately at this level if If you look from the front then you will reach almost at this level the primary bronchi into two parts of your Whatever is there gets divided. Right? and after that forms your primary bronchi Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi and So on. That is, the part of your lungs which is It begins to get made. this is your overall Structure. So T5 means fifth thoracic Your primary bronchi form on the vertebrae Left primary bronchi on both sides, Right primary bronchi. Then this and Secondary bronchi are formed by branching. Then further branching happened that is tertiary Bronchi. Give then Initial bronchioles. thinner than the bronchi bronchioles. then after initialization the terminal that is, bronchioles with ends and thin and then your alveoli are vascular bags like structures that have thin epithelium It keeps on happening. simple squamous epithelium which that is very important for gaseous exchange It is important. So this is Alvalai There are small balloon like structures that that when the wind blows they swell and their The membrane becomes thinner. like if Let me talk about this, this is one of your balloons. So The wall of this balloon is very thick. right now for now It is very thick. When I put air into it Its wall will gradually become thinner. You You can try this at home also. any many It's not a big deal. Right? Now if you look at its wall it is very very Thin. Now its wall has become very thin. Can burst easily. First is what it is The wall was very thick. So now its wall is thin Has been. This allows the gases to be exchanged easily Will go. so the one which is alvalai is just like this Blood vessels are also found nearby. Blood The endothelium of the vessel is also very thin and your layer of alvalai that is Also squamous, this is also very thin. So From here oxygen gets loaded into the blood vessels and the CO2 that came from the blood vessel It gets loaded here. and then CO2 is sent out of the body and O2 Takes it inside the body. What do you do to this Can you believe it? You can call this from Let's Trachea Assume or you can assume respiratory passage Find out where the air is coming from to your alveoli Is. So this is your general mechanism that You get to see it. correct here But if you look at what lungs are Brother? First your external nostril. then your nasal passage here Cavity or nasal chamber. then after that your Pharyngeals, layerings and trachea. Even So there is no trace of the lungs. When Trachea primary is formed here isn't it bronchi when it's primary bronchi The one sitting there got divided on both sides. Left Primary bronchi Right primary bronchi then we say that lungs started Is. then these bronchi then secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi than initial bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, Alveoli is creating these different lungs. So If you look at the lungs, they start from number one. You did it. that is, your primary bronchi, Secondary bronchi, Tertiary bronchi, Initial bronchioles, terminal The bronchioles and your alveoli make up this are making lungs. Trachea before Your lungs hadn't started yet. if you Incomplete cartilaginous rings They are found in your trachea. Age Well Your edge is within 1 2 3 4. That means your Here the primary bronchi will be inside, inside the secondary bronchi, tertiary end initial inside the bronchi inside the bronchioles. i.e. terminal not found in bronchioles and alveoli Caste. The meaning of incomplete rings can be explained in this way This also caused small nails to appear in your house would have happened. Right? This is an incomplete C shape Is. why my friend? Because these you You bury it against the wall. so the back side There is support of the wall. you need somethin Needs to be stabilized a little bit. From lats This is your sketch pen. I have this on the wall Have to bury it. So the wall is behind you, edge a Support. Here I am showing this C shape structure I will put it in and hammer this nail. So I need to make a complete C shape structure I got it because it is already on the back side He is sitting with the support of the wall. Only I need to provide support for it from here It was from the front. so similarly if you look at The tube which is behind us, they have it The support is there. front side of these Cartilaginous ring like structures half Must be providing support. Hence, C shapes are cartilaginous rings that form around your It starts. At which level? Trachea At the level. and then initialize Are found up to bronchioles. This which have terminal bronchioles and have alveoli These include incomplete C shape cartilaginous rings Cannot be found. if you look through the nostril ranging from your nostrils to yours all the way to the terminal bronchioles It is called the conducting part. That means this whole What is the function of this entire part? to the air Delivery to Elveley. This gaseous exchange I am not getting it done. It only saves gas Catching hold of the air and bringing it To Elvalai. then this is called the conducting part Are. What does the conducting part do? between I know you have hair too If so, what do they do? Dust Particle Let's trap the. It's so big your There is a passage that as the air comes into it, It reaches close to body temperature. If the air is too hot, cool it down Are being given. if it's very cold then warm it up It is done. i.e. temperature maintenance It is given here. So transport does it air because the name itself is Conducting part. Clears the air. if there is any pathogen, dust, etc. Let us remove that. Humidifies, moistens the air, which causes its diffusion So that it can increase let's set the temperature. If the air is cold then I heated it up. it is hot then I cooled it down. take the temperature around the body coming. the alveoli and the ducts that connect them it shows your main exchange part Are. So this is called exchange or respiratory It is called a part. This is where your gases come from Get loaded into the blood vessels. As I showed you the Alvalai which is It has your blood vessels. So The oxygen that has just arrived in the alveoli will be loaded into the blood and the blood which is CO2 She has brought dirty blood, deoxygenated blood she has brought it, its CO2 will come into the alveoli And it will come out of your body. when you When you exhale, this whole There is a conducting part. STARTING From Your Nostril to Terminal of the bronchioles and your alveoli if you If we talk about the duct of alveoli then this It is called the exchange part. so the lungs which this is your balloon like structure and It is covered by double layered pleura. This is called the pleural membrane. then give There are layers. so the inner pleural membrane which is connected with the lungs and outer pleural membrane that connects external organs to is connected it's called visceral pleura and parietal pleura. Parietal ie Peripheral and visceral means with the viscera It is connected. and both of these layers The middle is filled with pleural fluid. Which is What does it provide? in a way Provides protection. Right? Because there are two layers, they are also together Do not get worn out. the friction between them it resists and this fluid is Always acts as a shock absorber. Any If it is also present in the organ then this Protects organs from getting damaged. So There are two plural layers and between them Pleural fluid will be found. See here The glottis can be covered by the epiglottis. Glottis epiglottis. AP means like above We study the epidermis in your plant. Derma means layer AP means the topmost one. So what's in here? Epiglottis Meaning a flap of cartilage over the glottis will remain. and this flap is your remover keeps happening and keeps covering things To. so cover uncover cover uncover this system It goes on. if you are breathing No? If you are breathing then the air that you are breathing It is very important to pass it properly. If you are eating food then it is better to eat that food It is necessary to pass from . If the food is your If it goes into the trachea, it will cause problems. Many times while eating you may have to make noise loudly. The cough starts. Why? Because The movement of this flap of yours is correct It cannot be done the right way. So your food is It goes into the wind pipe. from that There is a problem if you eat even a little bit He is gone then. and that's why your wind What do we have to do with the pipe? Cover Have to do it. so that when you eat If we are staying then the food should be separate. in the esophagus Let's go. Do not enter the wind pipe. Only air should enter your wind pipe. thats Why It Prevents the Entry of food in the larynx. so that the food which is that's in the larynx and the trachea and all of that Do not enter. So over the larynx What is found? The epiglottis is found Is. so that the air flows into the air pipe and the food goes into the eating pipe. There should be no mismatch between these two. in There should be no contamination between the two. watch now friend lungs are actually air Can be called tight chambers. Lungs Joe here is a present in a cage for you that it is air tight. the volume of the cage Only then will the volume of your lungs increase Will increase. You can understand that a bird it is late. You kept that bird for so long If kept in a cage, that bird will grow Only in the cage will she be able to fly. If you cage If you make it bigger then that bird will fly over larger areas I will be able to move around. i.e. the flight of a bird There is no time limit. but my friend he It is the cage that imprisons him. So This is your thoracic cavity right here Decides the volume of your lungs. If you want to enlarge the cavity of your thorax, If you take it, the volume of your lungs will increase automatically It will increase because it is like a balloon There is structure. The more space you give him, the more Your lungs will continue to grow bigger. So If you look at the lungs, these are the Dursleys i.e. the vertebral column from the back side i.e. are surrounded by the spinal cord. Further The sides are bounded by the sternum. this which your bones are where the ribs are shaped They are connected from both sides. this is Sternum. On the side is your rib cage. i.e that the whole web is made up of these From the whole rib. and below A dome shape is your structure which is called the diaphragm, which Mammals have a special identity. So my friend If you increase the size of the cage, that is If you increase thoracic volume, your Pulmonary volume i.e. the volume of the lungs It will increase automatically. And you know that If the volume is more somewhere then the pressure is less It happens. my friend if a very big The room has lots of gas particles in it So, their pressure is low right now. This is comfortable They are lying far away. but this room If I could put all the air in a box If I capture only this many molecules Lots of molecules in a small space now When they are found, they are very far from each other There will be more collisions and a lot of pressure I will create it. So if you need to breathe So the principle of diffusion says that if If you want to breathe then your air is It will come from high pressure to low pressure. Diffusion happens like this. High Pressure Two Low pressure. high concentration to low Concentration. if you need to breathe Low air pressure in my lungs Needed The air pressure should be low. i.e The volume should be higher. Volume Mostly the pressure has reduced. So here it is See if I have to breathe, if I have to If you want to do inhalation then here is your Is the diaphragm right? how to tamper with it Will it be given? What do we call this diaphragm? Will you do it? If you do it straight, the volume It will increase. If it is contracted. If This diaphragm is contracted like this The volume of the lungs is low. Isn't it? sorry if If you are relaxed then the volume of the lungs is less. If I contract it. Contract means shortening and shortening means Brother the shortest line connecting two points Which line is it? A straight line. So If I need to make the diaphragm smaller from point to this point so I am a straight line I will pull it. There is nothing smaller in the world than this It can't happen. So when is the diaphragm the smallest? will be? When will the most contracted happen? when he This way it can be found directly. So what about the lungs? The volume has increased, right? because first the diaphragm It was like that. So the volume of the lungs was this much As much as I am marking above. but now What happened, my brother? Now about your lungs The volume has increased so much, isn't it the one below The extra part of the diaphragm has arrived Due to the contract, the volume here When it increased, the pressure inside the lungs decreased The pressure decreased i.e. negative pressure Air will come in from outside in the lungs That means if inhalation happens then here The diaphragm has already contracted here along with this your intercostal External intercostal muscles There was also contraction of the ribs There are muscles in the middle, these are also your contract If this happens then your overall volume has increased due to this of the thoracic chamber of the thoracic chamber As the volume increased, the volume of the lungs increased. If the volume of the lungs increases then the pressure of the lungs Less. If the pressure of lungs is less then environmental The pressure is comparatively higher. so high pressure Low pressure air came from there. If you get air I have to leave it. If you need to release your breath High Pressure to Low Pressure Your Things Will go. That means high pressure in the lungs Needed High pressure in lungs The volume should be low. of the lungs If you take the volume then we feel the diaphragm is very weak I will make it bigger. I will relax you brother Relax comfortably. then your lungs What is the volume now? be so much Went. earlier when the diaphragm was contracted When he was the smallest, his lung volume was this much Was. Now its volume has reduced to almost half. This middle area has become empty. Volume If it has reduced so much then the pressure will increase and The pressure is more here then outside Comparatively less. So your high blood pressure will go down The pressure will release the air. That is, what is your Will you go? Expiration will occur. this we You saw because if your volume has reduced If it is your lungs then what is your pressure Will you go? It will increase. here the first one Your muscles were external intercostal muscles Both of these relax your diaphragm and your stomach. Have become. So when the external intercostal muscles and your diaphragm has contracted, As the size has become smaller the volume of the lungs has increased. And here is the volume of your lungs This has reduced. We got to see this For inspiration and. If you feel forceful If you want to breathe, you need to use some extra muscles One also has to take recourse to . which you I take time to do pranayam. abdominal There are also muscles and internal intercostal muscles are also there. You take their help for Forceful breathing. If you are very much If you are exerting force then additional muscles are also used You can take support. Right? So Breathing You normally do 12 to 16 in 1 minute By time and spirometer or respirometer You can measure how much air you inhale Or are you exiting in normal conditions? So normally we breathe 500 ml of air i.e. half a litre Inhale or exhale air. So from 12 16 times if you are doing inhalation, We are doing acceleration. That means you assume Okay, you have about six to eight liters of air, this is inhale in a minute or you can be measured with a respirometer or Can be measured with a spirometer. his There is also clinical significance that your lungs How is the capacity? you can check this It's from that machine. So there are a lot of Joe Lung Patients are given a spirometer He also goes to blow. You have many You must have seen in all the videos that a machine It is something that people are playing with. So Actually there is no playing machine. It Increases your lung capacity. Because you When you blow, there are some balls that go up They are going. so how hard do you blow hit so you keep that ball up With the air from your mouth. That's a spirometer. Isn't it? it used to check how much you Taking volume. also a meter with it It keeps on happening. It can be checked. Right? Edge Well Edge You can also increase your lung capacity Can be done. So those patients who are Basically this is also given. Now our The next topic is that is respiratory Volumes and Capacities. Volumes End Capacity means some volumes. Some? There are numbers. By adding and subtracting these volumes You can make some more formulas and You can remove the capacities. So I tell you I have to remember the volumes and nothing else. And Your main volume is only four. These give you a It has to be remembered in sequence only. To all First TV because it is the most common. Everyone's home There is a TV in it. So whatever you breathe is normal you will take it and leave it that is called as tidal Volume or TV. This is around 500 ml. it occurs. You breathed in 500 ml. 500ml You exhaled. You breathed in 500 ml. You exhaled 500 ml. normal condition That is TB. There is nothing more common than this. Then there is IRV i.e. Inspiratory Reserve Volume. IRV Inspiratory Reserve Volume. How many breaths did you take after a normal breath? will take in all the air in the universe What? No. Only 2.5 to 3 liters here I will take it in at once. That is 2500 to 3000 I pulled ml in one go. Such air which additionally I inhaled after TV. The TV is so yes. I took 500 ml. she is mine There is need. I took the TV. on top of that which lee that IS IRV 2E to 3 Liter ERV Expiratory reserve volume is the same thing But it is less, 1 to 1.1 litre sir why is it less you think about it, you just leave it yourself and see You will know why the air is low You can exhale as much air as you can take in can't because there is some air in the lungs Always needed otherwise it will collapse some air always remains in the respiratory tract otherwise it will collapse That is why there is always some amount of air left in them The air you take in is not the same amount of air you exhale That's why it is 1 to 1.1 litre. so normal After I exhaled the air, I exhaled as much air as I could Dum Laga Ke That is Your Expiratory Reserve Volume. Then I selected the reserved volume I told you that all the air cannot come out. Such air which I exhaled with great force. His Even after that it remained in the lungs. that is that is Your Residual Volume. Residual Mean Residue remaining 1.1 to 1.2 liters which The after forceful expiration also remained. And Apart from that, in your respiratory tract There remains some separate air which we have here I don't read. him your anatomical dead This is called volume which is about 150 of your It is around 200 ml. in many books Only 150 ml is written. So these four things Are. First breathed normally. normal breath I left it. TV i.e. Title Vol. half litre We can say 500 ml. breathed normally and I took a breath. 2.5 to 3 litre IRV Inspiratory Reserve Vol. normal breath I exhaled too much, I exhaled too hard I shouldn't have left it, otherwise I would have left from somewhere else is the respiratory reserve volume ERV one to 1.1 liters and breathe hard that which remained in the lungs even after quitting Is your residual volume IRV all four Volume is Tidal Volume Inspiratory Reserve volume Excitatory reserve volume Residual volume is all the volume in What do we do by adding up the volumes? can create capacity for Example Inspiratory Capacity Inspiratory capacity means the TV is and if IRV has inspiratory then IRV has Add TV and you are done with 1 + 2 Like 500 ml will become 2 to 3 ml i.e. 3 to 3.5 Your litre will become EC i.e. expiratory Capacity expiratory means the same for TV connect it and connect your ERV together If there is expiratory then expiratory reserve Add the volume, FRC i.e. functional Residual capacity is divided into three and four Connect your RV and ERV Two. Functional residual capacity, right? Residual capacity should be functional. Loudly you have not exhaled and the residual There is volume and it is also filled inside. i.e ERV + Rv ie 3 + 4 Vital Capacity 1 + 2 + 3 i.e. TV + IRV + ERV You can figure it out. you already know What are their volumes? and total lung Capacity means you can add all 1, 2, 3, 4 Keep doing it. If you add these four then You get TLC i.e. Total Lung Capacity will go. and that if you start this If you add three, you will get vital capacity I will get it. And then you will get FRC Residual Volume and Expiratory Reserve Adding volume to end If inspiratory capacity is TV + IRV If expiratory then TV + ERv If it is inspiratory then I took IRV If it is expiratory then ERV is taken FRC If yes then take your 3 + 4 and then it is vital Capacity 1 + 2 + 3 Total Lung Capacity Sum the volumes of all four If it is total then the sum of all four will be that that is your total lung capacity. Right? Once If you look at it carefully you will understand it. You should read everything once Needed Then it would make more sense to you The things that happened might be visible here. main is Gaseous Exchange. then the gaseous exchange rate The primary side is the alveoli. Isn't it? What other factors affect To the gaseous exchange? When is gaseous exchange Will it be more? Brother your gaseous exchange Through whom does it happen? Through diffusion. And When will diffusion be more? When the pressure or The concentration gradient will be higher. Brother Suppose there are two boxes here. a box Let's assume these are two boxes. in a box There are six molecules and two in a box There are molecules. so high concentration to low concentration things will move but a little slow Will go. there are 600 molecules here and There are two molecules here. now here Concentration too high. concentration here Very little. The molecules here are dying have to go to that side because of the difference It is very big. first there's six molecules, Here the difference between two molecules is only four. 600 molecules here, two molecules here The bigger the difference of 598, the more The molecules will rush faster. i.e The bigger the gradient the faster The molecules will diffuse. Second The important thing is the thickness of the Membrane. The thinner the membrane, the Diffusion would be good. Thick Diffusion There should be no boundaries. like your The skin is very thick. so what from here Does gaseous exchange take place? No. But The blood vessels in your body which There are alveoli through which gaseous exchange takes place. So you see this is your alveoli, lungs. has alveoli and blood vessels near it and between this alveoli and the blood vessel It is basement material. all three of these three The layers together are less than 1 mm thick When it comes to their diameter. So my Brother there are three layers. Still less than 1 mm This is their thickness. So it is very thin And she became thinner. so that's why here is better Diffusion occurs. Isn't it? then there are three layers Their thickness is also less than 1 mm. End Third - solubility. If something is too much It is soluble. If something is more soluble in the membrane so easily both the membranes It will cross the . Low in any membrane If it is a soluble substance, it does not cross the membrane will be able to do it. so the more the soliloquy the more the Diffuse. So here you have a principal It turns out that the amount of carbon dioxide Solvency is 20 to 25 times yours There is more age compared to oxygen. that's why Your CO2 is more soluble in blood plasma If yes then he travels a lot. Oxygen Travels less. So these are the three things. Firstly, your membrane should be thin. Right? having a gradient that is good enough Needed That means there should be a difference. one place There must be something in excess. one place less It will move from maximum to minimum, It will defuse. and third solubility The molecules should be high. then go Your diffusion is happening in a great way Will be seen. So look at the world here In your oxygen and CO2 These are molecules, what is their gradient? Let's try to understand that NCERT This is the table of . so if you're in the atmosphere If you look, there is an atmosphere in the atmosphere How much pressure do you have? Around 760 mmhg around 760 mmhg. and to you Know how much your oxygen contribution is does it? around 20.8% so your here How much pressure is there? 159 comes out of 760 mmhg and your CO2 is nickel It comes around 3. So this is in MMA Your pressure is given in the atmosphere 159 and 3 i.e. oxygen in the atmosphere too much and CO2 too little. than yours too much oxygen in the alveoli because If you have breathed then there is oxygen in the alvalai It's full and your 40. always remember this The minimum number will be 40. The minimum number is 40. Leave aside the environment i.e. atmosphere Leave it alone. The CO2 you have there, it If it is 0.03% then its number comes out to be 3 And your oxygen level is around 21% So his number comes out to be 159 MMAg. Apart from that, if there is any shortage anywhere then it What will happen to you? He will remain sitting with 40 marks. Like here CO2 is less by 40 and oxygen is less by 40. CO2 is low 40, oxygen is low 40. whenever If the value is less then it will be 40. and when If there is more CO2 then there will be more oxygen It won't be much. when his oxygen is low If the value is 40 then there is not much CO2 It will be. It will be around 45. When the oxygen level is 40 So CO2 45 did not increase much. When the oxygen of 40 so CO2 45 did not increase much. But When there is more oxygen, it will be too much will be. Like when your CO2 level is 40 then your oxygen level is 40. of 95 in oxygenated blood. When 40% of CO2 is So there is 104 oxygen in the alveoli. So this How can you understand that? Aa dot A A dot A means atmosphere A means alveoli D Means deoxygenated. The meaning of O Oxygenated. T means tissue. a dot in A particular sequence. A for Atmosphere. In this we know that the reaction of 159O2 and its After 3CO2. Second your Elvalai. Elvalai I know there will be plenty of oxygen. So The lower number will always be 40. Oxygen 104 Tot deoxygenated. Deoxygenated means There is no oxygen. So there is less oxygen. so less whose number is always 40 and CO2 is more than oxygen Can't be too much. so it is 45 After that O means oxygenated blood. Your oxygen levels are high in oxygenated blood It will be too much. it is around 95 and less If the number is for CO2 then it will definitely be 40. And T means tissue. CO2 in the tissues is formed during metabolic reaction There is more CO2 and less oxygen, so 40. CO2 not much more than oxygen will be. 45 You remember all the values They go away. Now see what are your steps In respiration? The first is pulmonary ventilation. That is, you will breathe and your You will fill your lungs with air. That means you breathed Lee, inspired the air and into your lungs The wind came and settled down. this is pulmonary ventilation. The second process is your diffusion Across alveoli. That means it is Elvalai. These Where will your oxygen be loaded? These This particular one will load your oxygen In the area. Will load oxygen. And If my friend loads oxygen then this oxygen that goes to your tissues Will go. And where did the CO2 go after coming here? Will she go? Yours will go here. Isn't it? And CO2 will go out of your body. So Diffusion across alveoli so that CO2 Your outside O2, your inside this is for you to see Found it. Transport of gases by blood. Now The blood which carries oxygen reaches here And arrived here with CO2. this is Transport. Fourth Diffusion Between Blood and tissues. between blood and tissue Diffusion or yes brother oxygen your tissues and you send CO2 out of your tissue Gave. Gave it in the blood. and the fifth respiration These tissues. now in the tissue if your Oxygen has arrived, so this energy is created here will take it. You got to see this work. So relax Look from. First of all how much in the atmosphere Oxygen? Oxygen in the atmosphere 159 How much oxygen is in the alveoli? In Elvalai 104. 104 in Elvalai. so 159 more than 104 Less. So will the air come in? Lungs It will come in. Now the wind has come here. There is 104 oxygen here. came from here Deoxygenated blood. In deoxygenated Oxygen is 40, so there is less oxygen here Is. It's 104 here. Oxygen from here to here loaded and oxygenated blood your Went to the tissues. Now Oxygenated If there is blood then what will be its value? 95 and oxygen in the tissues is low. that is 40 so went with 95 to 40. Isn't it? Then what is the value of CO2 here? There is more CO2 here 45 and here There was oxygenated blood. here it was 40 and 45 40% CO2 was loaded here. After that this You grew up here. so here if you Look at the amount of CO2 in deoxygenated blood What is the value? of CO2 in 45 Elves Eye The value 40 moved from 45 to 40 and Here's your 40 value of CO2 and out How much is there in the atmosphere 03 then outside The side went away. So why did the oxygen come in? Why did the CO2 go out? This is the whole of It's a game of gradients. If you find this table If you remember then normally you can easily do all these You can track things. easily these can read and understand everything Are. this is your overall mechanism of Gaseous Exchange. Now if you look at Transport of gases Different gases i.e. how oxygen and co2 are transported Are? So oxygen is 97% of your RBC Transport takes place through. Because RBC is red blood cell and its color is red Who provides it? Hemoglobin. So There is a vehicle called hemoglobin which is four Oxygen can hold molecules together. Oxygen molecules means O2. So someone ask How many can Le Atom seat? Eight atoms seated and can combine four oxygen molecules She can sit. If it is a four seater car then four The oxygen molecules sit on top of it And RBC keeps your blood flowing remains. So your from one place to another It will take the oxygen and leave it. So Reversible binding occurs. to the oxygen He can hold it, and he can also let it go. Right? And 3% only through plasma. Because There is not much solubility in plasma. What did I tell you? CO2 is 20 to 25 Times more soluble than O2. So the plasma Who will travel more than O2 in 2015? CO2 So only 3% of O2 travels through plasma He does. While CO2 is absorbed through 7% plasma He travels. of plasma around the double Travels through. RBC here is 97% Carries oxygen. Here only 20 to 25% Takes away your CO2. end goes to 70% This is in the format of bicarbonate. so this Your two lines form a question Are. First of all, someone should ask for oxygen How was the transportation done? RBC's Through 97% Plasma Through 3% CO2 How did it happen that it is more soluble This plasma is more than double the amount of oxygen Traveled through. Oxygen 3% Plasma Was going through. Your CO2 decreased by 7% Through plasma. Your contribution to RBC Through 20 to 25% i.e. average 23% 7 and 23 30 Have become. The remaining 70% goes as edge Bicarbonate. So someone should ask about maximum CO2 Is transported by bicarbonate. And Maximum O2 is transported as you Hemoglobin sitting in RBC will speak It is sent after being seated in it. So If we talk about oxygen transport So hemoglobin is these four oxygen molecules with eight oxygen atoms can bind reversibly with. That means there is little benefit in taking a ride. Drop off the passenger at the right place If it is there then take it to the destination and drop it off Also gives. So here comes a curve. To understand this thing in the best way This is called oxygen hemoglobin Dissociation curve. Now the name of this curve is Why is there a dissociation curve? Because this From the particular curve, we know that At which points and for which reasons oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin He could, he could move away. Right? So this is yours is a sigmoid curve. Isn't it? S shape is a curve Which is called the sigmoid curve. so here your pressure is partial pressure It is about oxygen, right? 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 this is your percentage of oxygen in mmag There is pressure. and if you look here This is percentage saturation. Percentage Saturation means how much haemoglobin The oxygen molecules have settled. So When oxygen and hemoglobin are friends it is called oxyhemoglobin Is. and when carbon dioxide and If hemoglobin becomes friends then it is called It is called carbamino hemoglobin. So Here my friend is one of your lets Your hemoglobin level has dropped to oxygen level Above. So one out of four seats got filled 25% Saturation has happened. Then your second one sat down. Two out of four seats were filled. 50% saturation. The third sat at 75% saturation. The fourth sat down 100% saturation. so if you look at it it is A cooperative process. cooperative process Meaning it is a process like extending hands together These. first if you look at the first oxygen Partial pressure is quite good while sitting Put. Look here, it is quite good. Second in sitting that is 50% if you look from 25 If you go 50% then the pressure increases a lot It did not happen. look here here your one or two The seat was filled. This axis grew so much but here But it grew just a little. His After 75% see what is too much in 75 Was there any growth? no brother the third one is more easy Climbed from. Do not increase the pressure too much Fell. And the fourth one is now completely full brother It has been done. so here this is your full It becomes saturated. after that the game is over goes. So there was a problem in seating the first one. There is less difficulty in seating the second person and in seating the third person There is less problem in it, and even lesser problem in seating the fourth one Difficulty. Three are already there to support him For. but after the fourth you can't do it any more Can I sit? That's why it saturates. You can't sit on it any more. Now no one 100% your efficacy has been reached here. Now if you look at this curve, many times Can also shift to the right hand side And it can also shift to the left hand side Is. If it shifts to the right hand side is having a curve it means oxygen and Hemoglobin's friendship is breaking. These are getting dissociated. So which ones There are factors that can dissociate you The friendship between oxygen and hemoglobin. The soldiers of our country are always right. That's why the trick is named Cadet Right. Cadet Isn't it right? it shifts to the right side Will go. When? When the cadet grows up. The cadet will grow Meaning C means CO2 will increase. CO2 value If you increase the probability of CO2 sticking to hemoglobin will try. Kicking the Oxygen Down He will take it off. then oxygen and hemoglobin The friendship will break. Will acidity increase or protons? The concentration will increase. which is acidity and If acidity increases then the PA of acid decreases. So these three things are the same. Now, acidity It means CO2 will increase, brother, write it in longer form. COO that is carboxylic acid group. CO2 If it increases then acidity will increase by default. So CO2 will increase and acidity will increase. The meaning of D DPGA Dye Phosphoglyceric Acid Enhanced Agar So your graph will go to the right side. of E Means you are exercising. Graph Right It will go to the side. T means temperature increased The graph will move to the right side. That is, oxygen And the friendship of hemoglobin will break. and if The graph went to the left side i.e. their The friendship is becoming stronger. all of these what should I do? Turn it upside down. CO2 is decreasing Is. Friendship is strong, acidity is reducing. Friendship is strong, DPGA is reduced, friendship Sure, less exercise, stronger friendship, Temperature low, friendship strong. So this graph This tells us when a friendship is strong will it be? That means left. And when will the friendship end? Of oxygen and hemoglobin? That is right. That's why we saw the trick here cadet Right. So 100 ml of oxygenated blood which is This oxygen carrier carries 5 ml oxygen Carries and 100 ml deoxygenated Blood carries only 4 ml of CO2 Is. So transport of CO2 should also be considered once Let's talk about it. Look at it in a simple way What did I say? Your CO2 which is for the cell It will be made inside. This is your cell or tissue. What is being made inside it? CO2 is being produced By metabolic reactions. And what is this? You have a blood vessel. similarly this is your blood It is a vessel. And what is this around you? It is Elvalai. Right? where you have to convert CO2 Finally, we have to reach out. So here it is There is tissue. CO2 is created here and you CO2 has to be delivered to the alveoli. by which you You can throw out the CO2 by exhaling. So here CO2 is produced by the tissue Inside. Now it can move in three ways. 70% edge bicarbonate 7% dissolved in Plasma end 23% or you can say 20 to 25% These RBCs. So what happened here? To all First CO2 which is your dissolved state I came in. Dissolved state i.e. edge plasma 7% game over. There is no need to talk about this. it Your plasma will keep flowing and your reach will be Where will he go? you will reach here Very easily. Plasma flows It will stay and get loaded at Elvalai In. There is no problem with this one. Seconds what we say that's your RBC. How will it go to RBC? this is yours Erythrocyte. How will it go to RBC? Understand this. here at It can settle in your RBC hemoglobin levels and carbomino Hemoglobin can be formed. So RBC's There is hemoglobin inside and CO2 sits on top of it Around 23%. When this RBC travels So it will reach you along with it HBCO2 means your hemoglobin is different Will go. Then your CO2 will be separated. This CO2 Will also reach your Elvalai. In this There is no problem either. in some RBCs They sat on haemoglobin, some directly Went to plasma. The main one is bicarbonate. What happened here? CO2 came from your RBC In. If you look at RBC, here CO2 which interacts with water There is an enzyme called karaya and it is responsible for the synthesis of RBC. is also found and some in the plasma as well It is found at the level. a small amount It is found in. Its name is carbonic. Anhydrase. carbonic anhydrate which convert CO2 and water to carbonic acid Join it and then break it also. Can do both types of reactions. So H2CO3 is obtained by combining CO2 and water carbonic acid is formed and carbonic acid It also breaks down into HCO3 and protons. After that What does this HCO3 do to you? Comes out. enters the plasma. And if HCO3 i.e. any negative ion is outside If it comes, then Cl negative will already be present in the plasma Are found. Where do these of yours go? This goes into your RBC's Compensation. Both things go together. Brother if there is any negative thing outside RBC If it has come out then for charge compensation your Anything from the plasma can also enter the RBC. will have to be sent through which RBC charge will be paid Don't be disrupted. So we put chlorine inside Sent it. this is called chloride shift phenomenon It is said. Chloride Shift Phenomena goes. Right? So what happened here? How will bicarbonate be formed? There is CO2. Water You are found inside every cell. Both will get mixed. Carbonic in the presence of anhydrase enzyme and H2CO3 will be formed. H2CO3 Organic Anhydrase can break down as well as make HCO3 and H positive. Right? So your HCO3 Came out. It got into the plasma. move forward what happens? It travels in plasma will keep doing this and what will happen in the end to HCO3 Will you go? Yours went back to RBC Will go. And the same reaction will occur. reverse direction In. HCO3 which is now combined with the proton will produce H2CO3. and H2CO3 then CO2 and It will break in water. happens in the water cell and where will your CO2 go? Elvalai. I know it looks like It is complex but it is complex Not there. Listen carefully. Listen carefully. Your CO2 is stored in the tissues. Now that is CO2 Inside the tissue it either comes into the plasma Directly 7% game will end. Plasma will continue to travel through and reach Elvalai will reach. Or is it your hemoglobin level will make friends with him and carbomino hemoglobin around 23% and He will travel sitting in RBC. rbc Who will you take it to? Near Elvalai And after going there it will release CO2. The friendship between hemoglobin and CO2 will break. So it is very simple. when it comes to So what is bicarbonate? CO2 arrived Inside your blood. Isn't it? Inside the RBC RBC has an enzyme called carbonic Anhydrase. Those enzymes are also present in plasma can be found. So the RBC has carbonic Got anhydrous. So the ratio of CO2 and water They became friends and made Carbonic acid H2CO3. Now this is H2CO3 It can also be broken down into carbonic acid and makes proton and HCO3 negative And this HCO3 travels in negative plasma Can do. This is in HCO3 negative plasma I reached here while travelling. Now all of the The reactions will be opposite. What was made first? Water and by mixing CO2 to form H2CO3 then protons and HCO3 negative. Now HCO3 negative again will move into the RBC and along with the protons It will combine together to form H2CO3. Then organic Anhydrous is converted back to CO2 and water will take it. The water will remain in the cell. CO2 Out That's it. That's it. There are three reactions. Is No? Just assume two. and both carbonic Only anhydrates can catalyze your Is. mixing water and carbon dioxide breaking down H2CO3 and H2CO3 into H positive end HCO3 negative. Now turn it around HCO3 goes near the alveoli and becomes negative and H by mixing the positive H2CO3 and breaking it down H2O and CO2 that's it. So when CO2 is If you want to make bicarbonate then use this pathway I followed it and sent it to the plasma And when you want to do the opposite, use plasma It is called into RBC and the CO2 and water are Did them separately. That's it. This is your CO2 There is transport which we saw here. Now look at regulation of respiration that you How can we regulate respiration? Sometimes you have to breathe fast or on a normal basis But if respiration is to be done then your body How is she so capable? how is it so powerful that's basically 12 to 16 times since you were born I've been breathing continuously ever since and you You are not even thinking about it, even then your The body is breathing. How? that is the The Most Important Thing. then give it to your brain There are important centres. The first one is the center This is in the medulla. Right? this is medulla Wala center. This is called the main centre. M for medulla. M for Men Respiratory Center or Respiratory Rhythm Center. Normal breathing to the rhythm of respiration this will control breathing and Leave. second pos p for pos p for Pneumatoxic Center. Pneumatoxic Center What does he do? This hits the medulla several times He controls and says brother Breathe out quickly. what's in the body Is it happening? Too much CO2 and protons Are increasing. Acid and CO2 are increasing Is. Because of which what is happening? Yours There is a shortage of oxygen. So quickly they Get out and get oxygen. So breathe fast It starts coming. It starts to go away quickly. CO2 and protons are removed quickly And oxygen is quickly filled in the body goes. So whenever there is any problem in the body If the signal is received then the Pneumotoxic Centre which is present in the pons, it connects the medulla He says, come on brother, get to work. breathe fast breathe fast Leave it. Right? So what happens here? Basically if you look at it, lets say your If you want to do normal breathing then your This Respiratory Rhythm Center is still working Is. You are breathing normally. Normally You are breathing out. If you understand Cerebrospinal fluid is the brain's fluid Fluid. it has more protons and CO2 or Around this medulla of yours, your It is filled with fluid. From lettuce in it More protons and more CO2 you have Went. then it will find out Have to take it out. So the POS gives this signal. Isn't it? And he says, what should I do quickly? Respire. Something Similar to Heart You have separate sensors. Such as Your Auto Which is your main artery. Right? which is all of Supplies oxygenated blood to the body. The arch of the main artery It is called erotic arc. and the carotid artery which supplies blood to your heart Is. We call this this Arch of the carotid artery. So Erotic Arc and the carotid arterial arch is what When your same protons and CO2 start increasing So this can also give signals to your medulla and you can say that brother quickly breathe in quickly breathe out oxygen increase the volume by breathing quickly and Reduce the amount of CO2 and protons. Isn't it? So here are some additional regulations for you Are found. If you are talking about disorder If we look into it, then the most common disorder is this Asthma. The buzzing sound comes in here. That is, breath If you take it, a sound will come. because here in Which of yours gets inflammation? of the bronchi and bronchioles. That means your If the bronchi and bronchioles are swollen There is less space inside them now. So you are very If you are not able to take in much air, you Ultimately there will be difficulty in breathing. Understanding Here, this is the pipe. Now if this tap it may become inflamed, it may become conscious, it may become conscious from within If it swells from inside then its overall This hole will become smaller, right? So I can't breathe very well with this will get it. That means here inflammation of It becomes bronchi and bronchioles. That Because of this, breathing is not proper. There is difficulty in breathing. Aphthma If you talk about chronic disorder It develops with time. You will need this Disorder has to be brought about. Isn't it? How? Keep smoking cigarettes. So Chronic There is a disorder. It is caused by smoking cigarettes. With time you will see this disease. Where the wall of Alvalai is yours what happens? this is your disrupt They go away and get damaged. Your Gaseous exchange is not happening properly gets it. And if the wall of your alveoli is damaged If they have become less then their overall surface area It happens. so much oxygen doesn't reach It is able to reach the body as much as it should. An occupational lung disorder means you may have some Let's work. You are late to some factory I work in a glass factory, In the stone factory, in the metal industry So their particles go into your lungs. Can be done. can go into your tracts And can cause fibrosis. i.e Fiber accumulation will start occurring. which of yours These are your lungs, they are no longer like balloons Instead of being flexible, you will start becoming rigid. And ultimately you will have a lot of trouble It can. Let's say there is no traffic Let's work. Right? Traffic Department But they have to stand there like this In an area where there are a lot of vehicles. So they need to wear masks. otherwise their A lot of dust will enter the lungs. So Silicosis if you are around silica Asbestosis If you are using glass and metal If in the factory, then silica and Asbestosis is silicosis or asbestosis Can. I have a method to treat these Whether it is called protection or not, it is that you wear a mask Wear it and ultimately take care of your family do it too because their safety is in your hands There is security. So, if someone works in such an area If he does then you can suggest them too. That you wear a mask and of good quality Please wear a mask. because these particles are enough They are thin. Very low quality masks They can also enter through this and affect the lungs. As Well as Damage to the Respiratory Tract Can do it. So these were your chapters Some of the Benefits of Breathing and Exchange of Gases Notes. And I hope you liked this chapter You must have understood it this way. pure concrete It must have been cleared this way. if yes then you You can tell me in the comment section How did you like this session? in the next session I will be taking the summary of body fluids and circulations. That means here we You must be discussing the circulatory system. About Human Heart and Human Heart All the important functions related to we are talking about them Will be. Allright. So thank you so much. bye-bye Take care. Lots of love. Jai Hind. I I will meet you in the next session. Till then yours Take care and keep studying. lots of Love. Jai Hind.