Lecture on Byzantine Empire, Rise of Islam, and Feudal Europe

so we talk about our first Empire that proceeds 1200 by a lot it&#39;s the old Roman Empire&#39;s the eastern Roman Empire they didn&#39;t call themselves this but what do we call them Byzantine Empire all right and they&#39;re roughly 330 when they split in Rome the east side to 1453 when they&#39;re overcome by the Ottoman Turks which we&#39;ll talk about later so Byzantines their Roman what&#39;s the Greek right but they&#39;re they call themselves Romans despite not being blind people but they do use a lot of Roman systems and Greek culture Roman culture mix it together so cut the Byzantine Empire they&#39;re going to be a force to be reckoned with for quite a while we have our famous Emperor who reconquered the West after it fell to Germanic invaders what was his name Justinian yeah he did a few things his wife Nora she&#39;s actually quite famous because uh there was one point where there was a rebellion in Constantinople which was the next question wasn&#39;t asked was the capital but there you go in Constantinople and Justinian was like gonna bail and she&#39;s like I&#39;m the Empress or you&#39;re the Emperor or something like that and I&#39;m not going anywhere and so he&#39;s like okay and so they stayed and their elite guards actually beat the rebellion and they got to stay there had they left they probably have lost it would&#39;ve been a big issue but uh they won so yeah her of course lost and she died then it would not have been yay her but they didn&#39;t so yeah her alright capital Constantinople they do like you said Rome is sacked and conquered by you know a mix of the Visigoths and later the lumbars all kinds of Germanic invaders you need to know those details just know the West fell they temporarily reconquered it for a century or so but I mean it&#39;s really hard to hold on and at this so they lose it again and for quite a while they sit there pretty content with their holdings in the eastern Mediterranean fighting their arch-rivals to the east yeah this parking and incessant it Persian Empire right so Persia reappears after of course the Hellenistic Greeks are chased out so they battle off and on for a long time right so we have some Persian Byzantine Wars Roman Wars those are gonna exhaust both leaving them vulnerable to somebody else later we&#39;ll pick that up in a minute but let&#39;s stick with Justinian here for a second why else do we care about Justinian or least damn reference yeah the code so what was the code all about so yeah we have a he&#39;s a great Emperor reconquered and stuck it out and beat the rebellion all that but he established Justinian&#39;s code so why why do we care about that okay here fine here we make some good answers yet exactly it&#39;s the first real attempt by a government to form a legal system other than just like arbitrarily making laws that enforce the hierarchy right we talked about before most laws before just were meant to keep the people up top happy the elites nice and happy paying less taxes they&#39;re not many you know laws that apply to them etc but this is the first one that really tried to make law like a profession like here&#39;s a system of laws here&#39;s how you can interpret them you know started getting people that forming formed professions like lawyers you get the ideas of jurors and using evidence to prove things it&#39;s not like they have this wonderful complex system like we do now but the seeds are sown for that all right so it&#39;s like the world&#39;s first legal system that can be thought about articulated interpreted argued and that&#39;s how Western law is going to start developing that&#39;s the important sequence of it because we will talk about that later we talk about that later when we talk about monarchs in Europe and having a right to a trial a speedy trial at least in the United States and then you know treating prisoner you mainly all that kind of stuff it&#39;s part of that legal system that development of Western law and that&#39;s kind of the start of it Justinian scope so that&#39;s why you want to know Justinian&#39;s code at least okay so we got that is the Byzantine Empire and economically relevant in a period one yeah they are so they&#39;re a big part of the Mediterranean Sea trade network obviously they do connect with the East off and on through which was their primary city that they lose the herbs right so they&#39;re an certainly an economic horse right religiously their unique religiously they were a Christian well they aren&#39;t Christian along with the Romans up until about a thousand fifty four C II when something happened what&#39;s called the Great Schism for the east-west schism what happened there though something split with something right so that&#39;s what I&#39;m a big split in Christianity the Byzantine side goes the way of Eastern Orthodox Christianity and the West stays with the Pope and Roman they become known as Roman Catholics before versus Christians now we have specific I guess we&#39;d say sex or nominations all right so they pretty much just copied this exact same hierarchy right yet Pope Cardinals priests all the way down bishops priests all the way down who&#39;s gonna run this Eastern Orthodox Church of the patriarch of Constantinople just kind of like a pope with another name as well as bishops instead of Cardinals but before they try that they try something else they try having a Emperor meet both of the rooms but it becomes too difficult to have a political leader who&#39;s also your supposing moral to legislature does it mean you can&#39;t be forgiving and wonderful and moral if you&#39;re a political leader gloss to punish people kill people and some of them were rather immoral with their lifestyles so these according to Christian morality so c0 Pape ISM doesn&#39;t last again that&#39;s where the religious leader is also the political leader to the Emperor that goes out the gate but they do adopt the patriarch system which is much like the Roman Catholic hope and do they spread this Eastern Orthodox belief anywhere where who who does it first of all Cyril methodius are their primary missionaries in which which they convert multiple ethnic groups what&#39;s the largest one that they can burn on this lot of people of Eastern Europe so this chunk ish I mean there&#39;s a bunch of Catholic enclaves in there too but this largely converts to Eastern Orthodox and that&#39;s do the efforts of Cyril and Methodius and those are the all right Byzantines though they are weakened by invaders wars with the Persians wars with the Arabs as well as rebellions and disease so the last for quite a while in fact even though they get pushed back by the Arabs later almost out of Turkey they do have this moment like a century or so it&#39;s called Macedonian Renaissance when they actually go back and take back along the territory they lost and then the Kirk&#39;s come in to take that all back so it&#39;s kind of a seesaw thing but we don&#39;t talk to the Turks yet what was that example of a rebellion that weakened the Byzantine Empire that&#39;s what comprehend right so again didn&#39;t succeed but weakened them financially militarily because they I mean the Byzantine Empire had to like turn around their army once or maybe twice from fighting the Arabs and the Caliphate to come back and put down this rebellion so as well as in the 1300s a major disease epidemic probably the worst first epidemic the Black Death right came from where yeah yeah okay the Mongols did bring across the Silk Road but yes it was from China spread with Mongols Hmong goals across Asia and it just ravaged Europe in the Mediterranean okay so we can do by rebellion disease and of course conflicts with Arabs and later Turks are you just say Muslims so what&#39;s the air to Turks Oh in Persians mance everybody Persians Arabs Turks most of the old classical empires Persia on dynasty the Mario Gupta empires of India that we didn&#39;t learn about but existed most of those guys are going to fall for the same reasons a combination of or a combination of rebellions internally disease epidemics and of course conflicts with other large states all right so is that all we have Byzantines I think so right yeah I believe so so who comes out of the woodwork and defeats wipes out entirely one and pushes back another of the two largest empires at the time in the 600&#39;s the air is right so out of Arabia come this Muslim group this umam this Caliphate that is going to catch the Persians and Byzantines quite off guard who have just been punching the crap out of each other essentially through a series of wars and in fact the best of my knowledge I believe there was also civil war in Persia going on the Arabs show up defeat Persia incorporated eventually and push the Byzantines out of Egypt and out of the Middle East and that why was that important to the Byzantines yeah that was a really lucrative area for them regarding trade okay cool let&#39;s zoom in on Islam net if they bust out of Arabia and the six and seven hundred all rights who started it alright it&#39;s long and he is going to have that vision in the desert of course writing his beliefs down on Quran right in Arabic what are the five pillars Hajj once your God in the cool so we&#39;ve got one God which is the law just the name forgotten in Arabic mom is the Prophet we&#39;ve got these aren&#39;t in order by the way the Hajj we&#39;ve got fasting we&#39;ve got the app praying five times a day towards Mecca as well as between almsgiving so this London some of these beliefs are these all original ideas no they&#39;ve syncretized some beliefs what are they syncretized fasting okay they comes they certainly syncretized fasting likely from christianity or judaism okay what else monotheism right from Zoroastrianism Christianity and Judaism at that point right there surrounded by that got Zoroastrian here Judaism Christianity here they&#39;re surrounded by that what about what Arabic believes that they keep them yeah the Hajj the Kaaba that&#39;s a Mecca all right that&#39;s gonna be kept from their pagan arab beliefs and they&#39;re gonna kind of mix those things all to make what is the structure of this long cool um he tries going to Mecca and you know showing this new system off but they don&#39;t like it why don&#39;t they like it almost giving right because this is a particularly wealthy and corrupt city so he goes Medina get some support takes over Mecca and keeps on going and conquers all over the Arab territories in where in Arabic Arabian Peninsula that&#39;s it&#39;s largely Saudi Arabia now but yeah this Arabian Peninsula is united and that&#39;s when they come out and they surprise everybody they push back to beat the Persians they push back and don&#39;t defeat the Byzantines but push them out of their way from North Africa and they keep going so Mohammed unites the Arabs then he dies and we immediately a controversy in the 600&#39;s what&#39;s the controversy we should rule right so the Sunnis say Alex and ESA all right so we immediately have a split soon as Mohammed dies between these Sunni and the Shia right they believe brother-in-law should lead I don&#39;t know why they considered that blood relative his you know whatever and they believe in caliph should be the leader okay what&#39;s a caliph this long though was at the Caliphate essentially going to be initially believes in this community of believers where when you convert you become a part of this community and it&#39;s your duty to protect Islam and spread it what was that constant right listen ma is going to be a literal military force initially and when a caliph is leading it who has a religious and political authority what is that type of government call Cal invade right so they go round after Muhammad we have a period known as the pork Alex they&#39;re leading things and they conquer into Persia into North Africa into Mesopotamia ah but they come across a good civilization that knows how to stew administer empires Persia right so they start adopting centralized administration I guess policies are tactics and they start developing these local rulers that are not religious authority figures they select to enforce the religious laws but they can&#39;t change religious laws or ideas but there are political leaders and those are Sultan&#39;s yeah exactly and the rulers of these provinces and regions are Sultan&#39;s and what do we call that type of form of government with a sultan a right however the difference a caliph has both religious and political authority much like a Caesar wrote Pape ISM type thing but Kalin or sorry the Sultan&#39;s have to enforce the religious laws but they can&#39;t change them right but they can change their own local political laws exactly okay and that becomes the dominant form of government for Arabs okay but however we have a human nature takes over and we have a more so greed based qu / take over a tribe or portion of this group is going to run things until about 750 what is that new caliphate can be called beyond right state conquering North Africa into Spain into Central ladies of Persia and they are the ones that get to be Turks they even defeat - it was them that feed the Tong dynasty which was in China as they were expanding westward alright they stopped Chinese expansion alright so until about 750 and then who who usurps power from them right and they&#39;re gonna be the ones that last even though they don&#39;t run a rule over direct this entire area it&#39;s mostly just local Sultanate&#39;s that are paying tribute to them but this absent caliphates and last all the way till about twelve fifty eight one who destroys their primary city of Baghdad the Mongols right Mongols come in destroy the city but caliphates continue some Mongols and this and again what remind me what their imperial city was called again Baghdad right we&#39;ll talk more about that next week as far as like you know the House of Wisdom and all that stuff but so Baghdad&#39;s destroyed however most of the caliphates military force at this point is not just arabs in fact they&#39;re mostly non Arabs so whether they&#39;re Persians or the peoples of Mesopotamia or Egyptians or Turks or whoever they are what&#39;s the term we use for that mom&#39;s right so even though they lose the Mongols and they&#39;re chased back the mom Luke&#39;s actually move and establish a Caliphate where not many occasions yeah so we actually have like a mom Luke here I&#39;ll start over here again a mom Luke run caliphate state and that lasts for a very long time actually so it&#39;s that weird situation where non Arab non Egyptians are gonna rule Egypt for quite a while all the way up until as far as I know anyway they&#39;re not really chased out or their power isn&#39;t quite taken until um another Mohammed Mohammed Ali does it in the mid 19th century when they formed the Quetta mate of Egypt that&#39;s a topic way down the road though all right so that&#39;s everything except how they convert people inside of the Caliphate right we covered all the other stuff though yeah what yeah yeah that&#39;s what we&#39;re talking about cool so a lot of people were converted because either they liked Islam&#39;s egalitarian appeal with the almsgiving or they just were impressed by the military success and they willfully adopted but two groups were very resistant to Muslim conversion or the two groups yeah Christians and Jews right so we have some Christian and Jewish resistance to conversion but the Muslim state went a little easier on them because they considered them I can&#39;t really phrase brothers the book or something like that since they&#39;re all rooted in that whole old Jewish like Torah origin so they have a policy meant to encourage conversion not force it so I can still be technically I mean it&#39;s not like it&#39;s perfect or wonderful but it&#39;s better than death they can still be Christian or Jew Jewish of adherents in these caliphates and sulfonates but what&#39;s the consequence there&#39;s price yeah there&#39;s a literal price so there&#39;s the jizya tax or maintaining these are for non-muslims right specifically Christians and Jewish people for the most part a tax for non-muslims so you can still do it you&#39;re still protected by the state but you got to pay a fee early and also they&#39;re not quite seen and treated equally the other second-class citizens so that&#39;s that&#39;s the deme status and that means there&#39;s certain positions not available to them they can&#39;t be a part of the government the military it also means people will not treat them well so obviously I&#39;m surrounded by mostly Muslim people it&#39;s gonna be a bit harder to you know live peacefully or engage in business or ask favors or trust them so they are they do have to live with that stigma and a lot of people are either going to leave the areas ruled by the Muslims speaking about Jews and Christians and go some of them going to Central Asia they&#39;re not gonna see much success there though and a lot of them go into Europe right so this Jewish population in Europe spin a balloon even further than it did from just the Jewish Diaspora alright Christians too but Christianity already dominates Europe since the Romans so alright that&#39;s everything you covered right sweet we&#39;ll pick up there later have a good study hard so who were my who are my Turks that were converted and then you&#39;re gonna go ahead and start some conquests all dude yeah seljuks so opposite caliphates reached out to central asia converted some those Turkish tribes they become Sunni Muslim and they&#39;re gonna go on their own wave of conquests they come in they&#39;re gonna conquer into Persia right that&#39;s kind of making the circle Persian there&#39;s Sunni as long and they&#39;re going to chase the Byzantine Empire out of Anatolia which is modern-day Turkey Arabs they were locked in with the Arabs there for a couple hundred years but then like three hundred years then the Seljuk Turks come in they beat the byzantines at the Battle of Manza kirtan 1071 and chase them of the Byzantines out of Anatolia so they&#39;re going to take this some character in the Middle East and they&#39;re gonna hold on to that from I believe it was 1037 to about 1250 1260 who&#39;s the who&#39;s the Empire that comes in behind them and chases them out of there yeah the Mongols okay cool so one thing I forgot to mention I think earlier on Monday was this scared a lot of Christians because it chased the Byzantine Empire who actually was like on the offensive and getting territory back and doing well and the thousands ish they got chased out and this is where Europeans select the Emperor the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Emperor and all the kingdoms of Europe in 1095 this isn&#39;t your notice by a totally perhaps talk about it in 1095 they&#39;re gonna start the First Crusade they may know what a true Saint is okay they do use Knights part of the penal system yeah exactly so they they basically lost the Christian and Jewish holy cities of like Jerusalem and some of those areas that like Jesus and them were in so they wanted it back from the Muslims so this is where a lot of Christian Kings like the holy Emperor the kings of France England and others Byzantine Empire even a little bit they&#39;re going to pay for and fund a European invasion of the Middle East they have three or four or nice whom I&#39;ve been more than that right it&#39;s the fourth one I think was the one where they actually just went for Constantinople not even the Middle East but regardless the first couple were decently as successful I mean they didn&#39;t like totally went out or anything but they did take eventually and hold on to a decent chunk of territory in the Middle East so that&#39;s what the Crusades are so I think I think the Crusaders are chased out in the 13th century but for a couple centuries three centuries the Christians are going to hold onto a lot of territory build like castles that&#39;s why I do like go there there&#39;s some like old like European castles in the Middle East it&#39;s because of the Crusades and they&#39;re gonna hold that for a little while but they do eventually get chased out because I mean how they can&#39;t really they can&#39;t realistically fund and provide a bunch of troops across the Mediterranean Sea from these tiny little feudal kingdoms like they&#39;re not the Roman Empire they can&#39;t keep that up so eventually Dooky chase down but that&#39;s the Crusades are and the reason I mentioned this is that&#39;s gonna breed a lot of hostility between the Muslim states and the Christian States that&#39;s gonna continue onward for a while in fact because of this the Islamic states are pretty much gonna cut off the Europeans from trade with India and China that&#39;s gonna come up again later the Age of Exploration thus the Crusades are so but a two century ish period or Europeans took and held on to some territory in the Middle East because that&#39;s where Jerusalem was that makes sense all right that&#39;s the crusade which I forgot to mention before I can&#39;t really you&#39;re the last one but it&#39;s basically about the 11 to 19 so thirteenth century all right however the mongols come in in 1260 behind the Seljuks take much of their territory and of course chase them around here I told you guys about that they like a fraction of the Mongol army goes into beats like all the Eastern European powers they&#39;re going to set up what kind of governments up in the Turks over in Anatolia delivering emerets right so there Mambo&#39;s are gonna start em raids which are like you know tiny little Eagle kingdoms essentially and which one of these Emirates is going to emerge as the common was yeah they&#39;re gonna conquer the rest and start the Ottoman Empire right from out of those Emirates comes the Ottoman Empire and they&#39;re gonna go from the late 12 hundreds all the way to 1922 so not even a hundred years ago there was still technically an ottoman empire all right what is an emirate though yes who runs it then yeah one of the turkic or arab or whoever it is lords that are it&#39;s kind of like a little feudal state basically I mean to come like pay tribute to the Mongol Empire but eventually they break away obviously and start their own after conquered by the Ottoman Empire the Ottomans from the from that Emory alright so that is those are the Seljuk Turks we get on that alright how does Islam get into India yeah so those person turco invaders are gonna also turn their sights to at least northwestern India so pretty quickly around this territory ish is gonna be under the control of the city the Sultanate of Delhi which are going to be it&#39;s gonna be the first major Muslim Empire in India all right it&#39;s in lasts about 300 years Delhi Sultanate all right those are Turkish and Persian invaders coming in like to bring this long what&#39;s the dominant religion there though before we ask answer your questions Hinduism right was your question with me yeah down here mmm in the corner you saw the history the world video or whatever yeah that&#39;s a good one that&#39;s a good one yeah I actually know very little about those in most of the most people they&#39;re not even in the AP world curriculum but yes most of these empires we centered around the northern regions of India like the earlier in parts like the more you goofed empires and things like that they for the most part don&#39;t incorporate this bottom half because of that regardless Delhi Sultanate tell you about 1206 to 15 26 and it&#39;s not the smoothest empire last three centuries they technically hold off the Mongols when they tried evading her there in the area anyway but what are some problems that plagued these guys yeah so though there are Muslims who they who they confident look with yeah they Hindu people it&#39;s mostly Hindi people so we have a lot of Hindu Muslim conflicts because there are several Hindu kingdoms here and they&#39;re not too happy about the approach of the Delhi Sultanate cuz uh what are these Muslims like are they those nice sort of converts you buy a peaceful ways or the Empire no they&#39;re what yeah there are Kanna class right they destroy Hindu temples and relics they essentially force strict taxes second new Muslim conflicts they are at least the time in history iconoclastic and of course they destroyed Hindu temples relics things like that and they had have a pretty extreme taxation policy that the Hindu people are not really willing to pay up but they have to by force for a while but I mean if you try to rule a government through force I mean it&#39;s just not gonna last as long as it could like pretty much all of the long lasting empires of the world Rome&#39;s and the Chinese dynasties like they weren&#39;t overly strict or demanding on people and they lasted a lot longer all right so I found a plastic over-taxation gonna be their downfall the moguls take over but that&#39;s not till period - we&#39;ll talk about that here you two guys at the Delhi Sultanate yeah all right so this LOM is gonna spread those are the areas that spreads to your conquest any different color through conquest what areas do does it spread to by trade so actually it&#39;s recaptured let&#39;s do the black regions it&#39;s by conquest so we definitely the Delhi Sultanate obviously obvious with Anatolia because that&#39;s where the Turks go there the Ottomans but where else was converted by conquest Middle East over that magenta speed arts being an essential Asian purchase at Persia Central Asia right you can&#39;t predict where it originated the Arabian Peninsula alright not the perfect map but that&#39;s roughly where Islam&#39;s gonna spread to by conquest the Ottoman Empire will bring it in like southeastern Europe later but that&#39;s not till later all right so where does it spread by trade though listen use them okay West Indies to Africa all right why am I not highlighting here Sahara Desert in West African kingdoms East African kingdoms or else Southeast Asia parts of anyway these are the areas in which Buddhism is kind of spread by trade all right but I want to know how how does it spread by trade why would people peacefully convert just because why would they yeah you&#39;ve trade benefits so which states are at the center of pretty much all world trade at the time I&#39;m some states Christian states Chinese dynasties what Muslim states right so you&#39;ve got like the gloomy odd you have us of Caliphate and other caliphates and sultanates inside of there they&#39;re pretty much connected to all major trade route time what are those major trade route and you notion trade network Road Silk Road yeah mediterranean sea trade network yeah trans-sahara in fact in this era at roughly a thousand sea they make a disconnection some arabs domesticate camels they form caravans which are large groups that bring water and supplies so you don&#39;t just die in the desert the camels can survive much longer the desert so we have caravans that actually officially connect West Africa across the desert for the first time starting about a thousand seee where we gonna write that thousand Cee Arabs across the Sahara right so that connects West Africa with these Arabs so who did the Arabs learn how to govern through the Persians right the West Africans are gonna do the same thing they&#39;re gonna learn how to govern govern through the Arabs who of course learned through the Persians alright so West Africans actually benefit quite a bit from this connection all right they get access to to goods through trade right and they also learn how to govern themselves or at least better because the Arabs learn from the Persians and they pass that on for the most part all right but West Africa it gets to West Africa and why is it different in West Africa than the other areas that we&#39;ve labeled in black they don&#39;t enforce it on everybody who largely converts to Islam in West Africa yeah the kings and Nobles and people that rule right why would they do that I just explained in the Venice region trade but they also want to learn from them like how to run the government things like that cool so West Africa is connected so the first connection was with the empire of Ghana and now we have Mali [Music] for about 600 to 1200 and then in the 1200 to go to 1600 we have Molly all right this is two main empires in that rough area here now the cities that at the edges here that are connected to trade routes those become the most wealthy obviously what&#39;s the major one in Mali to come to Timbuktu yeah and these guys become rather wealthy because they have a couple things that Arabs want they have a lot of gold right especially Monson Musa I should&#39;ve asked that as a question but whatever Monson Musa they have a lot of the salt and copper but the Arabs also start in roughly a thousand see what trade involves people slaves yes well the West African slave trade begins like five hundred years before the Portuguese do it it&#39;s already been ongoing so this is where West African kingdoms go out gather slaves and then they sell them or trade them to anyone who&#39;s willing to buy in this case it&#39;s gonna be the arrows and they&#39;re gonna do that for several centuries alright so we have gold copper salt and slaves are gonna be the primary things traded and again who is that ruler Mali with all the gold that yeah he actually hits so much gold he caused inflation in the caliphates as he went on his Hajj journey because he was just handing it out so much that it just reduced the value of it that&#39;s how much he had right so of course that&#39;s Monson Musa but again the key attribute here is the reason why they the upper echelon of West African society become Islamic or Muslim is because they wanted to trade benefits and they wanted to learn Arab administration alright so make sure you don&#39;t forget that so I would say the Y is long administration advice as well as trade with the Caliphate and again don&#39;t forget they don&#39;t enforce it on their citizenry all right so like over here you have to become a Muslim or else what happens yeah yeah Dini status right exactly right you&#39;re basically forced to or penalize for not doing it what&#39;s after though they&#39;re not gonna care until the songhay dynasty without the later in period - all right I&#39;d like to check myself so you want to say the only ones from last year but we&#39;ve got new ones all right any questions about West Africa ok well let&#39;s let&#39;s talk about with that just the diaspora oh and the Golden Age tickets right so these blue areas we talked about why they converted in West Africa but why are all these are the blue areas why did they become Muslim why are people in that area converting because it&#39;s not like there&#39;s just so many Arabs and Turks moving out here that they take over the population they do go there these diasporic communities go out there but they&#39;re still small why do the people around them convert to Islam right they want access to the trade benefits because the peoples that are connected with all the trade routes essentially back then are the Muslim states so these merchants would start town so the block will be obviously Arabs or Muslims they go out and start these little towns and mosques in these areas to connect the edges are the trade routes and then of course that people want to trade with them they&#39;re better off being Muslim to do that to even engage in trade or to get good deals or whatever so what you have here very quickly is the areas in which these Arab merchants go convert to Islam to get those trade benefits all right so does that make sense what&#39;s a diaspora community yeah it&#39;s spreading so it&#39;s like majority Arabs here but then a tiny little chunk of them goes and settles uh surrounded by other people so diasporas in period one we have certainly the Muslim diaspora we have technically two more what&#39;s the other one I&#39;ve talked about that had taken ya Chinese right so we talked about the Song Dynasty next a lot of Chinese merchants are gonna settle in these uh you know Southeast Asian areas and cities and established merchant communities why and we still have those places like Singapore is still mostly Han Chinese even though it&#39;s surrounded by the Malay and Thai people alright so the Chinese this one I didn&#39;t talk about as much I talk about more from like the pre 1200 era but there&#39;s another group of people that are kind of wandering the earth of that homeland settling along trade routes and in Europe who are those people that got displaced by the Romans the Jewish people right so I still got a lot of Jewish people sort of wandering around settling along the Silk Road and a lot of them in Europe too so those are my major diaspora any questions about that sweet this is the Golden Age of Islam so what are some technological or cultural innovations that come out of this Golden Age of Islam one the Muslim states dominate the wealth and territory of the post-classical era alright sweet so we&#39;ve got some inventors of algebra and chicken or at least some refiners of algebra inventions of trigonometry do have any female literature yes I&#39;m gonna spill his name&#39;s wrong so naive yeah I should like let&#39;s not spill this wrong we find it these are new terms from the new curriculum all right cool so a female literature our least Arabic female literature we have eyes you spell this a bad boy correctly I can&#39;t read my writing so I guess doesn&#39;t do any good all bunny yeah dawn yeah there we go all right in the adventure of trigonometry that one I can actually read now see you&#39;re all Dean although all Tori so those are the prominent Muslim intellectuals and writers of the time and also to Davidson the batsman&#39;s for medicine what do they do with medicine yeah hospitals what else troubling friendly clinics which is kind of like traveling hospitals what else yeah they start tracking specific diagnoses trying to predict what&#39;s gonna happen a boy to hear at things like that all right so a lot of medical advances well you guys know those at least all right and a lot of this knowledge with a Greek or Roman or Persian or Arabic whatever it was was stored in a large library or house that was much like the old library Alexandria but I got burned down yeah House of Wisdom in a Baghdad what&#39;s that the Capitol okay yeah now it&#39;s a rock but what wasn&#39;t the capital oh I knew it catch you up Gardens that was last week who knows today the Abbasid Caliphate right that&#39;s where the Mongols roll in see gem and destroy pretty much everything burned down the House of Wisdom so whatever was in it we don&#39;t know Oh quick refresher when Baghdad does get sieged in the Abbasid Caliphate Falls the Mongols a lot of those non Arab military personnel called would lose their Caliphate where Egypt Egypt for quite a while right okay that&#39;s the Golden Age of Islam right oh the one thing I want to mention is a couple technologies trickle across these caliphates to Europe from like China or even just themselves what were a few those technologies encoder okay gunpowder is actually the Mongols if I said that last week that was a mistake all right but printing and paper as well as technological or sorry navigational technology like the astrolabe which is basically it reads the Stars to tell you how far north or south you are on the planet and even the compass later are gonna come across that way so astrolabe compass and again compass always points north so you know what direction you think you&#39;re going those are gonna travel through and make their ways up and lastly I know I mentioned this last week but what was the cultural clothing item that the Arabs copied from the Persian upper available available so that is the Golden Age of Islam any questions about that sweet moving on now with the Golden Age of Imperial China oh let&#39;s see if you guys give me the five they&#39;re not all after 1200 in fact two of them are preceding it but it&#39;s better to know them and how they contributed to training society going forward it&#39;s like a unit 0 if this is unit 1 that&#39;s like a unit 0 type thing what was my who remembers the Five Dynasties that we which one of these bad boys band and crushed Buddhism with the edicts on Buddhism which ones chased out the Mongols song no which one were the Mongols which one reestablished a unified Chinese state system it&#39;s a the Grand Canal bad cuz they&#39;re just like give you the list yesterday so what hold is so nice to you good binding ok we&#39;ll go over that&#39;s not that&#39;s not bad though consider you guys had no idea what I means were like barely 24 hours ago all right sooo very short-lived but the reason I won all of them is they sort of reunify China there&#39;s it&#39;s not as bad as the warring States period but there is a period of disunity in China after the fall of the Han till the SU dynasty now there is like a Jin dynasty in between but we don&#39;t really care about that it doesn&#39;t unified all of the Han Chinese people who does though short-lived but again they reestablish unified China they make the Grand Canal which is very helpful to the Chinese economy and people but they&#39;re quickly taken over by the Tong and that&#39;s gonna be roughly 600 to 900 CE ish what are the Tong do there&#39;s a few things okay they go after Buddhism so before we - going after Buddhism which already mentioned what are they doing that motivates them to go after Buddha&#39;s experience expanding right so they&#39;re gonna expand the territory what was the Han Dynasty through parts of Central Asia under Mongolia or sorry into Central Asia Pascal and Golia and they&#39;re only gonna be stopped by the EON Caliphate right never when they they hired those Turkish mercenaries the Chinese didn&#39;t and the omiai just pay the morris they swap sides and won the battle for the abbess early on caliphate so try to expand quite a bit but that is not gonna be cheap so tom they&#39;re gonna expand China substantially but it&#39;s not cheap so how do they go after getting some money they go to the Buddhist temples right so they make illegal or they ban Buddhism with a series of laws known as EDX on Buddhism just in the hundreds song and not they were lying but what&#39;s the reason they give or banning Buddhism yeah it breaks the social harmony and unity of Confucianism right and it does they&#39;re not wrong right but what was the behind-the-scenes reason they wanted the money wait I thought Buddhists didn&#39;t have any money what brand of Buddhism doing having China yeah it&#39;s called Mahayana right so the Buddhists in China are Mahayana and they don&#39;t you know spend riches on themselves but they&#39;ve kind of seen Buddha&#39;s are sorry Buddha as ad so they&#39;ll spend a lot of money bejeweling dazzling the temples and the golden figurines and Buddha and stuff like that so the Tong they definitely do go after Buddhism because it&#39;s anti Confucianism right they lose their social harmony and traditions and social order and all that stuff but also they wanted that money from the Buddhist temples the Mahayana Buddhist temples so they ban it soldiers go in wreck the place up or doesn&#39;t pretty much gets booted out of China this far extreme sneezes Buddhism pretty much gets booted out of China they melt down the stuff they get the money and Riaan stinky houston so what does that call by the way a certain song goes the song yeah neo-confucianism it&#39;s like a refocusing on inclusion right so this is actually kind of a tongue and song it definitely starts with the Tom so you have neo-confucianism thanks to the writings upon you or partially thanks that so what do they do besides re-emphasizing they do they do something with our government to make it harder to get into you it takes for the exhibit yeah they like reinstate or make more difficult execution examination system what&#39;s the highest positions beside damper in China yeah the government positions right that&#39;s a big part of their Confucian hierarchy so to get those jobs you have to pass some incredibly difficult Confucian examination examinations essentially like make the upper class Chinese would you know pay tutors - you know - to their sons for years to take these things they would still fail right it&#39;s become a government official but that was the goal so that&#39;s neo-confucianism they&#39;re gonna bring back the Confucian examination system and one other thing that song does is they are gonna conquer into Southeast Asia a little bit to come in contact with the Vietnamese people for the Viet people and they&#39;re going to borrow the rice from that shop empire which is named after that Empire Champa rice right and that rice is going to help grow their populations because it&#39;s rice that&#39;s more drought resistant and if I pull debates in half the time so very quickly you have a very good in drought resistant for price more food always equal for people to be in population during the Tong dynasty good on the Tom all right cool so we&#39;re almost to actual 1200 and shine it out now with the 1200 who&#39;s gonna take over after the palm guy yeah so I&#39;m like nine ish like 19 or something - well whenever the mom will show up 76 whatever 1200 all right there&#39;s a couple things the song do they of course keep the neo-confucianism momentum going they of course solidify that state system they do lose the Mongols later but what are some of their main contributing contributions to history some of them good some not so good what binding alright okay not that necessarily like they forged all need to do this but it became a common practice back then as a part of the more patriarchal family establishment back then was that women would foot-binding why would they do this though it was an upper class thing exactly so back then in East Asia and Southeast Asia why was it better to be lighter skinned yeah not that it&#39;s actually better obviously but they thought of it as if you&#39;re lighter skinned that means you&#39;re inside which means you&#39;re not working which means you&#39;re higher class is you I know money&#39;s not work so they wanted to be paler and they also wanted to show they need to work so by foot-binding and making your foot like the size of a smashed-up that fist as you grow up I mean can I work a feel if I got a foot like that no I&#39;m not even right so that&#39;s a sign of class like oh I need to work because I I have my foot bit feet bound voluntarily or at least your parents voluntarily did it to you and then you were generally more pale it was also a sign of like feminine beauty to the Meccan obviously we think it&#39;s disgusting and it is it just looks disgusting but uh they saw it as a sign of feminine beauty still foot-binding always a good one to be known for all right the other one they&#39;re known for that is different from most civilizations back then is they start trying to make a profitable government enterprise what&#39;s it called when I&#39;m doing pretty good profit commercialization they are going to become commercialized at least partly all right again just a recap back then most people weren&#39;t working for profit they worked for somebody as a slave or a serf or a peasant or whatever right and they would just pay with their labor now we&#39;d get them protection but then they could leave now to keep doing that work this is different though this is I&#39;m trying to sell it make money which gives me more incentive to do that Europeans going to take that and run with it later but the Chinese are the ones that really start doing this on a state level so they have kind of a an early industrial revolution ish these like the waterwheel and several of things to learn how to smelt steel much better or quicker than anybody else in the world they like burned down entire forests to do it but they do it got anybody else so they have a lot of iron and steel works what are the things that people want to buy from China porcelain porcelain right they find out they can make a lot of money trading with the rest of the world right this is what starts that Chinese diaspora or they send out Muslim or some awesome merchant communities to connect with the Indian Ocean trade network and they find out the people of India and Muslim states and even Africa you really want these things and they can make a lot of money off of it so they go all-in and they form an organization maritime trade supervisory all right that is what&#39;s going to be a government entity maritime means bio sleep I see their time well party crazy so that was a government entity the 900s that either sold stuff for profit for the government or who would they tax exempt or imports of the merchants right the enforcement get right and that would funnel a lot of money into the song of government so again they would tax imports let&#39;s call this Eric by the way and then also sell goods directly themselves and what is this money going for obviously some of it corruptly goes to the government officials but what else is it going for to help your family infrastructure military right and that&#39;s gonna really help them out hmm so they commercialize and expand their maritime trade all right who was the last real Chinese person or at least dynasty that briefly tried this maritime trade thing that worked out pretty well the Ming with Admiral Singh ha the last ones to do this and then they make the terrible mistake of Sony you need or team hundreds they did this they reversed it they said screw it we&#39;re not gonna pay for ships and trade we&#39;re gonna focus on preventing another Mongol invasion but it&#39;s not gonna work they&#39;re still going in northern invaders they&#39;re not Mongols but they&#39;re still northern pastoral debaters and they&#39;re gonna fall later on to that but it&#39;s gonna be a big problem we&#39;ll talk about it later when we talk about the Spanish any course is got the song dynasty nada alright so it is the Golden Age of Imperial China they&#39;re doing rather well they&#39;re wealthy everyone wants their stuff and they want nothing so how does that how was that reflected in their attitude what new concept they come up with not that she won&#39;t ya the tribute system but like what&#39;s their attitude first how do they see themselves or death the Middle Kingdom right like the center or you know an elevated portion of civilization rights they start getting condescending and cocky they see themselves as the center of the world and they they were once they were right but dead people definitely wanted their stuff and they did not want much from other people all right so this is where we start getting what you guys are mentioned that tripping system what is this tribute system how does it work they trade yeah my man on Chinese person doesn&#39;t matter who I am no I&#39;m Chinese and I want to trade with China I have to either big why I have to present a gift and pretty much big the Chinese emperor or Chinese official to engage in trade its whole but still give that gift in return it so the Chinese could just say no your gifts not good enough or we don&#39;t like your people or whatever or they could say yes and it would often back handedly give you an even better gift to say we don&#39;t even need your stuff we&#39;re just allowing you to trade with us because we&#39;re nice so that&#39;s the first part of it you&#39;re gonna offer a gift and beg the trade what about the surrounding countries look like our States in Japan Philippines Indonesia the chomp Empire my entire yeah like a protectorate they had to like essentially pay at least annually for the Chinese to protect them slash not invade them alright so that&#39;s a two-parter so big slash gift for trade but also you know the Protectorate states so the surrounding smaller States in Philippines Indonesia jump Empire my Empire and Korea all I did sort of pay tribute for protection from the Chinese or by the Chinese guys got that you know sweet now what&#39;s to feudalism will be done so what is feudalism alright let&#39;s start with how it works then maybe so when how about when Miss fetal ism mini garden the medieval yeah Dark Ages / Middle Ages right so what do all those times essentially mean what time to what time Roman ball to really an ozone fall of Rome to the Renaissance right this is the Middle Ages if the Dark Ages is the first part of it in the middle medieval times all right this is about 485 ce2 about 1450 BC Renaissance means rebirth by the way so Europe wakes up they come out of their slumber of doing nothing for a thousand years alright alright billions so what was lost when Rome fell over here in Western Europe remember the Byzantines keep going they&#39;re good they&#39;re rolling but the Europeans over here in the West what did they lose protection debaters clones Goths Germans other Celts and Franck&#39;s like all kinds of stuff so they need a system of protection then the Roman Empire once provided all right so what is their system of protection Judaism all right cool so give me the hierarchy all right basically slaves so what are they doing okay cool so let&#39;s back up on that what&#39;s what&#39;s there chunk of land called manatee right sometimes students know the manorial ism all right so I&#39;ve got my manner my plot of land I&#39;ve got my clear my lord or even the castle and on this land I&#39;ve got service they have the right to use that land you know you&#39;re fishing or whatever hey what does that call you reset it but this is called the uncommon land mmm so they have the right to use that land but can these serfs like leave or no no they&#39;re stuck there the Lord required them to work they pay for this right to use the land for their labor that&#39;s called corvée labor basically you pay in your labor you pay taxes in your labor all right we have money in your back then what was the main currency yeah the Greens right you get them from working but yeah the range that was pretty much what she would pay with so these guys would farm they would keep what they need to survive and the rest you go to who the king of the Lord right exactly and they stockpile it and so they&#39;re benefiting from this obviously what services they provide to these serfs who are working to protection how okay they might pay other peasants Knights as like defenders and what if there&#39;s like a famine or drought yeah it&#39;s talked up that food and they wouldn&#39;t just step back out them off the health exactly right so he serves everyone below would swear an oath to obey in exchange for protection with the people above them what&#39;s that swearing a deal call TLC yeah okay and what do I call the people who are below me on this hierarchy that&#39;s vassals right so who&#39;s a vassal for the nobles what about the king all right there&#39;s a complication though um why aren&#39;t the Kings necessarily in power what do they depend on right cuz the nobles agreed the Kings asked for help or taxes he&#39;ll send it but they don&#39;t like the King could they just not do those things yeah yeah and many times what they team up and fight against the king his own army and deposed to get rid of them what&#39;s your question and get rid of them alright so that&#39;s gonna prevent really any major empire from emerging from Western Europe because of feudalism there are a couple attempts though see you there are a couple attempts though and that&#39;ll be what we finish with so who&#39;s my first main attempt in the 800s to form a a large centralized Empire was early yeah Charlemagne I forgot to mention in the notes but his empires called the Carolingian Empire eight hundreds and he conquers a lot of the kingdoms in France northern Italy and Germany and people are like oh sweet it&#39;s smaller but it&#39;s kind of like Romish like we&#39;re coming back to our glory days Pope gets excited goes and annoying some notes and what the Roman Emperor and they come up with this kooky terrible system where nine electors I don&#39;t that&#39;s the original number but nine electors when he dies and passes on elect a new Holy Roman Emperor right but that makes the position itself really vulnerable to what bribery right so a lot of people were just not gonna respect the position because it can just literally fought if you&#39;re rich enough and plenty of people do it right so elected mmm-hmm at least a fat Romanian elected and it&#39;s not gonna be respected and I&#39;ve got hundreds of tiny little feudal kingdoms here in Germany and Italy and sometimes they listen and sometimes they don&#39;t so I think you can surmise that that&#39;s not a very good centralized government a centralized government there should be governors or state wraps or whatever that listen and obey the laws and work along with you but this is wholly run Empire despite how long it lasts never gonna have that set up all right you&#39;re always gonna have certain princes or kings or Lords not listening or teaming up against the end or whatever not paying their taxes so it&#39;s gonna be a very nasty unsuccessful system all right so that&#39;s not gonna work but we do start getting the modern identities for three European countries they&#39;re not entirely there yet but they have kings and they start developing a sense of identity based on common language what are those three France England Spain right so England the 900s they&#39;re starting to form what is gonna be later England France is well the 900s and lastly once they chase the Arabs out in the 1400s we&#39;re going to Spain and my voice is going out so what a good time to end it see you tomorrow all right let&#39;s start with the civilization up here in Scandinavia that is actually before 1200 but it does establish a solid set of trade routes up here in Europe which are relevant or they don&#39;t like so all of a sudden around the late eighth century 7/8 or so put the Vikings and they&#39;re gonna be moving being settling or invading and raiding why all of a sudden in the late 700 yeah with a warming period okay cool from Kemper the executor starts it was just 18th century to be 14 foot warming period so that means there&#39;s a local warmer so the summers little bit longer and I can now farm further north and south right because normally this would have been off-limits to cold but with that warming period that could farm up here Viking population group there&#39;s not much there it&#39;s mostly mountains and they need to move so they do move alright so they are going to raid all in the Baltic Sea the North Sea in fact they&#39;re gonna discover some places - what are they discover yeah Iceland first then every people there by the way and they go to Green Line there are people Greenland - but there was a bunch of those people in North America as well but they discover what they call the Vinland the violent on that it&#39;s gonna be United the Americas Newfoundland Canada all right Leif Ericson okay cool so but they don&#39;t stay they come back but we found Viking settlements over there but again who cares about that we care about what the Vikings did as far as establishing a more consolidated trade network and trade cities out there because we care about that because the plague comes around its gonna spread through that trade network all right so what advantage of the Vikings half a lot to explore and conquer so well as far as like going up rivers and stuff yeah long ships the Viking longship right right and that was a very shallow ship and that was like you know what it wasn&#39;t like a deep V it wasn&#39;t like a wide view which allowed them to float in shallower water so you go up rivers and they went up with some crazy rivers they went all the way down the Volga River they went down into what was like this enter the Byzantine Empire with the Slavic people they invade up rivers into like Central Europe and Western Europe and they&#39;re going to just invade everywhere they can all the way to the Black Sea to the point that the Byzantines hire them to fight and combat the Arabs and bodyguard the Emperor because they were such fierce fighters I thought that it&#39;s super relevant but why are they such fierce fighters yeah they weren&#39;t as concerned about not dying in battle because what was their way to get to heaven or not heaven but their fall holiday iflip yeah to die in battle so they weren&#39;t as concerned with living all right that scared a lot of people plus they were taller everybody too so that that added to it all right but again there&#39;s significance because they they go from about 795 to about 1100 is when they stop doing their large-scale rates they have a lot of internal strife and also a lot of them convert to Christianity oh speaking of which what were they doing that really messed with the Europeans Minds initially yeah they were going after like churches and cathedrals and monks like unarmed people which was weird to the Europeans because Europeans never did that because they&#39;re all Christians they believed like God would smite them or whatever the Vikings would come in and they didn&#39;t care they were pagan they believed like Thor no Danny Loki and all that stuff all the Marvel people and they just killed the monks and took all the stuff and the Christians were quite shocked when God didn&#39;t like strike them dead the Christian got a strike a dead anyways did that for a while but they get largely converted the 11 hundreds and their raids largely stop at that point plus the earth risking not quite isn&#39;t quite straight cool yet but it largely stops but again what is our significance here why do we care about this otherwise we wouldn&#39;t learn about this okay what they do is they establish a solid trade network in the north to help establish it anyway alright so they&#39;re the ones that kind of connect all of these areas that connect the powerful city-state trade city-state you tell me actually what&#39;s the city stereo here you go know if it was no garage yes right they connect the Slavic people&#39;s with the Byzantine Empire they trade with I believe Vikings right as far as Baghdad or at least into Iraq so they&#39;re they connect the Mediterranean with the with Northern Europe essentially right and that&#39;s going to facilitate when the plague comes in and arrives in the harbors of the Byzantines and the Italians it&#39;s going to just continue to spread throughout all of Europe and the Vikings were played a big role in a step in that all right but the biggest civilization that played a role in establishing trade networks that facilitated the spread of goods including disease those long sentence who were they in the 12 in 1206 roughly when they started who unites all the Mongol tribes yeah so with the Mongols 1206 to 1368 something like that 386 thirdly mid-late about 14th century all right so Chinggis Khaan he is going to unite the pastoral nomadic tribes of Mongolia friendly diplomatically no by force right by the way how does he keep you in line like he&#39;s going to conquer you whether you&#39;re at an enemy Mongol tribe or later a Turkic tribe and he&#39;s gonna pretty much ensure that you&#39;re not going anywhere how does he do that strangers yep if you try to escape the whole regiment dies exactly so those people are not gonna let you leave because they&#39;d all be dead if that happened okay cool so Genghis Khan is gonna unite the Mongol tribes in their past store lists what&#39;s the pastoralist now that&#39;s a nomads pass to us are specific in that they do or their society function a specific way how do they survive yes they move what are they moving with when moving towards birds yes they are gonna be the ones that follow the herds to the grasslands and River areas that makes it particularly hard by the way for civilizations to go after them like if the Chinese are particularly perturbed at them it&#39;s like well you can&#39;t just go to like their capital city because they don&#39;t have a capital city there&#39;s out there somewhere if they want to attack the Chinese though they know exactly what the Chinese are because they have cities all right unites the Mongols and has a very efficient military what was the major military advantage of the Mongols by the way then nobody could really meet for quite a while or snack or juice yeah horseback archers like whole society based on is that mine or yours okay a whole society based on cavalry archers and nobody really knew how to beat that at the time the only thing they could possibly do was you know have a walled city or castle and be like well you can&#39;t get us here and it&#39;s true but the Mongols could defeat them still so cavalry archers all right and they invade into China what dynasty the invading into and the twelve months old is the Song Dynasty right and Mike while Chinggis Khaan is not gonna actually conquer the entire zone he&#39;s gonna take the northern half of it and start the what dynasty there at least that will be started there later and again that is the dynasty in China run by the Mongols alright so his son okay takes over later they&#39;ve conquered quite a bit into Central Asia who&#39;s this son that take out a second okay who was the condo that&#39;s going to consolidate China and rulers I guess a most flawlessly no and I flawlessly screwed of a bunch you throw a bunch of troops over here it&#39;s the Muppet and in Japan yeah that&#39;s the grandson correct excellent okay so there&#39;s the Mongols they gave me the China how do they before they get siege weapons how do they get these Chinese cities to surrender yeah they start they can&#39;t move to these scenes of initially because in have siege weapons but this certainly would just surround them and starve them and he&#39;s supporting army or supplies coming it would just crush it and they had a couple tactics they would use so first of all they had the cavalry archers that were really hard to beat but also they do this like hit-and-run thing work it is hack you and the battle looks like it&#39;s even then all of a sudden they start retreating like oh we won and they all chase after you but it&#39;s not real they just want to draw you away from your main force and they turn on you and kill you and they kept doing this over and over and over to new civilizations because they&#39;ve never seen it before at least they&#39;re gonna do alright so they get into China to defeat the northern parts here slowly what do they take from the Chinese that really helps them out elsewhere in the world yeah they take the Chinese seize workers and weapons and they&#39;re going to utilize those in Persia near India in Europe in the Middle East all these locations they&#39;re gonna be using them okay so you&#39;ll just generally tell me if I&#39;m conquered by the long duals what how did what do they do let&#39;s assume that I resisted them write it and just volunteer to join them oh yeah they&#39;re brutal like that if they&#39;re attacking they can use your civilians to see human shield and throw plate bodies and your city all that kind of stuff okay but what do they like to do once they&#39;ve taken over you yeah they plunder okay cools they collect tribute right they take whatever they want really what other things do they take yeah slaves with the big one slave laborers right and do they take any military personnel or equipment yeah any technology so give me an example of one we recovered it once you say it again from yeah they do four prisms nude so Chinese / Persian siege workers cool they also kind of back-end a cold or a declining perfect Empire as it goes through Central Asia what type are was that yeah following just the Seljuks from a few hundred 150 years earlier so and they&#39;re incorporating them too so very quickly they have a massive multi-thousand person force of Mongols Turks and they also have some Chinese and later Persian workers going along with them so let&#39;s go to compost Shane here so they take central asia largely from the Turks okay I got that I got this region here where else do they go yep they get into Persia who resisted them unfortunately for Persia because now they have siege weapons they pull the Chinese siege workers over there and they help to break down the Persian siege or for other get Persia boom alright what else yeah they do the same in the opposite caliphate exactly to resist them and they&#39;re gonna sack and destroy Baghdad in 1258 so if dam goes that yeah they go low to the Indus River roughly so in the Pakistan alright they stop there for the park yeah they get on Eastern Europe all the Russians and Cubans and all that so they get into the Middle East right they were gonna actually be defeated by accommodation of the mom the mom looks and the Byzantines but they&#39;re not really gonna put much effort into that normally if they lose the battle they just come back with more beat you anyway but they don&#39;t come back up this one because they&#39;re so far extended but we do get one branch that goes off and just annihilates Europe they defeat the Russians the Georgians the answer bought hazard advisement Azerbaijani I don&#39;t even know what to call that group the people of Azerbaijan Armenians Russians the people of Kiev and ruse that look polish-lithuanian they even get into Hungary and knock out the Hungarians they don&#39;t really control it but they defeat their their armies there and they book it back is they&#39;re quite far away but of course take it back to Mongolia like hey by the way super weak over there we should take it and they actually do so very quickly the Mongols are gonna conquer like they have the biggest land Empire for a very very very long time they&#39;re gonna have China they&#39;re gonna have Korea they&#39;re gonna have pretty much all of Central Asia I don&#39;t think again to Tibet don&#39;t quote me on that I just don&#39;t know Middle East Persia Central the Caucasus region with like Georgia Azerbaijan Armenia Eastern Europe like they have a huge huge huge huge empire so I realized they lose a battle here and a lose a couple of the battles but what really stops them from expanding you&#39;re right that&#39;s a total failure a complete failure by the part of good luck on your refrain do when they attempt to invade Japan twice by sea but they have no idea what the hell they&#39;re doing and they also try and see love because they&#39;ll pay tribute and the muppet Empire I&#39;m gonna need an archipelago refused to pay tribute they try and made them lose their whole army again but what what happens in this Empire that&#39;s gonna really prevent them from spreading internal calm yeah internal conflict is once Chinggis Khaan and okay they go it&#39;s gonna be I mean there&#39;s so many sons and grandsons and they all want to be the Great Khan so they&#39;re all going to fight over one other so initially they break this massive Empire up into four parts what are those four parts okay that they called khanates I should I should write that up there ruled by a con but again everybody wants to be the Great Khan nobody just wants to be a Khan gonna be a great time so let me put it a conquer it real quick so China off with the song actually kind of see song I even in northern Jin dynasty it will just carry about that song dynasty open Central Asia Persia Abbasid Caliphate Eastern Europe most interesting Russians all right huge military or sorry huge Empire very quickly and they break it up into four khanates right and that&#39;s their you know unique government so the Arabs have Caliphate and sultanates the Muslims are sorry the Mongols have kinds ruled by a and this is much more like the Aztec empire in that they largely let you continue ruling you just have to provide a steady supply of tribute slash display of slash workers and allow the use of your military always would come back and stomp you again alright what about for Connie&#39;s well I got this one this one and these two so that one chocolate chocolate I had those gonna maintain themselves for a while and even though the the Mongols were like killed like the most people since all the way up till basically World War one and later Hitler installing what good things did they do sir but okay the house let&#39;s get to the house first you&#39;re right eventually technology ideas are gonna spread but how what&#39;s allowing that to happen yeah they reinvigorate trade especially which trade route silk rub right so the Silk Road is gonna be reestablished or the system of roads that is the Silk Road alright that&#39;s to be established you know it&#39;s a trade that works gonna pick up just because there&#39;s more activity in general same in the Mediterranean I&#39;m not quite sure what the transparent but that trades gonna be reinvigorated so China does not have a direct link with the West which they haven&#39;t had for a while they&#39;ve been connected with the Indian Ocean through the Song Dynasty but now it&#39;s just straight China to the Mediterranean in Europe so what are some technologies that are gonna trickle from China to Europe for example yeah I surprised with that Silk Road reinvigorated yep and then we get a text spreading from China so yes what did you say what was your example paper running on the Tong dynasty song what else but yeah pretty nice printing technology that&#39;s gonna get to Europe eventually through the caliphates in Spain and they&#39;re gonna develop a printing press which is gonna change the entire world good matter yes not weaponized yet but when the Europeans get it they&#39;re gonna figure it out navigational compass yeah compass a naturally those are both gonna greatly help out actually the astrolabe I think was a was a Muslim invention but the compass for sure it comes from China it&#39;s all put compass for now all right so those technologies are going into Europe who at the time is not really learning anything because they&#39;ve forgotten how to learn what was that old Greek idea what they&#39;re supposed to doubt things and try to find them out science logic yeah so peripheral own logic has disappeared and why aren&#39;t people allowed to go to try to find answers on their own what&#39;s constricting them I think I told you this maybe I didn&#39;t yeah the Catholic Church has got a tight grip on that all right but the arrival of these new things is gonna start the Renaissance and the cross and Reformation and certain areas of Europe we&#39;re gonna be much more relaxed and they&#39;re gonna allow them basically to think about read about invent things and that&#39;s gonna really really transform your alright that&#39;s the Mongols last one the bad thing that they&#39;re gonna spread that just kills millions of people yeah what&#39;s the Black Death right that originated in China it&#39;s gonna make its way across into the Mediterranean then back around through Europe those trade routes established by the Vikings and it&#39;s gonna just decimate people so we have the black death in the 13th sorry the 14th century alright so a third of Europe dies and depending on the area you get 30 to 90 percent of people are dying or the fatalities higher in I should make it sound like a video game fatality are the fatalities higher in cities or rural right because they&#39;re close together share sanitation all that crap so it&#39;s gonna do particularly bad in port cities right and that is gonna be spread by the fleas on rats and the impurity ins can make mistake of thinking the cats are doing it and then they kill the cats which are killing the rats that means there&#39;s more rats and more fleas so they make it worse good job guys all right so other than everybody dying not everybody a lot of time what are my cultural and economic impacts here how does this affect literature and arts and things like that yeah that&#39;s from the notes what does that mean apocalyptic tone yeah literature and art are gonna focus a lot more on death despair short lives etc okay cool so I will put that apocalyptic tone well you know what that means alright so art literature death centered or short life centered or misery despair Center okay cool what about economically yeah why is it labor shortage okay but I mean half the people would want stuff why do they want more things than they wanted before why they need to make more things so you remember this problem ok so there&#39;s only one way to increase living standards in a short term meaning everybody has more stuff that&#39;s kill half the people right so that&#39;s what happens here 1/3 half the people die that stuff doesn&#39;t disappear that stuff goes to the leftover people still living standards go up so do a little better right so I feel that living standards up other than the warning about death part they have more stuff because half the people die and so then they get their stuff so that creates a new problem yeah now I got more money to spend on stuff so they need more things to make but the only problem is how people are dead so there&#39;s no one to make it right so we have a labor shortage which is good for workers are bad good yeah cuz they can negotiate for higher wage nowhere for you oh I don&#39;t want to work oh you really think we&#39;re probably gonna pay me a lot so that&#39;s how it&#39;s gonna go alright and then also women get a chance to work if they want to all right cool that&#39;s the impact of the Black Death and among goals and the Vikings so again these two you know those proceeds 400 obviously these two are gonna establish and consolidate the trade networks that are later going to spread this disastrous black of death alright which we can now treat with a pill antibiotics tada but back then you dunsky got it all right let me get it all right let&#39;s uh do Africa in Southeast Asian mmm states will do Africans first so do I have referring to not really an empire but at least a developing civilization right yeah okay you&#39;re right Ghana Mali but besides gone in Mali yeah how&#39;s the kingdom&#39;s how&#39;s the land yeah there we go actually I should probably write this up here for the internet people which might be us hope you&#39;re it all that I mean don&#39;t have to ok so African kingdoms so we have from like a thousand is BC sorry see e2 um when did they get kicked out they got booted out by a Sultanate and B 1800s I think yeah so we&#39;ll say the 19th century I didn&#39;t look very nice open eighteen hundreds there we go there Peaks gonna be like the 15th to 18th century but regardless these are the house of kingdoms and they&#39;re gonna really benefit from a particular trade network and connection with a particular civilization what are those two answers that I&#39;m asking questions too let&#39;s go somebody else you guys have answered plenty let&#39;s go with a silent person who&#39;s afraid of being wrong you&#39;re not a sound person is pretty being wrong but you an answer great nice okay yep okay so the transference trade network right which at the time was just going this way but oh now we can go this way so why can it go this way now yes so the Arabs are going to domesticate camels which can travel across the desert much more easily and travel in caravans which are groups that make it easy to carry supplies and survive this trek across the desert cool so arrows are going to connect and that is thanks to of course camels and caravans excellent and how are these uh how is that going to benefit the West African I&#39;m secluding the house&#39; crickets sound I can&#39;t make one or I would you get the idea from the higher-ups you like okay they do borrow a lot of ideas from the Arab so they are going to uh what&#39;s the word I&#39;m looking for but they&#39;re going to a borrow the Arab released the general Arab administration program alright so they&#39;re going to start what looks more like a centralized government or Empire and who the Arabs in on that front by the way versions right what is that one alright but what&#39;s gonna really benefit these guys over here like that they&#39;re going to their kingdoms are going to grow and become more economically powerful what trade the two okay which state or states in a thousand in the year 1000 who&#39;s up ha that was it there you go that was the Caliphate or other associated Souls names alright so they&#39;re gonna connect with caliphates and the caliphates have some money today amps of trade goods yeah why try me yeah these connected to all the major integration into regional trade networks at that time exactly okay cool so that&#39;s big money for them and what&#39;s their primary um trade city not to book - don&#39;t say yeah okay no and then um they&#39;re going to convert to what and why this long because yeah they want that good relationship and trade benefits with the Arab caliphates so they got things like gold and ivory and actually I&#39;ve raised more of an East African thing gold and copper salt and one of the thing that&#39;s not something you can mind that they&#39;re going to have a lot of in West Africa dope slave slave is where the slave trades begin the slave trade starts way before the Portuguese in as early as 1000 CE II with the Arabs remember his African kingdoms would fight and they would just take slaves and the Arabs got there like hey we&#39;ll we&#39;ll take some of those so they would just essentially buy them so that West African slave trade was an ongoing thing since it is really back at least on a large scale as a thousand see all right cool so yeah it&#39;s good for the house the kingdoms what&#39;s uh what&#39;s down here the one the one civilization great symbol of Great Zimbabwe cool alright and that&#39;s gonna be from like 1100 ish to about 1450 there&#39;s not a whole lot that&#39;s super relevant about this they were one of the only wall civilizations down there and the sort of van two-ish regions but what is significant is they&#39;re at the very tail end of a major major trade network so I know what that is and how we know it yeah they found a couple Chinese goods there yeah so they&#39;re gonna be tail and pinion ocean trade network right and they do find a couple Chinese goods they&#39;re cool and they are walled city there are several of those small walled cities there but they exist so what&#39;s gonna cause the decline then if they&#39;re doing so well for 300 years okay they believe that perhaps the access to gold was declined okay so gold mines decline look up for you down there yeah and they&#39;re just be way more trade up north especially when these get established we&#39;ll get to those going into city-states actually we&#39;ll just do now who&#39;s here that&#39;s gonna develop a much more complex and active trade network up there on the and all due to gold mine exhaustion and trade up north they basically like it&#39;s like building a that announcer ability on the road by the freeway it&#39;s like instead of building by the freeway you a little bit by itself in a river it&#39;s like yeah it&#39;s not forget nearly as much business all right so um yeah this one swahili cities takes every said honey to ask that I be impressed for this man I just told you this today city-states all right this is a mix of two different ethnic ethnic groups slash languages what is that gonna be it&#39;s all the same people that&#39;s fine yeah Arabs in Bantu right the Bantu are like basically all over here and the Arabs of course are gonna come down there so it&#39;s a meek Arab plus Bantu oh I forgot to mention this today we&#39;re in a lecture what&#39;s that when you sequence that&#39;s going to bring ships to and from that region easily monsoon wind yeah so that&#39;s gonna help them out and why does this area become Islamic for the most part over here on this coast okay they want to trade networks benefits with the Muslims but which Muslims are there how were they there what is that yes it was the Muslim merchants diaspora so you had Arab merchants settling on these trade cities building mosques and of course encouraged people around them and really want to trade with them in these walking these city-states I took convert to Islam where these city-states like an empire no they&#39;re much of independent city station the most part so they knew they are part of the Muslim Diaspora which again just means especially the internet it just means you&#39;re from one location where there&#39;s a lot of you and you disperse and settle in small groups outside of it I ask nice yeah city-states not an empire all right oh that&#39;s right very close to this though in what is considered Ethiopia now also known at least part of it is Eritrea and then also called AB is Nia what dynasty&#39;s going to establish itself here in like 1290 or whatever&#39;s with the Zog way Empire but this one is the one that lasts for like 700 years Sol Manik dynasty yeah Solomonic dynasty in what is now Ethiopia that&#39;s good about 1290 to 1974 it&#39;s got a long stretch there it&#39;s loving no no what are they Christian yeah it&#39;s a Christian king of a lone Christian Kingdom and they&#39;re gonna actually hold out quite a while they&#39;re surrounded by hostile Sultanate&#39;s I&#39;m Muslim States but they&#39;re gonna hold out for a while and they actually get some help later in the 1500s when somebody shows up provides them with guns and troops to help fight off neighbouring sultanates poor Judy yeah the Portuguese right so 1500 they receive support from the Portuguese the Europeans are happy to find it because they had like this legend of his lost Christian Kingdom you know across the sea or whatever so when they found this like there it is but they really just ended up helping it out as far as staying independent and actually stay independent all the way through the age of imperialism which we&#39;ll get to later subby a Solomonic by the way was called that because he thought the leaders thought he had ancestry going all the way back to King Solomon of Israel so it was a pretty long one okay got that sweet so that&#39;s here here here what else do we have Southeast Asia right yeah okay Southeast Asia what are my two Southeast Asian Indian archipelago empires go first and then second yes yeah yeah it&#39;s going that wrong I&#39;m sure that&#39;s cool okay so straight ball yeah Jaya Jaya it&#39;s gonna be like eighth century ish we&#39;re just seven hundreds to about what was the Year 1061 lat let me don&#39;t check baby&#39;s full-term it actually I wrote the your names I forget I did full 90 1290 so about 712 90 alright and they&#39;re gonna be mostly out what type of religiously what type of estate so it is initially cuz that&#39;s gonna spread from I&#39;ll be a trade union ocean okay and what&#39;s their major trade city gonna be that&#39;s organized on to it on a choke point so everyone&#39;s gotta go by and trade by from there yeah Malaka that&#39;s the powerful city-state and again why I know we&#39;ll get to that later we&#39;ll come back to that alright that&#39;s their main treaty trade city-state and they&#39;re gonna spread a bunch of their people throughout the Indian Ocean over here they&#39;re gonna have their own like mini diaspora merchants what type of people are they I just told this one today they&#39;re not Muslim they&#39;re not Chinese Singapore&#39;s over here okay I&#39;ll give you a hint this is Malaysia people yeah there you go unfortunately for them no from the island of Java Java sorry they&#39;re going to be essentially pushed out right there a maritime Empire faced by sea and trade some of these guys Belen he&#39;s gotta gonna run they&#39;re gonna push him out from 1290 to 1500 they are also going to be initially Buddhist but both of these regions are going to peacefully convert to what no no Hinduism Islam wine yeah but who how yeah that Muslim merchants I asked for the same thing so this whole region is going to convert to Islam by bayi peacefully essentially and this is by the way the last major empire in that region as far as indigenous empires go the Europeans gonna show up in 1800s sorry the 1500s and they&#39;re gonna start taking over things the Portuguese and the Dutch and the British but that&#39;s the last like major Empire of the Indian archipelago in fact they&#39;re actually famous for defeating one very very tough to beat empire yeah the Mongol Yuan Dynasty cool those two got two more in the region though on the mainland the peninsula in Southeast Asia yep so which one is modern-day Thailand Cambodia which one is like southern central Vietnam is what yes we got the Champa empire and what is now central and southern Vietnam and we have in modern-day Cambodia Thailand my empire all right come I are like 800 ish to 1300 ish Champa is gonna be extinct longer camera they&#39;re they&#39;re stars have a really early start it might be like that&#39;s to hundreds or something like that I wrote down because I knew I would remember if I could find it and I cannot find yeah so it is the second century so it&#39;s actually that one hundreds alright so we&#39;ll say one hundred and they go for quite a while they go to eighteen like 32 or something that&#39;s a pretty long-standing Empire all right what two religions dominate this region Hinduism and all right which one is gonna be adopted more so by the upper class so much so much more by the lower classes and why because right the cast is him enforced the hierarchy excellent yeah it was it was open to all as egalitarian cool that&#39;s Buddhism and it&#39;s me the same story here in the Khmer Empire the most part so what I want to know then is what are the three reasons that these rulers are gonna adopt Hinduism in that era area they forced hierarchy of course it said I should be in my position because I&#39;m such a good person or I wasn&#39;t my last life okay yeah there wasn&#39;t really much of a unified culture of that as were new Empires and civilizations but Indy had been around for like three thousand years or so so they were willing to adopt a prestigious and ancient civilizations customs and like the deities but once yep cool so caste system enforced the hierarchy they admire Indian culture and also they admire the Dee&#39;s such as a Shiva cool what was the Khmer Empire particularly famous for both them had cool architecture but Hindu architecture and Buddha statues but like what was the main thing the huge thing that was the biggest at its time and Angkor Wat yeah at its time the biggest city from 1100 to about 1300 then it was abandoned we don&#39;t know why all right cool those are those empires and is that all the states now it&#39;s just the Inca Aztec in the trade city-states right yeah all right cool let&#39;s bust a mountain you don&#39;t have to do both pretty quick and then the city states and out we go all right Azteca Mesoamerica where my Inca at yeah where what region is lots of times Andes Mountains yeah thanks all right where did the Inca originate from what like the main city go yeah all right what did he ask right-hand pilgrim and both these guys are gonna operate roughly from 1300 ish to about 1500 issues when they get wiped out by the Spanish all right think I actually put a little last night I think I think they actually started the fortune hundreds but don&#39;t call me okay Aztec give me some defining features like who ruled them in how was this one centralized government or what was it yeah it was three city-states but in the end it really just became to no chit lon all right and the Concord people and they spread trade and stuff which is cool but they&#39;re particularly brutal when they conquered you they were very militaristic give me some qualities that were not so nice yeah I did a lot of human sacrifice like thousands and thousands of thousands they believed they had to to not end the world for the most part all right semen sacrificed a big part of it they didn&#39;t know people didn&#39;t like that when you took their kids and family first for sacrifice what else do they take or collect slaves a tribute and they are responsible for the spread of culture and trade and things like you know all sports and all that but no one&#39;s gonna miss them when they&#39;re gone in the region so somebody shows up and brings the smallpox and advertently and wipes them out who is that and why are people so willing to join them to overthrow the Aztek which they do yeah so it&#39;s the Spain Spanish plus the I guess a American Indian allies and they are willing to do that because they really relieve the test the Aztec because of how brutal they were alright so I want to say something else about if I can&#39;t rule was oh who is the last main ruler of the Aztec empire into no G lon in a second yeah excellent all right down to the Inca is this is a first wave Empire like they&#39;re not centralized they leave your local rulers in place right they just force you to pay tribute or they come back and black you again this is the second wave Empire though what do they more like yep their centralized meaning yeah governor cities roads etc they&#39;re much more interconnected and organized absolutely centralized they got roads local officials in fact they&#39;re so organized they have their own state-run economy called what a meet that system what is the meet that system they store the stuff pay you tell you what to make etc and they use it effectively at least as far as we know in that area and they&#39;re it&#39;s as a state-run economy if you want to anything on your alga to do it on your own at home and they&#39;re able to build some pretty crazy things pretty quickly what was that Sun God temple bunch of peachy right staple the giant temple the Sun God in a very high up in the Andes Mountains Sun God temple but they lack some things which makes it all the more impressive what do they lack that would normally enable people to work and organize themselves well wills and domesticate animals right but what what about the communication because they kept records somehow what did they lack and what did they have instead yeah so they lacked knocks but they had these things called which are like knots to keep track to keep records right but no real language the written language I should say no but they can&#39;t really Holly thing okay and last part with the Incans what two things cause their fall yeah Spain slash disease and yeah Civil War that will do you in pretty quick so they they hold on to like you think last stronghold fell on like 1572 or something alright cool that&#39;s was a shion&#39;s now let&#39;s just do the trade city that we&#39;ve done scheme all right so I&#39;ll have you identified them now so for the Empire of Mali I&#39;ve got Timbuktu for the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate I have dad for the Italian city-states that is a maritime force I have for the northern European Baltic coast city that is enriched by Viking trade I have for the West Indian city-state that is going to be enriched by the Delhi Sultanate I have callicut oh yeah Calcutta will just take out that though where you talk about Malacca that&#39;s a check ready to discuss them in the south of China connected with the great canal or the Grand Canal with the north and central of China I have the major trade City Hall this would be impressive remember this one bomb sooo yeah nice not even one to remember what am i skip I&#39;m just give me a couple oh yeah the Central Asian one in form of Persia conquered by the Greeks and in the person the Mongols and the Persians again I have no some are longg nice and in Central Asia conquered by the Chinese Turks Mongols Chinese calvess yeah - car alright cool so we&#39;ll talk about these ones we just you just know about I just described basically what they were these ones just already discussed these two we got to cover all that when I discussed largely to put to what Jim pyres that it connected to Mali what&#39;s gonna enrich them trigger - yeah caliphates what religion they&#39;re gonna be yeah it&#39;s long come back up good its longing all right to vote - Oh real quick before I forget all of these city states and roughly the same time so not the Aztec make that we get that away so it&#39;s not confusing roughly the same time in at around a thousand see II they&#39;re going to pop up and become incredibly wealthy and powerful why then what&#39;s going on okay that&#39;s one trade right yes so this whole Mediterranean and north and northern European trade networks gonna be reinvigorated by the Vikings school why else the Mongols are going to start up what the Silk Road starts back up again some Mongols what else and you know some trade network what&#39;s gonna be contributing back okay it&#39;s why you leading the monsoon winds delhi sultanate yeah the Indian archipelago ones astray by a tribute Jah Jah man can save myself and the majaa pit okay and then who&#39;s here that&#39;s connected to all over ya the caliphates Abhisit at this time so because there&#39;s these large empires that have wealth that are trading they&#39;re gonna be going through these city-states and benefiting from that wealth excellent so which one of these is known for establishing trade contacts as well as forming a powerful navy and being the middlemen it&#39;s gonna give it away between Europe and the the caliphates and the Byzantines yes yes they&#39;re also gonna been banking so banks destroy your money they&#39;re gonna form contracts as middlemen and River what&#39;s a middleman yeah you pay them for the transportation that&#39;s the UPS guy that delivers your Amazon package he&#39;s the middleman all right and you pay him for all right oh and a large Navy they&#39;re gonna control the Mediterranean Sea all right which one of these is a result of its location on the Silk Road and it was also one of the oldest civilizations that were the Persians control that the ancient Greeks controlled it and it&#39;s now a big center for Islam yeah what kind of people are here they&#39;re so peon yeah some of the merchants and they are pretty damn ancient that&#39;s one the oldest cities and there of course our original ID this Silk Road who else is enriched by the Silk Road kashgar and while they are gonna be conquered by many many peoples they do have that central position on those major trade routes so when trade is doing well like it&#39;s doing in the roughly 11th century to 14th century they&#39;re gonna do really well I feel like I&#39;m forgetting one humph again bye alright let&#39;s start with the Aztec they&#39;re coming in from where yeah like a thousand sticks to the Central American Mesoamerican region they run in the from the exact years but it&#39;s based in 15th century to the 16th century like 15 20 ish for the Spanish finished our conquest alright so yes tech is it one centralized government no what is it City Street yeah it&#39;s confederation of three city-states right the head one ends up being two no chit lon alright so we&#39;ll just keep it that for how it is three city-states and it is not a second wave empire they&#39;re not centralized when they take people over like other Mayans or other people to Mesoamerican region what do they do yeah they force tribute take slaves and yeah a lot of human sacrifice right so they are not friendly when they take over you alright so slaves they force you to pay tribute and of course they have their whole funds human sacrifice thing going on which causes people that are taking over they&#39;re not like them very much back a lot okay and who&#39;d they leave in charge they put Aztec people in charge these are the city-states to take over these mindless yeah to leave in charge they gotta pay tributes and if they don&#39;t they come wreck up their city again but yeah the answer they&#39;re required to provide soldiers or tribute payments or whatever whenever they&#39;re asked or they&#39;ll get smashed again alright cool so the Aztec are not making any friends over there alright culturally they do just like the Mongols you know they&#39;re terrible terrible terrible people as far as how they treat people they conquer they are going to spread trade and cultural ideas and things like that so you do see increase in trade in the region with the Mayans and the other ass tech and other tribes in the region but again overall it&#39;s pretty bad for most people which is why was a Spanish show up people up no problem rising up against them so who&#39;s the last great Aztec King before that Kingdom fall yeah once in the second alright and again they do have several hundred thousand people of their empire they do enhance trade and all those good things and they sell to the spread of a culture in this great American region but again not well-liked Spanish show up what immediately wipes out a whole bunch of them unintentionally yeah yeah a small box right cool so European diseases are going to just absolutely annihilate all of the peoples of the Americas all the American Indians European disease it&#39;s gonna decimate them some easels smallpox things that still kill people in the old world but at a much much much reduced rate it&#39;s more often that people who survive these no immunities over here though they&#39;ve never seen these diseases so they just get rekt a population was upwards a ninety percent that come into contact with it okay that weakens them but also the Spanish even though there are a very small amount to them they&#39;re able to raise up an opposition or resistance force against the Aztec quickly tell me why they&#39;re able to do that yeah everyone here to be ruled by them in the first place so drawing up allies against them was not hard to do right so as a result the Aztec are going to fall to the Spanish and their Native American allies for American you know cool that&#39;s the Aztec they&#39;re one of only two major state systems in the Americas pre Columbus was the other one yeah before they uh daddy Annie&#39;s memories no matter what main city state that&#39;s right good they&#39;re about the same time span like early fifteenth to actually a little later they hold out to like 1572 or something at their 1428 - regardless if you just want to throw in 15 sixteenth centuries that&#39;s good enough alright so they&#39;re also gonna expand via conquest but their state system and administration was a bit more impressive they were much more very much more similar to the old classical empires of the the old world how so were they similar second wave centralized yeah meaning what excellence you&#39;ve got a central authority in Cusco but they have like local administrators and they&#39;re going to have road networks just like the Romans did and the Persians did whether the Chinese did their also written language right no no they actually don&#39;t which has makes us all more impressive so settlers government and officials they of course have roads but they got no written language but they still keep records so they got roads mail no I&#39;m sorry not the hello then but they had records and how are they keeping these records of death certificates and oh people own wages there and all that stuff yeah people not system that was one major handicap that the income earner able to overcome no written language but they still kept records with those knots always had a major handicap that they had no yeah no wheels or domesticate animals to pull stuff with llamas are not very good for hauling so whatever Tiffany&#39;s on okay good llamas are not very good for Holly so it&#39;s it&#39;s all human labour no wheel no written language and Incas still are going to expand a massive Empire and build a lot of monumental structure so let&#39;s write that oh wait no we&#39;re not writing anything what I wanted to ask was how do they organize the labor then to build all these things so quickly yeah which is what somebody else tell me who&#39;s they yes the state is going to dictate your job and your wage we don&#39;t know how much people liked or disliked it cuz they have no written records but any time in human society you forced people to do something tends not to be liked what was the only way people could actually do stuff they wanted to do yeah they&#39;d have been privately make it at home nonetheless it&#39;s going to work so it&#39;s called a Utah system is that come coerce flavor what the hell is coerced labor yeah it&#39;s basically forced right so like it&#39;s like when someone it&#39;s like an you pin your little brother you know you&#39;ve got their arm behind their back you&#39;re tell them to say uncle or whatever like that&#39;s coercion right here&#39;s you&#39;re essentially forcing himself that&#39;s coerced to labor but it&#39;s gonna work it&#39;s gonna get the job done sex that&#39;s a state-run economy they can take your job your hours your wages all those things okay cool what&#39;s an example of something cool they built though yeah the temple the Sun God the Sun King right okay cool so they build a large temple the Sun go it gained much teaching all right cool and they&#39;re gonna stretch from parts of modern age he lay all the way up to like Ecuador region so that is the biggest largest the most organized networking empire in the Americas prethalamus is so impressive well done what leaves a vulnerable though to conquest by the Spanish later he was bizarre did it that&#39;s the same thing yes so Civil War yeah again right because a very little amount of Spanish but they&#39;re able to pit other vegans against another or one Incans against one other because there&#39;s a civil war going on and the Spanish disease again unintentional but beneficial for the Spanish so their fall is going to be Spanish conquest unless we do to disease and it&#39;s a war lucky timing by the conquistadors good luck with them in period period - all right a quest lenka onward so we&#39;ll talk now about some trade city-states so I&#39;ve got all put a bunch of dots up you can tell me what they are wait for you put them up first yeah at all oh they&#39;re not a city though but yes we&#39;re going to talked about them on the last one anyway so I think that&#39;s enough what&#39;s good enough anyway oh yeah thanks I did this one but you know there&#39;s actually a multiple here all right that was my oyster kidding sweet great to bomb away we ready come down one but just just how about their enemies ones here&#39;s what&#39;s what he we what band two nerves yeah okay all right yeah all right so the question one asks is this these cities all become incredibly wealthy and powerful and this is an imperial capital of the absent caliphate but the rest just make sure our not capitals they&#39;re mostly semi independent cities all right this one&#39;s definitely part of the Song Dynasty but the most part these are and this is every part of the trip EJ and jump it but they&#39;re pretty much gonna be independent powerful city-states so when I was why from roughly a thousand to 1300 hce I&#39;ve got such a powerful trade cities why so strong well somebody&#39;s from momentarily but why in general are these gonna pop up and be so wealthy and powerful for a few centuries why are the trade systems coming back up again what does that mean reinvigorated okay so they&#39;re there they&#39;re increasing in their volume trade alright so I want to know my arm period of almost okay that&#39;s okay that&#39;s a too specific reason sweet so I do have a warming theory that is true petering out in this this time sort of a population increase but mumble Empire is a specific answer to a much more broad development so yes the Mongol Empire its massive I mean look it&#39;s got most of the cities right there within it at least at one point what else though is popping up besides the Mongol Empire or is already there okay yeah I got Vikings enhancing trade up here in Europe Mediterranean absolutely that&#39;s gonna help spark Venice and Oprah absolutely what else yeah the caliphates absolutely they&#39;re gonna spur trade pretty much everywhere for the most part right yeah Mahajan Empire absolutely will maritime trade there and for the tribute oh yeah alright those are new ones I have trouble pronouncing but nonetheless so what uh is that all my empires what you do more than that yeah okay Delhi Sultanate seven Delhi Mongol caliphates Vikings remember the Vikings aren&#39;t an empire though there&#39;s a bunch of independent merchants and invaders we got there&#39;s a pocket bolli okay cool so I&#39;m good yeah a song that&#39;s good enough all right so I&#39;ve got a lot of major empires that are stabilized which we&#39;ve just discussed earlier why does that enhance trade just because I&#39;ve large stable on fires safer who purchase it give me a specific answer you can yeah okay cool so I have large stable empires increased trade and then the why is if I have a large empire that&#39;s gotta be protected I&#39;m not worried about being vain innovating as much as I would normally be so I have more time and peace time first of all and then time to myself to worry about providing for my family so that&#39;s when I would go into my craft more and they&#39;ll make more things so where&#39;s everybody else crippled trade more and the routes are safe so it&#39;s easier to sell them and trade them so everything is a bit safer more stable so I have more trade all right any time we have a bunch of stable empires we have an increase in trade right that&#39;s the same with the old classical air before that when Rome was running and the Han Dynasty with the Silk Road going right because there&#39;s two stable empires keeping both ends somewhat safe all right so same thing here so large they both parties increase trade and then of course people were able to produce and trade more because it&#39;s stable and they&#39;re safer got law and order founding it made it as much et cetera all right what what train network specifically though like what&#39;s this one cool so examples of these trade routes Silk Road this one you know should trade network this one are in trade network this one yeah cool that&#39;s that&#39;s a good amount right there alright let&#39;s get a couple specifics then so let&#39;s do Timbuktu what&#39;s this one gonna be known for nice gold ivory salt in the beginnings of slave trade yeah so the first West African slaves of course during more time between these kingdoms they would take prisoners they would sell those prisoners voluntarily and nothing the prisoners were not voluntarily being sold but the kingdoms were voluntarily selling them to the arrows right that&#39;s gonna start a really is like a thousand see alright and then the portuguese of course when they come down a few hundred years later thank you like well that&#39;s a great market they&#39;re gonna buy some and they&#39;re gonna send them on over to brazil and the caribbean and a few i think less than 10% of slaves actually go up into North America most went up in Brazil in the Caribbean but nonetheless or sees it there too can see that tradition okay so gold ivory salt slaves we all send Islam here why though what who trade benefits in their government okay what about here okay cool so the Arabs have initiated this trade - let&#39;s not forget why are they able to actually go across the Sahara Desert now caravan surveying the camels yeah thanks to this last week for whatever double review for you okay and then Islam is to spread and again the reason why is because they&#39;re going to adopt a lot of the Arab governmental policies their administrative policies and their religion right so if their Islamic are the Arabs more or less likely to trade with them more likely right so the merchants and elites are going to convert there we&#39;ve covered that before but I will put that up here so merchants elites convert or trade perks and of course they learn every administration but the Arabs learn to the Persians so okay that was to folk to check we&#39;ve did quite great zimbabwe last week I think so Healy city state school the Bantu people migrated over here a long time ago and then we have Arab merchants coming down here as well that&#39;s why you need city-states but I don&#39;t know what these guys because it&#39;s pretty much the same goods it&#39;s blue it&#39;s gold ivory copper I can really add salt or not but pretty much the same stuff you need city-states but what&#39;s keeping ships coming consistently to and from this coast from the or a very Persia and in India yeah monsoon wind it&#39;s nice why are these guys gonna be Islamic pretty soon right yes the merchant diaspora the Muslims right so we got a lot of Arab Muslim merchants settling over here building mosques locals convert course for the Fed exclusive trade writing those trade rights and that&#39;s cool excellent chick alright callicut that&#39;s just to be enhanced by a lot of the delhi sultanate stabilization in the hindu beds over there baghdad obviously is gonna be enhanced because they&#39;re the capital which giant empire that&#39;s connected all trade routes it was an abbess it ya know garage what&#39;s gonna improve trade in no garage thank you vikings how they get in there long hose yeah long mustn&#39;t go down the rivers they go down the volga river they trade the Byzantines and others they also sail all the way around in the Mediterranean and no broad is going to become a very powerful trade city well until the Russians just just run them over later on but so that&#39;s not till the 1500s so we ain&#39;t there yet yeah no garage and a lot of biking trading activity and that&#39;s gonna be a nice trade center for the Baltic / northern slash Eastern Europe portion all right cool Viking trades and so like that how about some info about Venice they were middleman and middle men for what for who okay cool so you got European meeting medieval kingdoms right you&#39;ve got the Byzantines and you&#39;ve got Arabs and Turks all right so you&#39;re saying they&#39;re gonna be middlemen what the hell the middleman stands in the middle saying with you on this one yeah they&#39;re the ones that ship or package the stuff basically though don&#39;t purchase it or pay for it to be shipped just like UPS your Amazon driver would it is a little different though because you&#39;re right they do purchase the goods and then sell them to more later but they are still that connection so they establish a lot of contracts with the Byzantines with some select Muslim pockets and of course in Europe they&#39;re going to become quite wealthy by facilitating all the trade minutes Raney between the East and the West portions of Mediterranean so take a lot of money and they&#39;re very smart with it did you two major things there money that make their power even more I guess you could say dynamic or greater in that era establishment houses yes so they established the first Bank house at the sighting at Venice up here minutes nice so they&#39;re the basically the inventors of banks private banks so I can now store money somewhere safe deposit leaders that have carrying it around or hiding in the hole and hoping nobody finds it it&#39;s gonna be a lot safer I&#39;ve been having like an imperial treasury or something like that so first banking houses and we&#39;ll talk more about well actually a little bit later but how banks make money because when you borrow money from a bank you&#39;re not just paying them back you pay them back plus interest so banking becomes very quickly becomes a very profitable business we&#39;re using yeah in fact they&#39;re gonna be so powerful that they&#39;re as a city-state able to rival the entire later Ottoman Empire and their Navy well with some help of course from Spain but they&#39;re gonna take on the Ottoman Navy and defeat them at Lepanto I think it&#39;s called around Greece and that&#39;s a largely contributed to by the Venetians and their armies are their name so they do know where the power is act you have a lot of Italian sailors and naval ships and merchant ships and they&#39;re going to control the Mediterranean for the long time in fact when they start exploring they hire Italian Venetian Italians Venetian they hire a lot of Italian sailors because these guys are the best sailors around so I mean if you guys know Columbus wasn&#39;t in Spanish he was just hired by the Spanish that&#39;s Venice all right chef Perry to the shackle what to city-states are going to be well first of all run over by a whole bunch of Empires from the Persians the Turks the Mongols the Chinese basically everybody and greatly enriched by Silk Road trade yeah so Silk Road it&#39;s going to enrich these city-states but again they&#39;re gonna switch hands a lot because they are very fortunately placed on or near the steppes of Asia which are just like super and easy invasion territories such a flat grassland so again the Persians in the degrees and then the party begin and the Turks and the Mongols the Chinese so everyone&#39;s gonna roll through there at one point what do you people call by the way the people over here some thug goons right there are the merchants over there that are gonna be quite wealthy for quite a long time okay okay what to major maritime employers is that can be part of yeah cool so it&#39;s gonna be a central traits tea for the trivia junior and the modulo hits empires all right whole just a quick reminder is what those guys are so their first their second this is whether your involvement with the 900 to 1200 for the room a junior and in the 1200 to 1500 for the Maharaja what religion is going to be there originally yeah Buddhism in a little bit Hinduism let&#39;s go to those states right obviously coming in from India which what&#39;s your short answer was about so that&#39;s gonna trickle in through merchants again that&#39;s Buddhism Hinduism but what&#39;s gonna replace it in that area thanks to another diaspora yeah Dysport community Islam right so he&#39;s gonna shift from a Buddhist with some Hindu to Islam same reason though you&#39;re gonna have a bunch of Muslim merchants coming in settling and they&#39;re gonna convert a large portion of that region all right there are conflicts they&#39;ll even still between Buddhists and Muslims in that region really really violent ones to island which is odd because you would think that Buddhists wouldn&#39;t be but I mean defend themselves I guess but they&#39;re not always the defenders in those regions but anyways so that is malacca oh wait why is that one so powerful though besides the fact that&#39;s apart these maritime inspires yeah it&#39;s at the truck point with the straits that are going through for the Indian Ocean to the very very lucrative land of China yes exactly so you got to go by there whether they&#39;re charging their toll tax later or just they&#39;re a pit stop that&#39;s going to greatly enhance their well friends are gonna be awake man I&#39;m gonna kick you out yeah I can&#39;t just sleep here for free for a credit alright so the other 30 of you are doing very well so the lock-up covered and what&#39;s my last one here han-soo why is this one gonna be why does city in China why not what is later Beijing or Macao or whatever yeah why does that help it out yeah so that helps why yes so they can send goods to this city to be traded or backup harder to do but that&#39;s gonna allow a lot a much easier set of transportation options so you&#39;re gonna have an increased economic tivity communication and transportation here and that&#39;s gonna send around a haan-soo which is also the one of the main pit stops for traders coming from Southeast Asia or the Indian Ocean all right sweet so we&#39;ve got salt the trade city-states we go to those wait this is social stuff which is all right economic innovations so these are all going to be innovations that are going to make trade much easier and safer all right so economic innovation so what you get no Pap test is of course what they are what they are how they help where they originate it for the most part all right so first one is long as the first one if I&#39;m going to talk about this is gonna make trade much more okay tell me a problem you might find here if all of my wealth is in silver and gold coins why might that be a problem for me if I am moving around your heart because it they&#39;re gonna be bulky and heavy it&#39;s easy to see if I have them right I can&#39;t really hide them very well like oh is this giant sack of gold that weighs 80 pounds like yeah you&#39;re screwed so one thing that&#39;s going to really really increase economic activity as far as they get easier trade or hide em you know if you need to it&#39;s gonna be pretty gloomy yeah and who admits that yeah the Tong dynasty right or at least they popularized the song dissed you and that&#39;s official it&#39;s it&#39;s officially printed by the Tong and so on government&#39;s its allegedly backed up by you know silver and gold they have but yeah that&#39;s gonna be a practice that begins as early as the Tong dynasty people are still gonna be resistant to it even the United States in the 18th century and even in the 19th century actually everybody of course doesn&#39;t make it much easier to trade you transport your stuff also I have a much safer place to keep it they just started this one thanks yeah and again thanks for very profitable guys they don&#39;t just loan you money or hold your money for free they make money off of your money so even if I just put money in there they&#39;re investing that money and other things another company&#39;s real estate or whatever I&#39;m not exactly sure of when specific industries began but banks were very probable like right from beginning so what we had here in Le Italy was a lot of these city states developed banking systems they had large powerful banking families like sure you&#39;ve all heard the Medicis before maybe haven&#39;t I don&#39;t know but now you did the Medicis or the euchre class later Germany they&#39;re gonna be a very very well feat banking family and again they make money because if they&#39;re holding on your money it&#39;s not just sitting there they&#39;re loaning out to people and collecting interest it&#39;s like for example if I borrow a thousand dollars and I pay it back over three years do you think I pay back a thousand dollars no I probably came back like twenty three hundred dollars so like their interest rates are depending on the loan doubling the amount they&#39;re loaning out right like in general if you go to buy a house for like four or five percent interest you&#39;re pretty much paying twice the house over thirty years for the most part you can pretty much assume so you like oh by a 3 or 2 K house you&#39;re gonna pay like 550 600 K if you get like a poor or 4.5% mortgage rate on that sucker over 30 years so banks make a lot of money off of handing out money and they invested too but forget it so banks it does help though because that enables me if I have no money do you wanna take the loan yeah I have to pay back more over time but I can still get the thing I want now all right that&#39;s really gonna pick up economic activity because now instead well I&#39;m gonna wait six years to save up for this tiny boat it&#39;s like nope negative book now and I pay it off over time right so that&#39;s gonna rapidly increase the amount of stuff people can buy very very quickly all right and again he keeps your currency more safe because you know I can put it into a bank which is much harder to Roth in somebody&#39;s house or a loan person walking around alright so banks Italy cheese cool um if I want to transfer money from my bank to somebody do I have to just have that physical money on hand or no now what can I use change yeah chef that&#39;s gonna be both the caliphates gonna start those at home like socks or how are you found some Arabic so you have checks which of course their official documents which transfer money from your bank account to or your account whatever it is somebody else or whatever business or whatever all rights make it much easier sit have a go to the bank get yourself bring it trying to check they&#39;re gonna be able to deposit back on the round so checks that course for the caliphates we all still have I don&#39;t want you putting its de Coyne some of those are holder persons invented those a long time ago so we&#39;ll just take that off Pat those for a long time what&#39;s the other one to credit debit is that the other one yeah all right cool that one is very similar to a bill of exchange fact I&#39;ll do these together credit slash exchange these are based on trust so you would only do this one with somebody you actually trust somebody you got some sort of trading relationship with like you know that they&#39;re experienced to reliable trader you&#39;ve worked from before etc because a bill of exchange is like an IOU saying alright I&#39;m gonna take this and I&#39;m gonna pay you on this day rights with later it&#39;s like an all the money now but I&#39;ll come back in a month or whatever I&#39;m you to sign and then I&#39;m gonna paid so obviously it to tray trust the person because what could they do not come back right not pay you right so you&#39;d only do that with a company or personally that you know they&#39;re established they&#39;re gonna be there to reliable right but it still works it&#39;s gonna be much better you can enhance the amount of economic activity because people can buy stuff now instead of when they have the money down the road all right credit damn it&#39;s the same thing it&#39;s like a tab you&#39;ve all heard like put it on my tab before yeah that&#39;s just what that means so credit debit is let&#39;s say I&#39;m a merchant and let&#39;s say Aaron here wants to buy a bunch of paper all right so he doesn&#39;t owe the money on him right but I&#39;ve done business with him before he&#39;s got an account right and so I can just keep track of what he knows me right the hell made this paper I&#39;ll keep it on my County yeah Oh hundred dollars huge international paper goes and does this thing what&#39;s he eventually gonna have to do that so that&#39;s what the credit debit comes in so I keep track of that if he&#39;s got a hundred dollars into the debit portion I might have this backwards but the debit portion then he would have to give add credit by paying an awful later so this would be a hundred dollars he can pay that off later dollars all right that&#39;s all that it&#39;s just tracking your debt essentially put it on my account you gotta pay the count later so I don&#39;t explain it to you but how does that actually how does that actually help trade friend Emmet yeah yeah it&#39;s faster it&#39;s just like the banks you can buy it on that moment it&#39;s down the road all right cuz if I got it if you just save up for everything nobody would buy a house it of like 40 all right people buy them when they can barely afford them in like their 20s and 30s and then they finished paying them off when they&#39;re old basically like 50s 60s maybe depends what you got your loan on what alone you got but that&#39;s me finished so if you want to save up for it they wouldn&#39;t get a house til they were like really really old in fact some people can&#39;t save money because they suck and then we just never get a house did they just buy a bunch of little things forever and then they would just die without a house or whatever all right so but if you&#39;ve got a bill coming every month for a fixed amount and people learn veterans paying that regardless that helps you to buy big things now which is gonna increase economic productivity yeah we got this left y&#39;all keep looking back there all right click you got anything better to do let&#39;s get rolling here so economic innovations those recovered we have a new type of organization to tend to types and organizations I know you got these in the notes but I wasn&#39;t here to explain them or my voice wasn&#39;t able to explain them because I&#39;m sick they&#39;re kind of difficult alright so the first one was a guild a guild is a difficult one to understand so alright we&#39;re doing in on Europe specifically here cuz they don&#39;t so far as I know really exist outside of you so I killed I don&#39;t want to say like a gang but they have similar qualities so what a guild is is it&#39;s in like a town we&#39;ll just take our town here later all right ten where in Europe this is later if I wanted to do something I would basically need permission from these people to do it they mean economically not just like you know I want to go to a park and ask some ways I mean what I mean is like if I wanna become a baker I can&#39;t just become a baker I have to permission from the baking guild all right and that&#39;s a group of families or other bakers we&#39;re judging baking from now and I need their permission to even become an apprentice let alone a journeyman or master baker later on so these guys control industries what I mean by industry yeah basically different professions so it could be clothing textiles it can be baking could be iron working whatever right so they control a certain industry so in this case for using baking I don&#39;t I picked that would just pop in the head so in the baking industry it&#39;s gonna be controlled by a guild or a people in a city all right this is the baking guild so they determined several things number one who gets hired so I could be filtered out immediately if they don&#39;t like me all right does this have a little exclusive if somebody can tell you if you can or can&#39;t do a certain job it is a little bit right so what you&#39;re gonna have is a lot of corruption because people could just pay to get into certain industries or get certain privileges or jobs over but we&#39;re not gonna do that all right gets hired they determine how would you get paid determine what you make they also determine the quality of what you make so I&#39;ll say technique and quality so let&#39;s say I become a baker like yeah you can become a baker because you&#39;re the son of this guy who I like so you can be a baker so you become a baker let me like just roll in and start making bread however I want no they&#39;re going to specifically me the technique to use as well as what price to settle for so how much choice were having all this pretty much done right so they&#39;re gonna turn my pay they&#39;re gonna turn it while I&#39;m making how I make it they&#39;re gonna expect the quality further than that so when guilds are popular during the we&#39;ll just say Middle Ages of Europe so between Rome they don&#39;t start right when Rome Falls but between Rome and the Renaissance how much innovation and creation and productivity think we have in Europe [Music] yeah okay well the fuel system yes and the church you&#39;re correct those are not wrong answers but I&#39;m referring to guilds here why might a guild prevent me from cuz you&#39;re totally bribed about the church you know we&#39;re gonna control Noland you know that but like why why would a guild stop mean an industry from being creative or productive or anything like that yeah so if I got a cool new idea how to make something am I gonna be able to carry it out no because even if I do it they&#39;re gonna push me out of town literally you know push you out of town so that&#39;s why guilds are gonna be good if you&#39;re in the guild but bad overall if you&#39;re not in the guild or if you&#39;re trying to do something new or different all right when those disappear all some of a whole bunch of new creations and innovations that that us bring up okay cool so guilds guilds become very powerful so these guilds in towns begin this kind let&#39;s go sell whatever so here&#39;s the bakers here&#39;s the iron makers here&#39;s the textile workers that just needs quote basically cloth goods what else Lumberjacks what are their jobs are their furniture makers cobbler sorry cobblers I call my guilds in a particular town are those guys going to be fairly wealthy and powerful yeah the industry cool what could they do to make themselves even more powerful though raises prices okay that but what people can&#39;t pay for it here&#39;s they do they say all right we&#39;ve got more industries on lock with the prices unlock all that stuff what we&#39;re gonna do though is we are going to work not just each other but we&#39;re gonna work with guilds and other towns I know so you&#39;ve got other towns like Manteca right they&#39;ve actually I should use actual European cities apparent let&#39;s go with the biggest merchant town at the time which would be Antwerp you&#39;re like that&#39;s in modern day like the Netherlands / Belgium region Antwerp wasn&#39;t really really known for their large textile industry what our textiles again textiles and other things all right and this is uh another merchant town Amsterdam all right so these two cities and the guilds in am I gonna work together all right normally back then if I&#39;m gonna come from another town and this is a weird concept cuz we the United States and just drive from town to town it&#39;s like who cares what city it is back then the like your city was like your country almost like those were the people you knew grew up with everybody else like you shouldn&#39;t be trusted so if I roll in from another city like Munster yes that&#39;s a real city they&#39;re going to well first of all be very skeptical of me because I&#39;m from Wooster but second of all any good ciphering in like if I&#39;m let&#39;s say I&#39;m bringing in my baked goods why would people in Amsterdam not like me bringing baked goods from Muenster yeah please who controls the the Baker&#39;s here yes the ghetto the baking yield right they don&#39;t want your money going to them they want your money to go to them right they don&#39;t want you buying a monster bags good so what you think buying baked goods from from Amsterdam so what could they do possibly to make sure you buy their goods and not these Munster Goods what there you go it&#39;s called a tariff right so they&#39;re gonna charge him extra to sell stuff in Amsterdam that&#39;s called a tariff that&#39;s a tax on imported goods stuff brought in from other in this case cities but it&#39;s meant to be countries all right so that&#39;s a big deterrent so you think do you think many people are gonna go out and try to trader their cities if they&#39;re if they charge twice as much no because people aren&#39;t gonna buy it it&#39;s like well why would I buy $10 right I can buy $2 bread right they&#39;re not gonna do it so these guilds begin working together they start making corrupted deals urns and they get rid of this tariff thing and they agree to work with the guild and form kind of like a super deal Muenster and just basically increase the amount of money and power that these guys have by kind of uniting all right so now instead of Wooster and Amsterdam being rival guilds they&#39;re friendly almost like a United guild all right so no tariffs they can just trade in between so they&#39;re gonna have more economic activity and if you get more money what could you start doing that money spending it that&#39;s true but what could you buy to potentially protect people yeah exactly so they start doing things like funding private armies and navies to protect their trade routes and of course now they have power too so let&#39;s say an twerps like we don&#39;t want to be a party a little group screw you guys are you guys dumb what could they do yeah they could potentially bullet him into it right so they could either offer their services to other cities cheaply so they they lose all their business or they could use their navies and armies to pressure them into joining our group and that&#39;s exactly what&#39;s gonna happen you so what this is gonna form is the world&#39;s first trade organization known as the on Seattle or Hansa so it&#39;s it&#39;s kind of like a bunch of local gangs that start working together like a larger gang kind of I&#39;m oversimplifying and I&#39;m not saying they&#39;re all evil but they&#39;re going to work together to control industries and hire themselves private armies and private navies so they can spread their trade they can spread the amount of people that are buying their stuff and not buying stuff from competitors all right they get so powerful actually they begin pressuring Kings into allowing their trade cities to trade for free like no tariffs like I think they convinced like Henry the second or something of England these trade cities kind of coerced the King of England to accept a tariff free trade ring with them or else they were gonna basically block hate them like not traded them at all so you kind of had to so this this Hansie ethically is gonna be quite successful and they&#39;re gonna control a lot of the trade up here in Northern Europe all right Lucas n spread they&#39;re gonna start in the German areas and they&#39;re gonna spread their influence throughout this earn this North Sea this Baltic Sea region all right that&#39;s kind of an abstract concept especially to learn like almost four o&#39;clock on a on a Thursday but that&#39;s pretty much how it works so you know first of all what guilds are and then how guilds in these towns works together with other guilds to kind of make a super guild a big trade organization and again a trader because it just means you guys work together and there&#39;s no tariffs or barriers between you all right so it&#39;s women and then the traveler so women so we&#39;re all teams that want you to know about women is they want you to know areas in which patriarchy that&#39;s how the patriarchy was did she like yeah I&#39;m male dominant society and Families right it doesn&#39;t necessarily mean tyranny but it does definitely not sometimes so areas where this more tyrannical patriarchy took place and then also areas in this era when it got a little more relaxed so let&#39;s do be a patriarchal areas first so increase patriarchy well-spaced going to continue everywhere but the biggest example we have of this is going to be a new practice in China voluntary or not that&#39;s going to actually main females to make them seem as if they are more petite beautiful and successful at least part of a higher class yeah so we&#39;ll say neo-confucianism because who&#39;s the top of the hierarchy in a in a Confucian society yeah ancestors and men right so male ancestors especially but yeah males at the top women definitely below and of course they&#39;re gonna add that cultural element and song dynasty which is that foot binding which we discussed earlier because it&#39;s kind of just a refresher on that so neo-confucianism foot binding definitely to be an example of increased patriarchy so what I don&#39;t want you to think is like somehow everyone women across the world this time for free no they&#39;re extremely limited in the entire world at this point in fact right now here in the West the United States Canada Australia Europe it&#39;s like the only time in the world that women have actually been have equal access and treatment compared to every other country in the world and every other time in history so it was just the norm back then but it was a particularly bad at this time period in this era alright but there are some areas where it was a little more relaxed or Lisa Goff a little more relaxed so areas of relaxed um Buddhism and Christianity are gonna offer opportunities for them in to uh basically because both are open anybody so you can become a Buddhist monk or part of a Christian monastery so like you guys heard of nuns before right yeah all right so nuns are essentially saying and I&#39;m not going to live under any patriarchal society although their tech we usually headed by a male priests but they are able to live independent lives essentially aside from men and they can focus just on their Christian faith just like the Buddhists do as they pursue that ascetic lifestyle so Buddhist Buddhism and Christianity offered an option for women to not be as control by you to becoming monks or living in monasteries as no convent actually called convents all right another example is oh by the way what doesn&#39;t spread to Japan what we call the syncretized version of dough isn&#39;t in Japan so that&#39;s an expand there there&#39;s another group of people they&#39;re not permanent settlers and they&#39;re generally slightly more egalitarian because women have to set up camp and move and help feed and take care of the animals just like men do they don&#39;t do as much at the fighting but which which which group would that be the Mongols oh yeah so we have a pastoralist nice like the Mongols and again still definitely run by men but when you compare it to other civilizations women had a slightly larger amount of freedom back in that princess Katoon who was able to rule I don&#39;t know if it&#39;s a myth or not but apparently she said she would give all of her horses which was like ten thousand or something to the any man that could beat her in a wrestling match and and nobody ever beat her so she no one just the horses - she said she would marry any man who can feed her her wrestling match and she was a princess with a bunch of horses so it was like all right when a wrestling match basically when a bunch of horses which was like their currency and nobody beat her she&#39;s still married somebody but it wasn&#39;t because he beat her a wrestling match so another example is this one requires a little bit of explanation it&#39;s uh it&#39;s called gender parallelism hmm this is in the Americas all right so here&#39;s the want to qualify it as this doesn&#39;t mean that women had equal Authority like so the heads of the government the military religion knowledge all still men what in the Americas that wasn&#39;t seen as the pinnacle of society it was seen as one role we have to fill to keep humanity going all right and the women in this case had to fulfill the of course child rearing child educating home base wife right but if you think about it do we still need that to continue manatee yes we do right so what they did was they said okay the men and women have different roles but no one is superior to the other because we need both so that&#39;s where the parallelism comes in place so definitely different rights you&#39;re not going to see any women religious political military leaders here but they&#39;re seen as equally valuable because the jobs they do keep human society and Families going all right so that&#39;s gender parallelism so and they even had their own gods and some proof just like the men were more ancient the Sun God and the women were more oriented around the moon but they were both seen as equally contributing members of society with different roles does that make sense yeah so again not gonna see any female leaders here but they&#39;re not looked down upon for the role that they do that all right cool last bit is uh-oh agriculture - damn it agriculture and traffic developing pretty quick travelers are super easy I got even but to die it&#39;s from Morocco I&#39;ve got Marco Polo he&#39;s more than just a pool game he&#39;s a Venetian merchant and I&#39;ve got Marjorie Kim who is a rich woman from England so they&#39;re going to I&#39;m not sure if she was rich herself or she married a rich husband either way she was rich and I do believe her husband voluntarily became celibate even while married as part of the religious theme she was she was pretty highest meaning she was very devoted to God so all Therese people are gonna be to be a Christian Christian and Muslim all three these guys integral are going to well I have enough money to do this they&#39;re gonna travel throughout the world they&#39;re really the first people I mean the Vikings did this but they were going on raid they weren&#39;t just going around right and see what they saw these are travelers right they&#39;re not like again I&#39;m gonna go trade I&#39;m gonna go invade you I&#39;m just going to see stuff and write it down all right so they&#39;re in like the 12 1300s maybe the first people that really travel the world and document it for people to to read about all right so you&#39;ve been to toe goes all over the Islamic world dar all Islam he&#39;s gonna go to West Africa gonna go on his Hajj he&#39;s gonna see the Saudi Arabia Middle Eastern area I believe even dips into the Indian Ocean and East Africa so he sees like the whole Islamic world for the most part all right he catalogues in the book Marco Polo because the Mongol Empire is an existence or released recently was traverses the Silk Road visits China on to comes back and tells his tales in Italy and Margery camp goes from England she stays in Europe but she goes throughout all of Europe and sees all the major sites and relics there in Europe all three of them are gonna catalogue this and all three of them especially the first two their books are going to be wildly popular and again why think they&#39;re gonna be so popular yeah nobody&#39;s done this before nobody knows what the rest of the world&#39;s life so it&#39;s gonna be something that captured the imaginations of people so the two things I want you to know about this is are these guys all are gonna be I&#39;m gonna phrase this they&#39;re going to admire other civilizations so some of the accomplishments they have like even Battuta really appreciated the way that the West African women dressed because they wore almost nothing compared to what the Arabs did I used pretty impressed with that one as well as the unity civilizations and Arabs Marco Polo was very impressed with heung-soo and how organized the city was and how orderly their governments ran but and then important Marjorie Kemp&#39;s impressed with a lot of the relics she got to see but all three of them are gonna comment on how inferior and barbaric other cultures were so they&#39;re what you call narrow-minded like they have this idea of what&#39;s right and wrong and they see other people doing what they see is wrong they are gonna be very critical in them so they&#39;re gonna criticize out there it&#39;s not prejudice prejudice is when you have an irrational hatred of a group all right this isn&#39;t that this is them thinking here&#39;s an example correct me if I&#39;m wrong and I don&#39;t think Muslims can eat pork am I wrong about that they can okay okay so here&#39;s an example that&#39;s a rule practiced by in Battuta right he sees that as a dirty on barbaric practice okay but if he rolls out into Europe or maybe in West Africa do they eat bacon and hand there they do in Europe so how is he gonna see that yeah he says this barbaric and dirty and inferior and condescendingly essential he&#39;s gonna write about it so they all do that I think Marco Polo and over the details they were eating something I don&#39;t know what animal or insect it was and he couldn&#39;t get over how gross and barbaric and uncivilized that was so that&#39;s gonna be the that&#39;s identifying the writing both admiration of these other cultures as well as a critical and narrow-minded regarding their cultures all right cool now it&#39;s the last section these are super quick agricultural innovations is always just reviewed so I&#39;ve got choppa rice I&#39;ve got water water I&#39;ve got nothing I&#39;ve got harrassing I of course call it the usually don&#39;t know so which one of these bad boys was a new strain of rice that was drought resistant and cultivated in half the time spread throughout the entire Indian Ocean to raise the population there you go which one was where they went to shallow lakes added dirt or used dirt that was there to garden on Eileen that looked like floating gardens where was that which one was the one where I think I told you this but maybe we&#39;ll get it you can&#39;t farm on Hills because there they have a grade right water runs down etc so they figured out if you kind of carved steps into them and make kind of like a staircase around the entire hill you can actually grow stuff and use these hills all right what&#39;s that goal terracing right that&#39;s gonna start as far as a known Asia I can see bred and lastly this is the region in which they experience flooding so instead of leaving flat ground that would just run over and ruin their crops they would dig small trenches and add that dirt to mountains so the water would run in between saving water and their crops would live on top that&#39;s water water where though washes Eduardo is it that one great where is it yep South America Incans fine [Music] you [Music]

so we talk about our first Empire that proceeds 1200 by a lot it&amp;#39;s the old Roman Empire&amp;#39;s the eastern Roman Empire they didn&amp;#39;t call themselves this but what do we call them Byzantine Empire all right and they&amp;#39;re roughly 330 when they split in Rome the east side to 1453 when they&amp;#39;re overcome by the Ottoman Turks which we&amp;#39;ll talk about later so Byzantines their Roman what&amp;#39;s the Greek right but they&amp;#39;re they call themselves Romans despite not being blind people but they do use a lot of Roman systems and Greek culture Roman culture mix it together so cut the Byzantine Empire they&amp;#39;re going to be a force to be reckoned with for quite a while we have our famous Emperor who reconquered the West after it fell to Germanic invaders what was his name Justinian yeah he did a few things his wife Nora she&amp;#39;s actually quite famous because uh there was one point where there was a rebellion in Constantinople which was the next question wasn&amp;#39;t asked was the capital but there you go in Constantinople and Justinian was like gonna bail and she&amp;#39;s like I&amp;#39;m the Empress or you&amp;#39;re the Emperor or something like that and I&amp;#39;m not going anywhere and so he&amp;#39;s like okay and so they stayed and their elite guards actually beat the rebellion and they got to stay there had they left they probably have lost it would&amp;#39;ve been a big issue but uh they won so yeah her of course lost and she died then it would not have been yay her but they didn&amp;#39;t so yeah her alright capital Constantinople they do like you said Rome is sacked and conquered by you know a mix of the Visigoths and later the lumbars all kinds of Germanic invaders you need to know those details just know the West fell they temporarily reconquered it for a century or so but I mean it&amp;#39;s really hard to hold on and at this so they lose it again and for quite a while they sit there pretty content with their holdings in the eastern Mediterranean fighting their arch-rivals to the east yeah this parking and incessant it Persian Empire right so Persia reappears after of course the Hellenistic Greeks are chased out so they battle off and on for a long time right so we have some Persian Byzantine Wars Roman Wars those are gonna exhaust both leaving them vulnerable to somebody else later we&amp;#39;ll pick that up in a minute but let&amp;#39;s stick with Justinian here for a second why else do we care about Justinian or least damn reference yeah the code so what was the code all about so yeah we have a he&amp;#39;s a great Emperor reconquered and stuck it out and beat the rebellion all that but he established Justinian&amp;#39;s code so why why do we care about that okay here fine here we make some good answers yet exactly it&amp;#39;s the first real attempt by a government to form a legal system other than just like arbitrarily making laws that enforce the hierarchy right we talked about before most laws before just were meant to keep the people up top happy the elites nice and happy paying less taxes they&amp;#39;re not many you know laws that apply to them etc but this is the first one that really tried to make law like a profession like here&amp;#39;s a system of laws here&amp;#39;s how you can interpret them you know started getting people that forming formed professions like lawyers you get the ideas of jurors and using evidence to prove things it&amp;#39;s not like they have this wonderful complex system like we do now but the seeds are sown for that all right so it&amp;#39;s like the world&amp;#39;s first legal system that can be thought about articulated interpreted argued and that&amp;#39;s how Western law is going to start developing that&amp;#39;s the important sequence of it because we will talk about that later we talk about that later when we talk about monarchs in Europe and having a right to a trial a speedy trial at least in the United States and then you know treating prisoner you mainly all that kind of stuff it&amp;#39;s part of that legal system that development of Western law and that&amp;#39;s kind of the start of it Justinian scope so that&amp;#39;s why you want to know Justinian&amp;#39;s code at least okay so we got that is the Byzantine Empire and economically relevant in a period one yeah they are so they&amp;#39;re a big part of the Mediterranean Sea trade network obviously they do connect with the East off and on through which was their primary city that they lose the herbs right so they&amp;#39;re an certainly an economic horse right religiously their unique religiously they were a Christian well they aren&amp;#39;t Christian along with the Romans up until about a thousand fifty four C II when something happened what&amp;#39;s called the Great Schism for the east-west schism what happened there though something split with something right so that&amp;#39;s what I&amp;#39;m a big split in Christianity the Byzantine side goes the way of Eastern Orthodox Christianity and the West stays with the Pope and Roman they become known as Roman Catholics before versus Christians now we have specific I guess we&amp;#39;d say sex or nominations all right so they pretty much just copied this exact same hierarchy right yet Pope Cardinals priests all the way down bishops priests all the way down who&amp;#39;s gonna run this Eastern Orthodox Church of the patriarch of Constantinople just kind of like a pope with another name as well as bishops instead of Cardinals but before they try that they try something else they try having a Emperor meet both of the rooms but it becomes too difficult to have a political leader who&amp;#39;s also your supposing moral to legislature does it mean you can&amp;#39;t be forgiving and wonderful and moral if you&amp;#39;re a political leader gloss to punish people kill people and some of them were rather immoral with their lifestyles so these according to Christian morality so c0 Pape ISM doesn&amp;#39;t last again that&amp;#39;s where the religious leader is also the political leader to the Emperor that goes out the gate but they do adopt the patriarch system which is much like the Roman Catholic hope and do they spread this Eastern Orthodox belief anywhere where who who does it first of all Cyril methodius are their primary missionaries in which which they convert multiple ethnic groups what&amp;#39;s the largest one that they can burn on this lot of people of Eastern Europe so this chunk ish I mean there&amp;#39;s a bunch of Catholic enclaves in there too but this largely converts to Eastern Orthodox and that&amp;#39;s do the efforts of Cyril and Methodius and those are the all right Byzantines though they are weakened by invaders wars with the Persians wars with the Arabs as well as rebellions and disease so the last for quite a while in fact even though they get pushed back by the Arabs later almost out of Turkey they do have this moment like a century or so it&amp;#39;s called Macedonian Renaissance when they actually go back and take back along the territory they lost and then the Kirk&amp;#39;s come in to take that all back so it&amp;#39;s kind of a seesaw thing but we don&amp;#39;t talk to the Turks yet what was that example of a rebellion that weakened the Byzantine Empire that&amp;#39;s what comprehend right so again didn&amp;#39;t succeed but weakened them financially militarily because they I mean the Byzantine Empire had to like turn around their army once or maybe twice from fighting the Arabs and the Caliphate to come back and put down this rebellion so as well as in the 1300s a major disease epidemic probably the worst first epidemic the Black Death right came from where yeah yeah okay the Mongols did bring across the Silk Road but yes it was from China spread with Mongols Hmong goals across Asia and it just ravaged Europe in the Mediterranean okay so we can do by rebellion disease and of course conflicts with Arabs and later Turks are you just say Muslims so what&amp;#39;s the air to Turks Oh in Persians mance everybody Persians Arabs Turks most of the old classical empires Persia on dynasty the Mario Gupta empires of India that we didn&amp;#39;t learn about but existed most of those guys are going to fall for the same reasons a combination of or a combination of rebellions internally disease epidemics and of course conflicts with other large states all right so is that all we have Byzantines I think so right yeah I believe so so who comes out of the woodwork and defeats wipes out entirely one and pushes back another of the two largest empires at the time in the 600&amp;#39;s the air is right so out of Arabia come this Muslim group this umam this Caliphate that is going to catch the Persians and Byzantines quite off guard who have just been punching the crap out of each other essentially through a series of wars and in fact the best of my knowledge I believe there was also civil war in Persia going on the Arabs show up defeat Persia incorporated eventually and push the Byzantines out of Egypt and out of the Middle East and that why was that important to the Byzantines yeah that was a really lucrative area for them regarding trade okay cool let&amp;#39;s zoom in on Islam net if they bust out of Arabia and the six and seven hundred all rights who started it alright it&amp;#39;s long and he is going to have that vision in the desert of course writing his beliefs down on Quran right in Arabic what are the five pillars Hajj once your God in the cool so we&amp;#39;ve got one God which is the law just the name forgotten in Arabic mom is the Prophet we&amp;#39;ve got these aren&amp;#39;t in order by the way the Hajj we&amp;#39;ve got fasting we&amp;#39;ve got the app praying five times a day towards Mecca as well as between almsgiving so this London some of these beliefs are these all original ideas no they&amp;#39;ve syncretized some beliefs what are they syncretized fasting okay they comes they certainly syncretized fasting likely from christianity or judaism okay what else monotheism right from Zoroastrianism Christianity and Judaism at that point right there surrounded by that got Zoroastrian here Judaism Christianity here they&amp;#39;re surrounded by that what about what Arabic believes that they keep them yeah the Hajj the Kaaba that&amp;#39;s a Mecca all right that&amp;#39;s gonna be kept from their pagan arab beliefs and they&amp;#39;re gonna kind of mix those things all to make what is the structure of this long cool um he tries going to Mecca and you know showing this new system off but they don&amp;#39;t like it why don&amp;#39;t they like it almost giving right because this is a particularly wealthy and corrupt city so he goes Medina get some support takes over Mecca and keeps on going and conquers all over the Arab territories in where in Arabic Arabian Peninsula that&amp;#39;s it&amp;#39;s largely Saudi Arabia now but yeah this Arabian Peninsula is united and that&amp;#39;s when they come out and they surprise everybody they push back to beat the Persians they push back and don&amp;#39;t defeat the Byzantines but push them out of their way from North Africa and they keep going so Mohammed unites the Arabs then he dies and we immediately a controversy in the 600&amp;#39;s what&amp;#39;s the controversy we should rule right so the Sunnis say Alex and ESA all right so we immediately have a split soon as Mohammed dies between these Sunni and the Shia right they believe brother-in-law should lead I don&amp;#39;t know why they considered that blood relative his you know whatever and they believe in caliph should be the leader okay what&amp;#39;s a caliph this long though was at the Caliphate essentially going to be initially believes in this community of believers where when you convert you become a part of this community and it&amp;#39;s your duty to protect Islam and spread it what was that constant right listen ma is going to be a literal military force initially and when a caliph is leading it who has a religious and political authority what is that type of government call Cal invade right so they go round after Muhammad we have a period known as the pork Alex they&amp;#39;re leading things and they conquer into Persia into North Africa into Mesopotamia ah but they come across a good civilization that knows how to stew administer empires Persia right so they start adopting centralized administration I guess policies are tactics and they start developing these local rulers that are not religious authority figures they select to enforce the religious laws but they can&amp;#39;t change religious laws or ideas but there are political leaders and those are Sultan&amp;#39;s yeah exactly and the rulers of these provinces and regions are Sultan&amp;#39;s and what do we call that type of form of government with a sultan a right however the difference a caliph has both religious and political authority much like a Caesar wrote Pape ISM type thing but Kalin or sorry the Sultan&amp;#39;s have to enforce the religious laws but they can&amp;#39;t change them right but they can change their own local political laws exactly okay and that becomes the dominant form of government for Arabs okay but however we have a human nature takes over and we have a more so greed based qu / take over a tribe or portion of this group is going to run things until about 750 what is that new caliphate can be called beyond right state conquering North Africa into Spain into Central ladies of Persia and they are the ones that get to be Turks they even defeat - it was them that feed the Tong dynasty which was in China as they were expanding westward alright they stopped Chinese expansion alright so until about 750 and then who who usurps power from them right and they&amp;#39;re gonna be the ones that last even though they don&amp;#39;t run a rule over direct this entire area it&amp;#39;s mostly just local Sultanate&amp;#39;s that are paying tribute to them but this absent caliphates and last all the way till about twelve fifty eight one who destroys their primary city of Baghdad the Mongols right Mongols come in destroy the city but caliphates continue some Mongols and this and again what remind me what their imperial city was called again Baghdad right we&amp;#39;ll talk more about that next week as far as like you know the House of Wisdom and all that stuff but so Baghdad&amp;#39;s destroyed however most of the caliphates military force at this point is not just arabs in fact they&amp;#39;re mostly non Arabs so whether they&amp;#39;re Persians or the peoples of Mesopotamia or Egyptians or Turks or whoever they are what&amp;#39;s the term we use for that mom&amp;#39;s right so even though they lose the Mongols and they&amp;#39;re chased back the mom Luke&amp;#39;s actually move and establish a Caliphate where not many occasions yeah so we actually have like a mom Luke here I&amp;#39;ll start over here again a mom Luke run caliphate state and that lasts for a very long time actually so it&amp;#39;s that weird situation where non Arab non Egyptians are gonna rule Egypt for quite a while all the way up until as far as I know anyway they&amp;#39;re not really chased out or their power isn&amp;#39;t quite taken until um another Mohammed Mohammed Ali does it in the mid 19th century when they formed the Quetta mate of Egypt that&amp;#39;s a topic way down the road though all right so that&amp;#39;s everything except how they convert people inside of the Caliphate right we covered all the other stuff though yeah what yeah yeah that&amp;#39;s what we&amp;#39;re talking about cool so a lot of people were converted because either they liked Islam&amp;#39;s egalitarian appeal with the almsgiving or they just were impressed by the military success and they willfully adopted but two groups were very resistant to Muslim conversion or the two groups yeah Christians and Jews right so we have some Christian and Jewish resistance to conversion but the Muslim state went a little easier on them because they considered them I can&amp;#39;t really phrase brothers the book or something like that since they&amp;#39;re all rooted in that whole old Jewish like Torah origin so they have a policy meant to encourage conversion not force it so I can still be technically I mean it&amp;#39;s not like it&amp;#39;s perfect or wonderful but it&amp;#39;s better than death they can still be Christian or Jew Jewish of adherents in these caliphates and sulfonates but what&amp;#39;s the consequence there&amp;#39;s price yeah there&amp;#39;s a literal price so there&amp;#39;s the jizya tax or maintaining these are for non-muslims right specifically Christians and Jewish people for the most part a tax for non-muslims so you can still do it you&amp;#39;re still protected by the state but you got to pay a fee early and also they&amp;#39;re not quite seen and treated equally the other second-class citizens so that&amp;#39;s that&amp;#39;s the deme status and that means there&amp;#39;s certain positions not available to them they can&amp;#39;t be a part of the government the military it also means people will not treat them well so obviously I&amp;#39;m surrounded by mostly Muslim people it&amp;#39;s gonna be a bit harder to you know live peacefully or engage in business or ask favors or trust them so they are they do have to live with that stigma and a lot of people are either going to leave the areas ruled by the Muslims speaking about Jews and Christians and go some of them going to Central Asia they&amp;#39;re not gonna see much success there though and a lot of them go into Europe right so this Jewish population in Europe spin a balloon even further than it did from just the Jewish Diaspora alright Christians too but Christianity already dominates Europe since the Romans so alright that&amp;#39;s everything you covered right sweet we&amp;#39;ll pick up there later have a good study hard so who were my who are my Turks that were converted and then you&amp;#39;re gonna go ahead and start some conquests all dude yeah seljuks so opposite caliphates reached out to central asia converted some those Turkish tribes they become Sunni Muslim and they&amp;#39;re gonna go on their own wave of conquests they come in they&amp;#39;re gonna conquer into Persia right that&amp;#39;s kind of making the circle Persian there&amp;#39;s Sunni as long and they&amp;#39;re going to chase the Byzantine Empire out of Anatolia which is modern-day Turkey Arabs they were locked in with the Arabs there for a couple hundred years but then like three hundred years then the Seljuk Turks come in they beat the byzantines at the Battle of Manza kirtan 1071 and chase them of the Byzantines out of Anatolia so they&amp;#39;re going to take this some character in the Middle East and they&amp;#39;re gonna hold on to that from I believe it was 1037 to about 1250 1260 who&amp;#39;s the who&amp;#39;s the Empire that comes in behind them and chases them out of there yeah the Mongols okay cool so one thing I forgot to mention I think earlier on Monday was this scared a lot of Christians because it chased the Byzantine Empire who actually was like on the offensive and getting territory back and doing well and the thousands ish they got chased out and this is where Europeans select the Emperor the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Emperor and all the kingdoms of Europe in 1095 this isn&amp;#39;t your notice by a totally perhaps talk about it in 1095 they&amp;#39;re gonna start the First Crusade they may know what a true Saint is okay they do use Knights part of the penal system yeah exactly so they they basically lost the Christian and Jewish holy cities of like Jerusalem and some of those areas that like Jesus and them were in so they wanted it back from the Muslims so this is where a lot of Christian Kings like the holy Emperor the kings of France England and others Byzantine Empire even a little bit they&amp;#39;re going to pay for and fund a European invasion of the Middle East they have three or four or nice whom I&amp;#39;ve been more than that right it&amp;#39;s the fourth one I think was the one where they actually just went for Constantinople not even the Middle East but regardless the first couple were decently as successful I mean they didn&amp;#39;t like totally went out or anything but they did take eventually and hold on to a decent chunk of territory in the Middle East so that&amp;#39;s what the Crusades are so I think I think the Crusaders are chased out in the 13th century but for a couple centuries three centuries the Christians are going to hold onto a lot of territory build like castles that&amp;#39;s why I do like go there there&amp;#39;s some like old like European castles in the Middle East it&amp;#39;s because of the Crusades and they&amp;#39;re gonna hold that for a little while but they do eventually get chased out because I mean how they can&amp;#39;t really they can&amp;#39;t realistically fund and provide a bunch of troops across the Mediterranean Sea from these tiny little feudal kingdoms like they&amp;#39;re not the Roman Empire they can&amp;#39;t keep that up so eventually Dooky chase down but that&amp;#39;s the Crusades are and the reason I mentioned this is that&amp;#39;s gonna breed a lot of hostility between the Muslim states and the Christian States that&amp;#39;s gonna continue onward for a while in fact because of this the Islamic states are pretty much gonna cut off the Europeans from trade with India and China that&amp;#39;s gonna come up again later the Age of Exploration thus the Crusades are so but a two century ish period or Europeans took and held on to some territory in the Middle East because that&amp;#39;s where Jerusalem was that makes sense all right that&amp;#39;s the crusade which I forgot to mention before I can&amp;#39;t really you&amp;#39;re the last one but it&amp;#39;s basically about the 11 to 19 so thirteenth century all right however the mongols come in in 1260 behind the Seljuks take much of their territory and of course chase them around here I told you guys about that they like a fraction of the Mongol army goes into beats like all the Eastern European powers they&amp;#39;re going to set up what kind of governments up in the Turks over in Anatolia delivering emerets right so there Mambo&amp;#39;s are gonna start em raids which are like you know tiny little Eagle kingdoms essentially and which one of these Emirates is going to emerge as the common was yeah they&amp;#39;re gonna conquer the rest and start the Ottoman Empire right from out of those Emirates comes the Ottoman Empire and they&amp;#39;re gonna go from the late 12 hundreds all the way to 1922 so not even a hundred years ago there was still technically an ottoman empire all right what is an emirate though yes who runs it then yeah one of the turkic or arab or whoever it is lords that are it&amp;#39;s kind of like a little feudal state basically I mean to come like pay tribute to the Mongol Empire but eventually they break away obviously and start their own after conquered by the Ottoman Empire the Ottomans from the from that Emory alright so that is those are the Seljuk Turks we get on that alright how does Islam get into India yeah so those person turco invaders are gonna also turn their sights to at least northwestern India so pretty quickly around this territory ish is gonna be under the control of the city the Sultanate of Delhi which are going to be it&amp;#39;s gonna be the first major Muslim Empire in India all right it&amp;#39;s in lasts about 300 years Delhi Sultanate all right those are Turkish and Persian invaders coming in like to bring this long what&amp;#39;s the dominant religion there though before we ask answer your questions Hinduism right was your question with me yeah down here mmm in the corner you saw the history the world video or whatever yeah that&amp;#39;s a good one that&amp;#39;s a good one yeah I actually know very little about those in most of the most people they&amp;#39;re not even in the AP world curriculum but yes most of these empires we centered around the northern regions of India like the earlier in parts like the more you goofed empires and things like that they for the most part don&amp;#39;t incorporate this bottom half because of that regardless Delhi Sultanate tell you about 1206 to 15 26 and it&amp;#39;s not the smoothest empire last three centuries they technically hold off the Mongols when they tried evading her there in the area anyway but what are some problems that plagued these guys yeah so though there are Muslims who they who they confident look with yeah they Hindu people it&amp;#39;s mostly Hindi people so we have a lot of Hindu Muslim conflicts because there are several Hindu kingdoms here and they&amp;#39;re not too happy about the approach of the Delhi Sultanate cuz uh what are these Muslims like are they those nice sort of converts you buy a peaceful ways or the Empire no they&amp;#39;re what yeah there are Kanna class right they destroy Hindu temples and relics they essentially force strict taxes second new Muslim conflicts they are at least the time in history iconoclastic and of course they destroyed Hindu temples relics things like that and they had have a pretty extreme taxation policy that the Hindu people are not really willing to pay up but they have to by force for a while but I mean if you try to rule a government through force I mean it&amp;#39;s just not gonna last as long as it could like pretty much all of the long lasting empires of the world Rome&amp;#39;s and the Chinese dynasties like they weren&amp;#39;t overly strict or demanding on people and they lasted a lot longer all right so I found a plastic over-taxation gonna be their downfall the moguls take over but that&amp;#39;s not till period - we&amp;#39;ll talk about that here you two guys at the Delhi Sultanate yeah all right so this LOM is gonna spread those are the areas that spreads to your conquest any different color through conquest what areas do does it spread to by trade so actually it&amp;#39;s recaptured let&amp;#39;s do the black regions it&amp;#39;s by conquest so we definitely the Delhi Sultanate obviously obvious with Anatolia because that&amp;#39;s where the Turks go there the Ottomans but where else was converted by conquest Middle East over that magenta speed arts being an essential Asian purchase at Persia Central Asia right you can&amp;#39;t predict where it originated the Arabian Peninsula alright not the perfect map but that&amp;#39;s roughly where Islam&amp;#39;s gonna spread to by conquest the Ottoman Empire will bring it in like southeastern Europe later but that&amp;#39;s not till later all right so where does it spread by trade though listen use them okay West Indies to Africa all right why am I not highlighting here Sahara Desert in West African kingdoms East African kingdoms or else Southeast Asia parts of anyway these are the areas in which Buddhism is kind of spread by trade all right but I want to know how how does it spread by trade why would people peacefully convert just because why would they yeah you&amp;#39;ve trade benefits so which states are at the center of pretty much all world trade at the time I&amp;#39;m some states Christian states Chinese dynasties what Muslim states right so you&amp;#39;ve got like the gloomy odd you have us of Caliphate and other caliphates and sultanates inside of there they&amp;#39;re pretty much connected to all major trade route time what are those major trade route and you notion trade network Road Silk Road yeah mediterranean sea trade network yeah trans-sahara in fact in this era at roughly a thousand sea they make a disconnection some arabs domesticate camels they form caravans which are large groups that bring water and supplies so you don&amp;#39;t just die in the desert the camels can survive much longer the desert so we have caravans that actually officially connect West Africa across the desert for the first time starting about a thousand seee where we gonna write that thousand Cee Arabs across the Sahara right so that connects West Africa with these Arabs so who did the Arabs learn how to govern through the Persians right the West Africans are gonna do the same thing they&amp;#39;re gonna learn how to govern govern through the Arabs who of course learned through the Persians alright so West Africans actually benefit quite a bit from this connection all right they get access to to goods through trade right and they also learn how to govern themselves or at least better because the Arabs learn from the Persians and they pass that on for the most part all right but West Africa it gets to West Africa and why is it different in West Africa than the other areas that we&amp;#39;ve labeled in black they don&amp;#39;t enforce it on everybody who largely converts to Islam in West Africa yeah the kings and Nobles and people that rule right why would they do that I just explained in the Venice region trade but they also want to learn from them like how to run the government things like that cool so West Africa is connected so the first connection was with the empire of Ghana and now we have Mali [Music] for about 600 to 1200 and then in the 1200 to go to 1600 we have Molly all right this is two main empires in that rough area here now the cities that at the edges here that are connected to trade routes those become the most wealthy obviously what&amp;#39;s the major one in Mali to come to Timbuktu yeah and these guys become rather wealthy because they have a couple things that Arabs want they have a lot of gold right especially Monson Musa I should&amp;#39;ve asked that as a question but whatever Monson Musa they have a lot of the salt and copper but the Arabs also start in roughly a thousand see what trade involves people slaves yes well the West African slave trade begins like five hundred years before the Portuguese do it it&amp;#39;s already been ongoing so this is where West African kingdoms go out gather slaves and then they sell them or trade them to anyone who&amp;#39;s willing to buy in this case it&amp;#39;s gonna be the arrows and they&amp;#39;re gonna do that for several centuries alright so we have gold copper salt and slaves are gonna be the primary things traded and again who is that ruler Mali with all the gold that yeah he actually hits so much gold he caused inflation in the caliphates as he went on his Hajj journey because he was just handing it out so much that it just reduced the value of it that&amp;#39;s how much he had right so of course that&amp;#39;s Monson Musa but again the key attribute here is the reason why they the upper echelon of West African society become Islamic or Muslim is because they wanted to trade benefits and they wanted to learn Arab administration alright so make sure you don&amp;#39;t forget that so I would say the Y is long administration advice as well as trade with the Caliphate and again don&amp;#39;t forget they don&amp;#39;t enforce it on their citizenry all right so like over here you have to become a Muslim or else what happens yeah yeah Dini status right exactly right you&amp;#39;re basically forced to or penalize for not doing it what&amp;#39;s after though they&amp;#39;re not gonna care until the songhay dynasty without the later in period - all right I&amp;#39;d like to check myself so you want to say the only ones from last year but we&amp;#39;ve got new ones all right any questions about West Africa ok well let&amp;#39;s let&amp;#39;s talk about with that just the diaspora oh and the Golden Age tickets right so these blue areas we talked about why they converted in West Africa but why are all these are the blue areas why did they become Muslim why are people in that area converting because it&amp;#39;s not like there&amp;#39;s just so many Arabs and Turks moving out here that they take over the population they do go there these diasporic communities go out there but they&amp;#39;re still small why do the people around them convert to Islam right they want access to the trade benefits because the peoples that are connected with all the trade routes essentially back then are the Muslim states so these merchants would start town so the block will be obviously Arabs or Muslims they go out and start these little towns and mosques in these areas to connect the edges are the trade routes and then of course that people want to trade with them they&amp;#39;re better off being Muslim to do that to even engage in trade or to get good deals or whatever so what you have here very quickly is the areas in which these Arab merchants go convert to Islam to get those trade benefits all right so does that make sense what&amp;#39;s a diaspora community yeah it&amp;#39;s spreading so it&amp;#39;s like majority Arabs here but then a tiny little chunk of them goes and settles uh surrounded by other people so diasporas in period one we have certainly the Muslim diaspora we have technically two more what&amp;#39;s the other one I&amp;#39;ve talked about that had taken ya Chinese right so we talked about the Song Dynasty next a lot of Chinese merchants are gonna settle in these uh you know Southeast Asian areas and cities and established merchant communities why and we still have those places like Singapore is still mostly Han Chinese even though it&amp;#39;s surrounded by the Malay and Thai people alright so the Chinese this one I didn&amp;#39;t talk about as much I talk about more from like the pre 1200 era but there&amp;#39;s another group of people that are kind of wandering the earth of that homeland settling along trade routes and in Europe who are those people that got displaced by the Romans the Jewish people right so I still got a lot of Jewish people sort of wandering around settling along the Silk Road and a lot of them in Europe too so those are my major diaspora any questions about that sweet this is the Golden Age of Islam so what are some technological or cultural innovations that come out of this Golden Age of Islam one the Muslim states dominate the wealth and territory of the post-classical era alright sweet so we&amp;#39;ve got some inventors of algebra and chicken or at least some refiners of algebra inventions of trigonometry do have any female literature yes I&amp;#39;m gonna spill his name&amp;#39;s wrong so naive yeah I should like let&amp;#39;s not spill this wrong we find it these are new terms from the new curriculum all right cool so a female literature our least Arabic female literature we have eyes you spell this a bad boy correctly I can&amp;#39;t read my writing so I guess doesn&amp;#39;t do any good all bunny yeah dawn yeah there we go all right in the adventure of trigonometry that one I can actually read now see you&amp;#39;re all Dean although all Tori so those are the prominent Muslim intellectuals and writers of the time and also to Davidson the batsman&amp;#39;s for medicine what do they do with medicine yeah hospitals what else troubling friendly clinics which is kind of like traveling hospitals what else yeah they start tracking specific diagnoses trying to predict what&amp;#39;s gonna happen a boy to hear at things like that all right so a lot of medical advances well you guys know those at least all right and a lot of this knowledge with a Greek or Roman or Persian or Arabic whatever it was was stored in a large library or house that was much like the old library Alexandria but I got burned down yeah House of Wisdom in a Baghdad what&amp;#39;s that the Capitol okay yeah now it&amp;#39;s a rock but what wasn&amp;#39;t the capital oh I knew it catch you up Gardens that was last week who knows today the Abbasid Caliphate right that&amp;#39;s where the Mongols roll in see gem and destroy pretty much everything burned down the House of Wisdom so whatever was in it we don&amp;#39;t know Oh quick refresher when Baghdad does get sieged in the Abbasid Caliphate Falls the Mongols a lot of those non Arab military personnel called would lose their Caliphate where Egypt Egypt for quite a while right okay that&amp;#39;s the Golden Age of Islam right oh the one thing I want to mention is a couple technologies trickle across these caliphates to Europe from like China or even just themselves what were a few those technologies encoder okay gunpowder is actually the Mongols if I said that last week that was a mistake all right but printing and paper as well as technological or sorry navigational technology like the astrolabe which is basically it reads the Stars to tell you how far north or south you are on the planet and even the compass later are gonna come across that way so astrolabe compass and again compass always points north so you know what direction you think you&amp;#39;re going those are gonna travel through and make their ways up and lastly I know I mentioned this last week but what was the cultural clothing item that the Arabs copied from the Persian upper available available so that is the Golden Age of Islam any questions about that sweet moving on now with the Golden Age of Imperial China oh let&amp;#39;s see if you guys give me the five they&amp;#39;re not all after 1200 in fact two of them are preceding it but it&amp;#39;s better to know them and how they contributed to training society going forward it&amp;#39;s like a unit 0 if this is unit 1 that&amp;#39;s like a unit 0 type thing what was my who remembers the Five Dynasties that we which one of these bad boys band and crushed Buddhism with the edicts on Buddhism which ones chased out the Mongols song no which one were the Mongols which one reestablished a unified Chinese state system it&amp;#39;s a the Grand Canal bad cuz they&amp;#39;re just like give you the list yesterday so what hold is so nice to you good binding ok we&amp;#39;ll go over that&amp;#39;s not that&amp;#39;s not bad though consider you guys had no idea what I means were like barely 24 hours ago all right sooo very short-lived but the reason I won all of them is they sort of reunify China there&amp;#39;s it&amp;#39;s not as bad as the warring States period but there is a period of disunity in China after the fall of the Han till the SU dynasty now there is like a Jin dynasty in between but we don&amp;#39;t really care about that it doesn&amp;#39;t unified all of the Han Chinese people who does though short-lived but again they reestablish unified China they make the Grand Canal which is very helpful to the Chinese economy and people but they&amp;#39;re quickly taken over by the Tong and that&amp;#39;s gonna be roughly 600 to 900 CE ish what are the Tong do there&amp;#39;s a few things okay they go after Buddhism so before we - going after Buddhism which already mentioned what are they doing that motivates them to go after Buddha&amp;#39;s experience expanding right so they&amp;#39;re gonna expand the territory what was the Han Dynasty through parts of Central Asia under Mongolia or sorry into Central Asia Pascal and Golia and they&amp;#39;re only gonna be stopped by the EON Caliphate right never when they they hired those Turkish mercenaries the Chinese didn&amp;#39;t and the omiai just pay the morris they swap sides and won the battle for the abbess early on caliphate so try to expand quite a bit but that is not gonna be cheap so tom they&amp;#39;re gonna expand China substantially but it&amp;#39;s not cheap so how do they go after getting some money they go to the Buddhist temples right so they make illegal or they ban Buddhism with a series of laws known as EDX on Buddhism just in the hundreds song and not they were lying but what&amp;#39;s the reason they give or banning Buddhism yeah it breaks the social harmony and unity of Confucianism right and it does they&amp;#39;re not wrong right but what was the behind-the-scenes reason they wanted the money wait I thought Buddhists didn&amp;#39;t have any money what brand of Buddhism doing having China yeah it&amp;#39;s called Mahayana right so the Buddhists in China are Mahayana and they don&amp;#39;t you know spend riches on themselves but they&amp;#39;ve kind of seen Buddha&amp;#39;s are sorry Buddha as ad so they&amp;#39;ll spend a lot of money bejeweling dazzling the temples and the golden figurines and Buddha and stuff like that so the Tong they definitely do go after Buddhism because it&amp;#39;s anti Confucianism right they lose their social harmony and traditions and social order and all that stuff but also they wanted that money from the Buddhist temples the Mahayana Buddhist temples so they ban it soldiers go in wreck the place up or doesn&amp;#39;t pretty much gets booted out of China this far extreme sneezes Buddhism pretty much gets booted out of China they melt down the stuff they get the money and Riaan stinky houston so what does that call by the way a certain song goes the song yeah neo-confucianism it&amp;#39;s like a refocusing on inclusion right so this is actually kind of a tongue and song it definitely starts with the Tom so you have neo-confucianism thanks to the writings upon you or partially thanks that so what do they do besides re-emphasizing they do they do something with our government to make it harder to get into you it takes for the exhibit yeah they like reinstate or make more difficult execution examination system what&amp;#39;s the highest positions beside damper in China yeah the government positions right that&amp;#39;s a big part of their Confucian hierarchy so to get those jobs you have to pass some incredibly difficult Confucian examination examinations essentially like make the upper class Chinese would you know pay tutors - you know - to their sons for years to take these things they would still fail right it&amp;#39;s become a government official but that was the goal so that&amp;#39;s neo-confucianism they&amp;#39;re gonna bring back the Confucian examination system and one other thing that song does is they are gonna conquer into Southeast Asia a little bit to come in contact with the Vietnamese people for the Viet people and they&amp;#39;re going to borrow the rice from that shop empire which is named after that Empire Champa rice right and that rice is going to help grow their populations because it&amp;#39;s rice that&amp;#39;s more drought resistant and if I pull debates in half the time so very quickly you have a very good in drought resistant for price more food always equal for people to be in population during the Tong dynasty good on the Tom all right cool so we&amp;#39;re almost to actual 1200 and shine it out now with the 1200 who&amp;#39;s gonna take over after the palm guy yeah so I&amp;#39;m like nine ish like 19 or something - well whenever the mom will show up 76 whatever 1200 all right there&amp;#39;s a couple things the song do they of course keep the neo-confucianism momentum going they of course solidify that state system they do lose the Mongols later but what are some of their main contributing contributions to history some of them good some not so good what binding alright okay not that necessarily like they forged all need to do this but it became a common practice back then as a part of the more patriarchal family establishment back then was that women would foot-binding why would they do this though it was an upper class thing exactly so back then in East Asia and Southeast Asia why was it better to be lighter skinned yeah not that it&amp;#39;s actually better obviously but they thought of it as if you&amp;#39;re lighter skinned that means you&amp;#39;re inside which means you&amp;#39;re not working which means you&amp;#39;re higher class is you I know money&amp;#39;s not work so they wanted to be paler and they also wanted to show they need to work so by foot-binding and making your foot like the size of a smashed-up that fist as you grow up I mean can I work a feel if I got a foot like that no I&amp;#39;m not even right so that&amp;#39;s a sign of class like oh I need to work because I I have my foot bit feet bound voluntarily or at least your parents voluntarily did it to you and then you were generally more pale it was also a sign of like feminine beauty to the Meccan obviously we think it&amp;#39;s disgusting and it is it just looks disgusting but uh they saw it as a sign of feminine beauty still foot-binding always a good one to be known for all right the other one they&amp;#39;re known for that is different from most civilizations back then is they start trying to make a profitable government enterprise what&amp;#39;s it called when I&amp;#39;m doing pretty good profit commercialization they are going to become commercialized at least partly all right again just a recap back then most people weren&amp;#39;t working for profit they worked for somebody as a slave or a serf or a peasant or whatever right and they would just pay with their labor now we&amp;#39;d get them protection but then they could leave now to keep doing that work this is different though this is I&amp;#39;m trying to sell it make money which gives me more incentive to do that Europeans going to take that and run with it later but the Chinese are the ones that really start doing this on a state level so they have kind of a an early industrial revolution ish these like the waterwheel and several of things to learn how to smelt steel much better or quicker than anybody else in the world they like burned down entire forests to do it but they do it got anybody else so they have a lot of iron and steel works what are the things that people want to buy from China porcelain porcelain right they find out they can make a lot of money trading with the rest of the world right this is what starts that Chinese diaspora or they send out Muslim or some awesome merchant communities to connect with the Indian Ocean trade network and they find out the people of India and Muslim states and even Africa you really want these things and they can make a lot of money off of it so they go all-in and they form an organization maritime trade supervisory all right that is what&amp;#39;s going to be a government entity maritime means bio sleep I see their time well party crazy so that was a government entity the 900s that either sold stuff for profit for the government or who would they tax exempt or imports of the merchants right the enforcement get right and that would funnel a lot of money into the song of government so again they would tax imports let&amp;#39;s call this Eric by the way and then also sell goods directly themselves and what is this money going for obviously some of it corruptly goes to the government officials but what else is it going for to help your family infrastructure military right and that&amp;#39;s gonna really help them out hmm so they commercialize and expand their maritime trade all right who was the last real Chinese person or at least dynasty that briefly tried this maritime trade thing that worked out pretty well the Ming with Admiral Singh ha the last ones to do this and then they make the terrible mistake of Sony you need or team hundreds they did this they reversed it they said screw it we&amp;#39;re not gonna pay for ships and trade we&amp;#39;re gonna focus on preventing another Mongol invasion but it&amp;#39;s not gonna work they&amp;#39;re still going in northern invaders they&amp;#39;re not Mongols but they&amp;#39;re still northern pastoral debaters and they&amp;#39;re gonna fall later on to that but it&amp;#39;s gonna be a big problem we&amp;#39;ll talk about it later when we talk about the Spanish any course is got the song dynasty nada alright so it is the Golden Age of Imperial China they&amp;#39;re doing rather well they&amp;#39;re wealthy everyone wants their stuff and they want nothing so how does that how was that reflected in their attitude what new concept they come up with not that she won&amp;#39;t ya the tribute system but like what&amp;#39;s their attitude first how do they see themselves or death the Middle Kingdom right like the center or you know an elevated portion of civilization rights they start getting condescending and cocky they see themselves as the center of the world and they they were once they were right but dead people definitely wanted their stuff and they did not want much from other people all right so this is where we start getting what you guys are mentioned that tripping system what is this tribute system how does it work they trade yeah my man on Chinese person doesn&amp;#39;t matter who I am no I&amp;#39;m Chinese and I want to trade with China I have to either big why I have to present a gift and pretty much big the Chinese emperor or Chinese official to engage in trade its whole but still give that gift in return it so the Chinese could just say no your gifts not good enough or we don&amp;#39;t like your people or whatever or they could say yes and it would often back handedly give you an even better gift to say we don&amp;#39;t even need your stuff we&amp;#39;re just allowing you to trade with us because we&amp;#39;re nice so that&amp;#39;s the first part of it you&amp;#39;re gonna offer a gift and beg the trade what about the surrounding countries look like our States in Japan Philippines Indonesia the chomp Empire my entire yeah like a protectorate they had to like essentially pay at least annually for the Chinese to protect them slash not invade them alright so that&amp;#39;s a two-parter so big slash gift for trade but also you know the Protectorate states so the surrounding smaller States in Philippines Indonesia jump Empire my Empire and Korea all I did sort of pay tribute for protection from the Chinese or by the Chinese guys got that you know sweet now what&amp;#39;s to feudalism will be done so what is feudalism alright let&amp;#39;s start with how it works then maybe so when how about when Miss fetal ism mini garden the medieval yeah Dark Ages / Middle Ages right so what do all those times essentially mean what time to what time Roman ball to really an ozone fall of Rome to the Renaissance right this is the Middle Ages if the Dark Ages is the first part of it in the middle medieval times all right this is about 485 ce2 about 1450 BC Renaissance means rebirth by the way so Europe wakes up they come out of their slumber of doing nothing for a thousand years alright alright billions so what was lost when Rome fell over here in Western Europe remember the Byzantines keep going they&amp;#39;re good they&amp;#39;re rolling but the Europeans over here in the West what did they lose protection debaters clones Goths Germans other Celts and Franck&amp;#39;s like all kinds of stuff so they need a system of protection then the Roman Empire once provided all right so what is their system of protection Judaism all right cool so give me the hierarchy all right basically slaves so what are they doing okay cool so let&amp;#39;s back up on that what&amp;#39;s what&amp;#39;s there chunk of land called manatee right sometimes students know the manorial ism all right so I&amp;#39;ve got my manner my plot of land I&amp;#39;ve got my clear my lord or even the castle and on this land I&amp;#39;ve got service they have the right to use that land you know you&amp;#39;re fishing or whatever hey what does that call you reset it but this is called the uncommon land mmm so they have the right to use that land but can these serfs like leave or no no they&amp;#39;re stuck there the Lord required them to work they pay for this right to use the land for their labor that&amp;#39;s called corvée labor basically you pay in your labor you pay taxes in your labor all right we have money in your back then what was the main currency yeah the Greens right you get them from working but yeah the range that was pretty much what she would pay with so these guys would farm they would keep what they need to survive and the rest you go to who the king of the Lord right exactly and they stockpile it and so they&amp;#39;re benefiting from this obviously what services they provide to these serfs who are working to protection how okay they might pay other peasants Knights as like defenders and what if there&amp;#39;s like a famine or drought yeah it&amp;#39;s talked up that food and they wouldn&amp;#39;t just step back out them off the health exactly right so he serves everyone below would swear an oath to obey in exchange for protection with the people above them what&amp;#39;s that swearing a deal call TLC yeah okay and what do I call the people who are below me on this hierarchy that&amp;#39;s vassals right so who&amp;#39;s a vassal for the nobles what about the king all right there&amp;#39;s a complication though um why aren&amp;#39;t the Kings necessarily in power what do they depend on right cuz the nobles agreed the Kings asked for help or taxes he&amp;#39;ll send it but they don&amp;#39;t like the King could they just not do those things yeah yeah and many times what they team up and fight against the king his own army and deposed to get rid of them what&amp;#39;s your question and get rid of them alright so that&amp;#39;s gonna prevent really any major empire from emerging from Western Europe because of feudalism there are a couple attempts though see you there are a couple attempts though and that&amp;#39;ll be what we finish with so who&amp;#39;s my first main attempt in the 800s to form a a large centralized Empire was early yeah Charlemagne I forgot to mention in the notes but his empires called the Carolingian Empire eight hundreds and he conquers a lot of the kingdoms in France northern Italy and Germany and people are like oh sweet it&amp;#39;s smaller but it&amp;#39;s kind of like Romish like we&amp;#39;re coming back to our glory days Pope gets excited goes and annoying some notes and what the Roman Emperor and they come up with this kooky terrible system where nine electors I don&amp;#39;t that&amp;#39;s the original number but nine electors when he dies and passes on elect a new Holy Roman Emperor right but that makes the position itself really vulnerable to what bribery right so a lot of people were just not gonna respect the position because it can just literally fought if you&amp;#39;re rich enough and plenty of people do it right so elected mmm-hmm at least a fat Romanian elected and it&amp;#39;s not gonna be respected and I&amp;#39;ve got hundreds of tiny little feudal kingdoms here in Germany and Italy and sometimes they listen and sometimes they don&amp;#39;t so I think you can surmise that that&amp;#39;s not a very good centralized government a centralized government there should be governors or state wraps or whatever that listen and obey the laws and work along with you but this is wholly run Empire despite how long it lasts never gonna have that set up all right you&amp;#39;re always gonna have certain princes or kings or Lords not listening or teaming up against the end or whatever not paying their taxes so it&amp;#39;s gonna be a very nasty unsuccessful system all right so that&amp;#39;s not gonna work but we do start getting the modern identities for three European countries they&amp;#39;re not entirely there yet but they have kings and they start developing a sense of identity based on common language what are those three France England Spain right so England the 900s they&amp;#39;re starting to form what is gonna be later England France is well the 900s and lastly once they chase the Arabs out in the 1400s we&amp;#39;re going to Spain and my voice is going out so what a good time to end it see you tomorrow all right let&amp;#39;s start with the civilization up here in Scandinavia that is actually before 1200 but it does establish a solid set of trade routes up here in Europe which are relevant or they don&amp;#39;t like so all of a sudden around the late eighth century 7/8 or so put the Vikings and they&amp;#39;re gonna be moving being settling or invading and raiding why all of a sudden in the late 700 yeah with a warming period okay cool from Kemper the executor starts it was just 18th century to be 14 foot warming period so that means there&amp;#39;s a local warmer so the summers little bit longer and I can now farm further north and south right because normally this would have been off-limits to cold but with that warming period that could farm up here Viking population group there&amp;#39;s not much there it&amp;#39;s mostly mountains and they need to move so they do move alright so they are going to raid all in the Baltic Sea the North Sea in fact they&amp;#39;re gonna discover some places - what are they discover yeah Iceland first then every people there by the way and they go to Green Line there are people Greenland - but there was a bunch of those people in North America as well but they discover what they call the Vinland the violent on that it&amp;#39;s gonna be United the Americas Newfoundland Canada all right Leif Ericson okay cool so but they don&amp;#39;t stay they come back but we found Viking settlements over there but again who cares about that we care about what the Vikings did as far as establishing a more consolidated trade network and trade cities out there because we care about that because the plague comes around its gonna spread through that trade network all right so what advantage of the Vikings half a lot to explore and conquer so well as far as like going up rivers and stuff yeah long ships the Viking longship right right and that was a very shallow ship and that was like you know what it wasn&amp;#39;t like a deep V it wasn&amp;#39;t like a wide view which allowed them to float in shallower water so you go up rivers and they went up with some crazy rivers they went all the way down the Volga River they went down into what was like this enter the Byzantine Empire with the Slavic people they invade up rivers into like Central Europe and Western Europe and they&amp;#39;re going to just invade everywhere they can all the way to the Black Sea to the point that the Byzantines hire them to fight and combat the Arabs and bodyguard the Emperor because they were such fierce fighters I thought that it&amp;#39;s super relevant but why are they such fierce fighters yeah they weren&amp;#39;t as concerned about not dying in battle because what was their way to get to heaven or not heaven but their fall holiday iflip yeah to die in battle so they weren&amp;#39;t as concerned with living all right that scared a lot of people plus they were taller everybody too so that that added to it all right but again there&amp;#39;s significance because they they go from about 795 to about 1100 is when they stop doing their large-scale rates they have a lot of internal strife and also a lot of them convert to Christianity oh speaking of which what were they doing that really messed with the Europeans Minds initially yeah they were going after like churches and cathedrals and monks like unarmed people which was weird to the Europeans because Europeans never did that because they&amp;#39;re all Christians they believed like God would smite them or whatever the Vikings would come in and they didn&amp;#39;t care they were pagan they believed like Thor no Danny Loki and all that stuff all the Marvel people and they just killed the monks and took all the stuff and the Christians were quite shocked when God didn&amp;#39;t like strike them dead the Christian got a strike a dead anyways did that for a while but they get largely converted the 11 hundreds and their raids largely stop at that point plus the earth risking not quite isn&amp;#39;t quite straight cool yet but it largely stops but again what is our significance here why do we care about this otherwise we wouldn&amp;#39;t learn about this okay what they do is they establish a solid trade network in the north to help establish it anyway alright so they&amp;#39;re the ones that kind of connect all of these areas that connect the powerful city-state trade city-state you tell me actually what&amp;#39;s the city stereo here you go know if it was no garage yes right they connect the Slavic people&amp;#39;s with the Byzantine Empire they trade with I believe Vikings right as far as Baghdad or at least into Iraq so they&amp;#39;re they connect the Mediterranean with the with Northern Europe essentially right and that&amp;#39;s going to facilitate when the plague comes in and arrives in the harbors of the Byzantines and the Italians it&amp;#39;s going to just continue to spread throughout all of Europe and the Vikings were played a big role in a step in that all right but the biggest civilization that played a role in establishing trade networks that facilitated the spread of goods including disease those long sentence who were they in the 12 in 1206 roughly when they started who unites all the Mongol tribes yeah so with the Mongols 1206 to 1368 something like that 386 thirdly mid-late about 14th century all right so Chinggis Khaan he is going to unite the pastoral nomadic tribes of Mongolia friendly diplomatically no by force right by the way how does he keep you in line like he&amp;#39;s going to conquer you whether you&amp;#39;re at an enemy Mongol tribe or later a Turkic tribe and he&amp;#39;s gonna pretty much ensure that you&amp;#39;re not going anywhere how does he do that strangers yep if you try to escape the whole regiment dies exactly so those people are not gonna let you leave because they&amp;#39;d all be dead if that happened okay cool so Genghis Khan is gonna unite the Mongol tribes in their past store lists what&amp;#39;s the pastoralist now that&amp;#39;s a nomads pass to us are specific in that they do or their society function a specific way how do they survive yes they move what are they moving with when moving towards birds yes they are gonna be the ones that follow the herds to the grasslands and River areas that makes it particularly hard by the way for civilizations to go after them like if the Chinese are particularly perturbed at them it&amp;#39;s like well you can&amp;#39;t just go to like their capital city because they don&amp;#39;t have a capital city there&amp;#39;s out there somewhere if they want to attack the Chinese though they know exactly what the Chinese are because they have cities all right unites the Mongols and has a very efficient military what was the major military advantage of the Mongols by the way then nobody could really meet for quite a while or snack or juice yeah horseback archers like whole society based on is that mine or yours okay a whole society based on cavalry archers and nobody really knew how to beat that at the time the only thing they could possibly do was you know have a walled city or castle and be like well you can&amp;#39;t get us here and it&amp;#39;s true but the Mongols could defeat them still so cavalry archers all right and they invade into China what dynasty the invading into and the twelve months old is the Song Dynasty right and Mike while Chinggis Khaan is not gonna actually conquer the entire zone he&amp;#39;s gonna take the northern half of it and start the what dynasty there at least that will be started there later and again that is the dynasty in China run by the Mongols alright so his son okay takes over later they&amp;#39;ve conquered quite a bit into Central Asia who&amp;#39;s this son that take out a second okay who was the condo that&amp;#39;s going to consolidate China and rulers I guess a most flawlessly no and I flawlessly screwed of a bunch you throw a bunch of troops over here it&amp;#39;s the Muppet and in Japan yeah that&amp;#39;s the grandson correct excellent okay so there&amp;#39;s the Mongols they gave me the China how do they before they get siege weapons how do they get these Chinese cities to surrender yeah they start they can&amp;#39;t move to these scenes of initially because in have siege weapons but this certainly would just surround them and starve them and he&amp;#39;s supporting army or supplies coming it would just crush it and they had a couple tactics they would use so first of all they had the cavalry archers that were really hard to beat but also they do this like hit-and-run thing work it is hack you and the battle looks like it&amp;#39;s even then all of a sudden they start retreating like oh we won and they all chase after you but it&amp;#39;s not real they just want to draw you away from your main force and they turn on you and kill you and they kept doing this over and over and over to new civilizations because they&amp;#39;ve never seen it before at least they&amp;#39;re gonna do alright so they get into China to defeat the northern parts here slowly what do they take from the Chinese that really helps them out elsewhere in the world yeah they take the Chinese seize workers and weapons and they&amp;#39;re going to utilize those in Persia near India in Europe in the Middle East all these locations they&amp;#39;re gonna be using them okay so you&amp;#39;ll just generally tell me if I&amp;#39;m conquered by the long duals what how did what do they do let&amp;#39;s assume that I resisted them write it and just volunteer to join them oh yeah they&amp;#39;re brutal like that if they&amp;#39;re attacking they can use your civilians to see human shield and throw plate bodies and your city all that kind of stuff okay but what do they like to do once they&amp;#39;ve taken over you yeah they plunder okay cools they collect tribute right they take whatever they want really what other things do they take yeah slaves with the big one slave laborers right and do they take any military personnel or equipment yeah any technology so give me an example of one we recovered it once you say it again from yeah they do four prisms nude so Chinese / Persian siege workers cool they also kind of back-end a cold or a declining perfect Empire as it goes through Central Asia what type are was that yeah following just the Seljuks from a few hundred 150 years earlier so and they&amp;#39;re incorporating them too so very quickly they have a massive multi-thousand person force of Mongols Turks and they also have some Chinese and later Persian workers going along with them so let&amp;#39;s go to compost Shane here so they take central asia largely from the Turks okay I got that I got this region here where else do they go yep they get into Persia who resisted them unfortunately for Persia because now they have siege weapons they pull the Chinese siege workers over there and they help to break down the Persian siege or for other get Persia boom alright what else yeah they do the same in the opposite caliphate exactly to resist them and they&amp;#39;re gonna sack and destroy Baghdad in 1258 so if dam goes that yeah they go low to the Indus River roughly so in the Pakistan alright they stop there for the park yeah they get on Eastern Europe all the Russians and Cubans and all that so they get into the Middle East right they were gonna actually be defeated by accommodation of the mom the mom looks and the Byzantines but they&amp;#39;re not really gonna put much effort into that normally if they lose the battle they just come back with more beat you anyway but they don&amp;#39;t come back up this one because they&amp;#39;re so far extended but we do get one branch that goes off and just annihilates Europe they defeat the Russians the Georgians the answer bought hazard advisement Azerbaijani I don&amp;#39;t even know what to call that group the people of Azerbaijan Armenians Russians the people of Kiev and ruse that look polish-lithuanian they even get into Hungary and knock out the Hungarians they don&amp;#39;t really control it but they defeat their their armies there and they book it back is they&amp;#39;re quite far away but of course take it back to Mongolia like hey by the way super weak over there we should take it and they actually do so very quickly the Mongols are gonna conquer like they have the biggest land Empire for a very very very long time they&amp;#39;re gonna have China they&amp;#39;re gonna have Korea they&amp;#39;re gonna have pretty much all of Central Asia I don&amp;#39;t think again to Tibet don&amp;#39;t quote me on that I just don&amp;#39;t know Middle East Persia Central the Caucasus region with like Georgia Azerbaijan Armenia Eastern Europe like they have a huge huge huge huge empire so I realized they lose a battle here and a lose a couple of the battles but what really stops them from expanding you&amp;#39;re right that&amp;#39;s a total failure a complete failure by the part of good luck on your refrain do when they attempt to invade Japan twice by sea but they have no idea what the hell they&amp;#39;re doing and they also try and see love because they&amp;#39;ll pay tribute and the muppet Empire I&amp;#39;m gonna need an archipelago refused to pay tribute they try and made them lose their whole army again but what what happens in this Empire that&amp;#39;s gonna really prevent them from spreading internal calm yeah internal conflict is once Chinggis Khaan and okay they go it&amp;#39;s gonna be I mean there&amp;#39;s so many sons and grandsons and they all want to be the Great Khan so they&amp;#39;re all going to fight over one other so initially they break this massive Empire up into four parts what are those four parts okay that they called khanates I should I should write that up there ruled by a con but again everybody wants to be the Great Khan nobody just wants to be a Khan gonna be a great time so let me put it a conquer it real quick so China off with the song actually kind of see song I even in northern Jin dynasty it will just carry about that song dynasty open Central Asia Persia Abbasid Caliphate Eastern Europe most interesting Russians all right huge military or sorry huge Empire very quickly and they break it up into four khanates right and that&amp;#39;s their you know unique government so the Arabs have Caliphate and sultanates the Muslims are sorry the Mongols have kinds ruled by a and this is much more like the Aztec empire in that they largely let you continue ruling you just have to provide a steady supply of tribute slash display of slash workers and allow the use of your military always would come back and stomp you again alright what about for Connie&amp;#39;s well I got this one this one and these two so that one chocolate chocolate I had those gonna maintain themselves for a while and even though the the Mongols were like killed like the most people since all the way up till basically World War one and later Hitler installing what good things did they do sir but okay the house let&amp;#39;s get to the house first you&amp;#39;re right eventually technology ideas are gonna spread but how what&amp;#39;s allowing that to happen yeah they reinvigorate trade especially which trade route silk rub right so the Silk Road is gonna be reestablished or the system of roads that is the Silk Road alright that&amp;#39;s to be established you know it&amp;#39;s a trade that works gonna pick up just because there&amp;#39;s more activity in general same in the Mediterranean I&amp;#39;m not quite sure what the transparent but that trades gonna be reinvigorated so China does not have a direct link with the West which they haven&amp;#39;t had for a while they&amp;#39;ve been connected with the Indian Ocean through the Song Dynasty but now it&amp;#39;s just straight China to the Mediterranean in Europe so what are some technologies that are gonna trickle from China to Europe for example yeah I surprised with that Silk Road reinvigorated yep and then we get a text spreading from China so yes what did you say what was your example paper running on the Tong dynasty song what else but yeah pretty nice printing technology that&amp;#39;s gonna get to Europe eventually through the caliphates in Spain and they&amp;#39;re gonna develop a printing press which is gonna change the entire world good matter yes not weaponized yet but when the Europeans get it they&amp;#39;re gonna figure it out navigational compass yeah compass a naturally those are both gonna greatly help out actually the astrolabe I think was a was a Muslim invention but the compass for sure it comes from China it&amp;#39;s all put compass for now all right so those technologies are going into Europe who at the time is not really learning anything because they&amp;#39;ve forgotten how to learn what was that old Greek idea what they&amp;#39;re supposed to doubt things and try to find them out science logic yeah so peripheral own logic has disappeared and why aren&amp;#39;t people allowed to go to try to find answers on their own what&amp;#39;s constricting them I think I told you this maybe I didn&amp;#39;t yeah the Catholic Church has got a tight grip on that all right but the arrival of these new things is gonna start the Renaissance and the cross and Reformation and certain areas of Europe we&amp;#39;re gonna be much more relaxed and they&amp;#39;re gonna allow them basically to think about read about invent things and that&amp;#39;s gonna really really transform your alright that&amp;#39;s the Mongols last one the bad thing that they&amp;#39;re gonna spread that just kills millions of people yeah what&amp;#39;s the Black Death right that originated in China it&amp;#39;s gonna make its way across into the Mediterranean then back around through Europe those trade routes established by the Vikings and it&amp;#39;s gonna just decimate people so we have the black death in the 13th sorry the 14th century alright so a third of Europe dies and depending on the area you get 30 to 90 percent of people are dying or the fatalities higher in I should make it sound like a video game fatality are the fatalities higher in cities or rural right because they&amp;#39;re close together share sanitation all that crap so it&amp;#39;s gonna do particularly bad in port cities right and that is gonna be spread by the fleas on rats and the impurity ins can make mistake of thinking the cats are doing it and then they kill the cats which are killing the rats that means there&amp;#39;s more rats and more fleas so they make it worse good job guys all right so other than everybody dying not everybody a lot of time what are my cultural and economic impacts here how does this affect literature and arts and things like that yeah that&amp;#39;s from the notes what does that mean apocalyptic tone yeah literature and art are gonna focus a lot more on death despair short lives etc okay cool so I will put that apocalyptic tone well you know what that means alright so art literature death centered or short life centered or misery despair Center okay cool what about economically yeah why is it labor shortage okay but I mean half the people would want stuff why do they want more things than they wanted before why they need to make more things so you remember this problem ok so there&amp;#39;s only one way to increase living standards in a short term meaning everybody has more stuff that&amp;#39;s kill half the people right so that&amp;#39;s what happens here 1/3 half the people die that stuff doesn&amp;#39;t disappear that stuff goes to the leftover people still living standards go up so do a little better right so I feel that living standards up other than the warning about death part they have more stuff because half the people die and so then they get their stuff so that creates a new problem yeah now I got more money to spend on stuff so they need more things to make but the only problem is how people are dead so there&amp;#39;s no one to make it right so we have a labor shortage which is good for workers are bad good yeah cuz they can negotiate for higher wage nowhere for you oh I don&amp;#39;t want to work oh you really think we&amp;#39;re probably gonna pay me a lot so that&amp;#39;s how it&amp;#39;s gonna go alright and then also women get a chance to work if they want to all right cool that&amp;#39;s the impact of the Black Death and among goals and the Vikings so again these two you know those proceeds 400 obviously these two are gonna establish and consolidate the trade networks that are later going to spread this disastrous black of death alright which we can now treat with a pill antibiotics tada but back then you dunsky got it all right let me get it all right let&amp;#39;s uh do Africa in Southeast Asian mmm states will do Africans first so do I have referring to not really an empire but at least a developing civilization right yeah okay you&amp;#39;re right Ghana Mali but besides gone in Mali yeah how&amp;#39;s the kingdom&amp;#39;s how&amp;#39;s the land yeah there we go actually I should probably write this up here for the internet people which might be us hope you&amp;#39;re it all that I mean don&amp;#39;t have to ok so African kingdoms so we have from like a thousand is BC sorry see e2 um when did they get kicked out they got booted out by a Sultanate and B 1800s I think yeah so we&amp;#39;ll say the 19th century I didn&amp;#39;t look very nice open eighteen hundreds there we go there Peaks gonna be like the 15th to 18th century but regardless these are the house of kingdoms and they&amp;#39;re gonna really benefit from a particular trade network and connection with a particular civilization what are those two answers that I&amp;#39;m asking questions too let&amp;#39;s go somebody else you guys have answered plenty let&amp;#39;s go with a silent person who&amp;#39;s afraid of being wrong you&amp;#39;re not a sound person is pretty being wrong but you an answer great nice okay yep okay so the transference trade network right which at the time was just going this way but oh now we can go this way so why can it go this way now yes so the Arabs are going to domesticate camels which can travel across the desert much more easily and travel in caravans which are groups that make it easy to carry supplies and survive this trek across the desert cool so arrows are going to connect and that is thanks to of course camels and caravans excellent and how are these uh how is that going to benefit the West African I&amp;#39;m secluding the house&amp;#39; crickets sound I can&amp;#39;t make one or I would you get the idea from the higher-ups you like okay they do borrow a lot of ideas from the Arab so they are going to uh what&amp;#39;s the word I&amp;#39;m looking for but they&amp;#39;re going to a borrow the Arab released the general Arab administration program alright so they&amp;#39;re going to start what looks more like a centralized government or Empire and who the Arabs in on that front by the way versions right what is that one alright but what&amp;#39;s gonna really benefit these guys over here like that they&amp;#39;re going to their kingdoms are going to grow and become more economically powerful what trade the two okay which state or states in a thousand in the year 1000 who&amp;#39;s up ha that was it there you go that was the Caliphate or other associated Souls names alright so they&amp;#39;re gonna connect with caliphates and the caliphates have some money today amps of trade goods yeah why try me yeah these connected to all the major integration into regional trade networks at that time exactly okay cool so that&amp;#39;s big money for them and what&amp;#39;s their primary um trade city not to book - don&amp;#39;t say yeah okay no and then um they&amp;#39;re going to convert to what and why this long because yeah they want that good relationship and trade benefits with the Arab caliphates so they got things like gold and ivory and actually I&amp;#39;ve raised more of an East African thing gold and copper salt and one of the thing that&amp;#39;s not something you can mind that they&amp;#39;re going to have a lot of in West Africa dope slave slave is where the slave trades begin the slave trade starts way before the Portuguese in as early as 1000 CE II with the Arabs remember his African kingdoms would fight and they would just take slaves and the Arabs got there like hey we&amp;#39;ll we&amp;#39;ll take some of those so they would just essentially buy them so that West African slave trade was an ongoing thing since it is really back at least on a large scale as a thousand see all right cool so yeah it&amp;#39;s good for the house the kingdoms what&amp;#39;s uh what&amp;#39;s down here the one the one civilization great symbol of Great Zimbabwe cool alright and that&amp;#39;s gonna be from like 1100 ish to about 1450 there&amp;#39;s not a whole lot that&amp;#39;s super relevant about this they were one of the only wall civilizations down there and the sort of van two-ish regions but what is significant is they&amp;#39;re at the very tail end of a major major trade network so I know what that is and how we know it yeah they found a couple Chinese goods there yeah so they&amp;#39;re gonna be tail and pinion ocean trade network right and they do find a couple Chinese goods they&amp;#39;re cool and they are walled city there are several of those small walled cities there but they exist so what&amp;#39;s gonna cause the decline then if they&amp;#39;re doing so well for 300 years okay they believe that perhaps the access to gold was declined okay so gold mines decline look up for you down there yeah and they&amp;#39;re just be way more trade up north especially when these get established we&amp;#39;ll get to those going into city-states actually we&amp;#39;ll just do now who&amp;#39;s here that&amp;#39;s gonna develop a much more complex and active trade network up there on the and all due to gold mine exhaustion and trade up north they basically like it&amp;#39;s like building a that announcer ability on the road by the freeway it&amp;#39;s like instead of building by the freeway you a little bit by itself in a river it&amp;#39;s like yeah it&amp;#39;s not forget nearly as much business all right so um yeah this one swahili cities takes every said honey to ask that I be impressed for this man I just told you this today city-states all right this is a mix of two different ethnic ethnic groups slash languages what is that gonna be it&amp;#39;s all the same people that&amp;#39;s fine yeah Arabs in Bantu right the Bantu are like basically all over here and the Arabs of course are gonna come down there so it&amp;#39;s a meek Arab plus Bantu oh I forgot to mention this today we&amp;#39;re in a lecture what&amp;#39;s that when you sequence that&amp;#39;s going to bring ships to and from that region easily monsoon wind yeah so that&amp;#39;s gonna help them out and why does this area become Islamic for the most part over here on this coast okay they want to trade networks benefits with the Muslims but which Muslims are there how were they there what is that yes it was the Muslim merchants diaspora so you had Arab merchants settling on these trade cities building mosques and of course encouraged people around them and really want to trade with them in these walking these city-states I took convert to Islam where these city-states like an empire no they&amp;#39;re much of independent city station the most part so they knew they are part of the Muslim Diaspora which again just means especially the internet it just means you&amp;#39;re from one location where there&amp;#39;s a lot of you and you disperse and settle in small groups outside of it I ask nice yeah city-states not an empire all right oh that&amp;#39;s right very close to this though in what is considered Ethiopia now also known at least part of it is Eritrea and then also called AB is Nia what dynasty&amp;#39;s going to establish itself here in like 1290 or whatever&amp;#39;s with the Zog way Empire but this one is the one that lasts for like 700 years Sol Manik dynasty yeah Solomonic dynasty in what is now Ethiopia that&amp;#39;s good about 1290 to 1974 it&amp;#39;s got a long stretch there it&amp;#39;s loving no no what are they Christian yeah it&amp;#39;s a Christian king of a lone Christian Kingdom and they&amp;#39;re gonna actually hold out quite a while they&amp;#39;re surrounded by hostile Sultanate&amp;#39;s I&amp;#39;m Muslim States but they&amp;#39;re gonna hold out for a while and they actually get some help later in the 1500s when somebody shows up provides them with guns and troops to help fight off neighbouring sultanates poor Judy yeah the Portuguese right so 1500 they receive support from the Portuguese the Europeans are happy to find it because they had like this legend of his lost Christian Kingdom you know across the sea or whatever so when they found this like there it is but they really just ended up helping it out as far as staying independent and actually stay independent all the way through the age of imperialism which we&amp;#39;ll get to later subby a Solomonic by the way was called that because he thought the leaders thought he had ancestry going all the way back to King Solomon of Israel so it was a pretty long one okay got that sweet so that&amp;#39;s here here here what else do we have Southeast Asia right yeah okay Southeast Asia what are my two Southeast Asian Indian archipelago empires go first and then second yes yeah yeah it&amp;#39;s going that wrong I&amp;#39;m sure that&amp;#39;s cool okay so straight ball yeah Jaya Jaya it&amp;#39;s gonna be like eighth century ish we&amp;#39;re just seven hundreds to about what was the Year 1061 lat let me don&amp;#39;t check baby&amp;#39;s full-term it actually I wrote the your names I forget I did full 90 1290 so about 712 90 alright and they&amp;#39;re gonna be mostly out what type of religiously what type of estate so it is initially cuz that&amp;#39;s gonna spread from I&amp;#39;ll be a trade union ocean okay and what&amp;#39;s their major trade city gonna be that&amp;#39;s organized on to it on a choke point so everyone&amp;#39;s gotta go by and trade by from there yeah Malaka that&amp;#39;s the powerful city-state and again why I know we&amp;#39;ll get to that later we&amp;#39;ll come back to that alright that&amp;#39;s their main treaty trade city-state and they&amp;#39;re gonna spread a bunch of their people throughout the Indian Ocean over here they&amp;#39;re gonna have their own like mini diaspora merchants what type of people are they I just told this one today they&amp;#39;re not Muslim they&amp;#39;re not Chinese Singapore&amp;#39;s over here okay I&amp;#39;ll give you a hint this is Malaysia people yeah there you go unfortunately for them no from the island of Java Java sorry they&amp;#39;re going to be essentially pushed out right there a maritime Empire faced by sea and trade some of these guys Belen he&amp;#39;s gotta gonna run they&amp;#39;re gonna push him out from 1290 to 1500 they are also going to be initially Buddhist but both of these regions are going to peacefully convert to what no no Hinduism Islam wine yeah but who how yeah that Muslim merchants I asked for the same thing so this whole region is going to convert to Islam by bayi peacefully essentially and this is by the way the last major empire in that region as far as indigenous empires go the Europeans gonna show up in 1800s sorry the 1500s and they&amp;#39;re gonna start taking over things the Portuguese and the Dutch and the British but that&amp;#39;s the last like major Empire of the Indian archipelago in fact they&amp;#39;re actually famous for defeating one very very tough to beat empire yeah the Mongol Yuan Dynasty cool those two got two more in the region though on the mainland the peninsula in Southeast Asia yep so which one is modern-day Thailand Cambodia which one is like southern central Vietnam is what yes we got the Champa empire and what is now central and southern Vietnam and we have in modern-day Cambodia Thailand my empire all right come I are like 800 ish to 1300 ish Champa is gonna be extinct longer camera they&amp;#39;re they&amp;#39;re stars have a really early start it might be like that&amp;#39;s to hundreds or something like that I wrote down because I knew I would remember if I could find it and I cannot find yeah so it is the second century so it&amp;#39;s actually that one hundreds alright so we&amp;#39;ll say one hundred and they go for quite a while they go to eighteen like 32 or something that&amp;#39;s a pretty long-standing Empire all right what two religions dominate this region Hinduism and all right which one is gonna be adopted more so by the upper class so much so much more by the lower classes and why because right the cast is him enforced the hierarchy excellent yeah it was it was open to all as egalitarian cool that&amp;#39;s Buddhism and it&amp;#39;s me the same story here in the Khmer Empire the most part so what I want to know then is what are the three reasons that these rulers are gonna adopt Hinduism in that era area they forced hierarchy of course it said I should be in my position because I&amp;#39;m such a good person or I wasn&amp;#39;t my last life okay yeah there wasn&amp;#39;t really much of a unified culture of that as were new Empires and civilizations but Indy had been around for like three thousand years or so so they were willing to adopt a prestigious and ancient civilizations customs and like the deities but once yep cool so caste system enforced the hierarchy they admire Indian culture and also they admire the Dee&amp;#39;s such as a Shiva cool what was the Khmer Empire particularly famous for both them had cool architecture but Hindu architecture and Buddha statues but like what was the main thing the huge thing that was the biggest at its time and Angkor Wat yeah at its time the biggest city from 1100 to about 1300 then it was abandoned we don&amp;#39;t know why all right cool those are those empires and is that all the states now it&amp;#39;s just the Inca Aztec in the trade city-states right yeah all right cool let&amp;#39;s bust a mountain you don&amp;#39;t have to do both pretty quick and then the city states and out we go all right Azteca Mesoamerica where my Inca at yeah where what region is lots of times Andes Mountains yeah thanks all right where did the Inca originate from what like the main city go yeah all right what did he ask right-hand pilgrim and both these guys are gonna operate roughly from 1300 ish to about 1500 issues when they get wiped out by the Spanish all right think I actually put a little last night I think I think they actually started the fortune hundreds but don&amp;#39;t call me okay Aztec give me some defining features like who ruled them in how was this one centralized government or what was it yeah it was three city-states but in the end it really just became to no chit lon all right and the Concord people and they spread trade and stuff which is cool but they&amp;#39;re particularly brutal when they conquered you they were very militaristic give me some qualities that were not so nice yeah I did a lot of human sacrifice like thousands and thousands of thousands they believed they had to to not end the world for the most part all right semen sacrificed a big part of it they didn&amp;#39;t know people didn&amp;#39;t like that when you took their kids and family first for sacrifice what else do they take or collect slaves a tribute and they are responsible for the spread of culture and trade and things like you know all sports and all that but no one&amp;#39;s gonna miss them when they&amp;#39;re gone in the region so somebody shows up and brings the smallpox and advertently and wipes them out who is that and why are people so willing to join them to overthrow the Aztek which they do yeah so it&amp;#39;s the Spain Spanish plus the I guess a American Indian allies and they are willing to do that because they really relieve the test the Aztec because of how brutal they were alright so I want to say something else about if I can&amp;#39;t rule was oh who is the last main ruler of the Aztec empire into no G lon in a second yeah excellent all right down to the Inca is this is a first wave Empire like they&amp;#39;re not centralized they leave your local rulers in place right they just force you to pay tribute or they come back and black you again this is the second wave Empire though what do they more like yep their centralized meaning yeah governor cities roads etc they&amp;#39;re much more interconnected and organized absolutely centralized they got roads local officials in fact they&amp;#39;re so organized they have their own state-run economy called what a meet that system what is the meet that system they store the stuff pay you tell you what to make etc and they use it effectively at least as far as we know in that area and they&amp;#39;re it&amp;#39;s as a state-run economy if you want to anything on your alga to do it on your own at home and they&amp;#39;re able to build some pretty crazy things pretty quickly what was that Sun God temple bunch of peachy right staple the giant temple the Sun God in a very high up in the Andes Mountains Sun God temple but they lack some things which makes it all the more impressive what do they lack that would normally enable people to work and organize themselves well wills and domesticate animals right but what what about the communication because they kept records somehow what did they lack and what did they have instead yeah so they lacked knocks but they had these things called which are like knots to keep track to keep records right but no real language the written language I should say no but they can&amp;#39;t really Holly thing okay and last part with the Incans what two things cause their fall yeah Spain slash disease and yeah Civil War that will do you in pretty quick so they they hold on to like you think last stronghold fell on like 1572 or something alright cool that&amp;#39;s was a shion&amp;#39;s now let&amp;#39;s just do the trade city that we&amp;#39;ve done scheme all right so I&amp;#39;ll have you identified them now so for the Empire of Mali I&amp;#39;ve got Timbuktu for the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate I have dad for the Italian city-states that is a maritime force I have for the northern European Baltic coast city that is enriched by Viking trade I have for the West Indian city-state that is going to be enriched by the Delhi Sultanate I have callicut oh yeah Calcutta will just take out that though where you talk about Malacca that&amp;#39;s a check ready to discuss them in the south of China connected with the great canal or the Grand Canal with the north and central of China I have the major trade City Hall this would be impressive remember this one bomb sooo yeah nice not even one to remember what am i skip I&amp;#39;m just give me a couple oh yeah the Central Asian one in form of Persia conquered by the Greeks and in the person the Mongols and the Persians again I have no some are longg nice and in Central Asia conquered by the Chinese Turks Mongols Chinese calvess yeah - car alright cool so we&amp;#39;ll talk about these ones we just you just know about I just described basically what they were these ones just already discussed these two we got to cover all that when I discussed largely to put to what Jim pyres that it connected to Mali what&amp;#39;s gonna enrich them trigger - yeah caliphates what religion they&amp;#39;re gonna be yeah it&amp;#39;s long come back up good its longing all right to vote - Oh real quick before I forget all of these city states and roughly the same time so not the Aztec make that we get that away so it&amp;#39;s not confusing roughly the same time in at around a thousand see II they&amp;#39;re going to pop up and become incredibly wealthy and powerful why then what&amp;#39;s going on okay that&amp;#39;s one trade right yes so this whole Mediterranean and north and northern European trade networks gonna be reinvigorated by the Vikings school why else the Mongols are going to start up what the Silk Road starts back up again some Mongols what else and you know some trade network what&amp;#39;s gonna be contributing back okay it&amp;#39;s why you leading the monsoon winds delhi sultanate yeah the Indian archipelago ones astray by a tribute Jah Jah man can save myself and the majaa pit okay and then who&amp;#39;s here that&amp;#39;s connected to all over ya the caliphates Abhisit at this time so because there&amp;#39;s these large empires that have wealth that are trading they&amp;#39;re gonna be going through these city-states and benefiting from that wealth excellent so which one of these is known for establishing trade contacts as well as forming a powerful navy and being the middlemen it&amp;#39;s gonna give it away between Europe and the the caliphates and the Byzantines yes yes they&amp;#39;re also gonna been banking so banks destroy your money they&amp;#39;re gonna form contracts as middlemen and River what&amp;#39;s a middleman yeah you pay them for the transportation that&amp;#39;s the UPS guy that delivers your Amazon package he&amp;#39;s the middleman all right and you pay him for all right oh and a large Navy they&amp;#39;re gonna control the Mediterranean Sea all right which one of these is a result of its location on the Silk Road and it was also one of the oldest civilizations that were the Persians control that the ancient Greeks controlled it and it&amp;#39;s now a big center for Islam yeah what kind of people are here they&amp;#39;re so peon yeah some of the merchants and they are pretty damn ancient that&amp;#39;s one the oldest cities and there of course our original ID this Silk Road who else is enriched by the Silk Road kashgar and while they are gonna be conquered by many many peoples they do have that central position on those major trade routes so when trade is doing well like it&amp;#39;s doing in the roughly 11th century to 14th century they&amp;#39;re gonna do really well I feel like I&amp;#39;m forgetting one humph again bye alright let&amp;#39;s start with the Aztec they&amp;#39;re coming in from where yeah like a thousand sticks to the Central American Mesoamerican region they run in the from the exact years but it&amp;#39;s based in 15th century to the 16th century like 15 20 ish for the Spanish finished our conquest alright so yes tech is it one centralized government no what is it City Street yeah it&amp;#39;s confederation of three city-states right the head one ends up being two no chit lon alright so we&amp;#39;ll just keep it that for how it is three city-states and it is not a second wave empire they&amp;#39;re not centralized when they take people over like other Mayans or other people to Mesoamerican region what do they do yeah they force tribute take slaves and yeah a lot of human sacrifice right so they are not friendly when they take over you alright so slaves they force you to pay tribute and of course they have their whole funds human sacrifice thing going on which causes people that are taking over they&amp;#39;re not like them very much back a lot okay and who&amp;#39;d they leave in charge they put Aztec people in charge these are the city-states to take over these mindless yeah to leave in charge they gotta pay tributes and if they don&amp;#39;t they come wreck up their city again but yeah the answer they&amp;#39;re required to provide soldiers or tribute payments or whatever whenever they&amp;#39;re asked or they&amp;#39;ll get smashed again alright cool so the Aztec are not making any friends over there alright culturally they do just like the Mongols you know they&amp;#39;re terrible terrible terrible people as far as how they treat people they conquer they are going to spread trade and cultural ideas and things like that so you do see increase in trade in the region with the Mayans and the other ass tech and other tribes in the region but again overall it&amp;#39;s pretty bad for most people which is why was a Spanish show up people up no problem rising up against them so who&amp;#39;s the last great Aztec King before that Kingdom fall yeah once in the second alright and again they do have several hundred thousand people of their empire they do enhance trade and all those good things and they sell to the spread of a culture in this great American region but again not well-liked Spanish show up what immediately wipes out a whole bunch of them unintentionally yeah yeah a small box right cool so European diseases are going to just absolutely annihilate all of the peoples of the Americas all the American Indians European disease it&amp;#39;s gonna decimate them some easels smallpox things that still kill people in the old world but at a much much much reduced rate it&amp;#39;s more often that people who survive these no immunities over here though they&amp;#39;ve never seen these diseases so they just get rekt a population was upwards a ninety percent that come into contact with it okay that weakens them but also the Spanish even though there are a very small amount to them they&amp;#39;re able to raise up an opposition or resistance force against the Aztec quickly tell me why they&amp;#39;re able to do that yeah everyone here to be ruled by them in the first place so drawing up allies against them was not hard to do right so as a result the Aztec are going to fall to the Spanish and their Native American allies for American you know cool that&amp;#39;s the Aztec they&amp;#39;re one of only two major state systems in the Americas pre Columbus was the other one yeah before they uh daddy Annie&amp;#39;s memories no matter what main city state that&amp;#39;s right good they&amp;#39;re about the same time span like early fifteenth to actually a little later they hold out to like 1572 or something at their 1428 - regardless if you just want to throw in 15 sixteenth centuries that&amp;#39;s good enough alright so they&amp;#39;re also gonna expand via conquest but their state system and administration was a bit more impressive they were much more very much more similar to the old classical empires of the the old world how so were they similar second wave centralized yeah meaning what excellence you&amp;#39;ve got a central authority in Cusco but they have like local administrators and they&amp;#39;re going to have road networks just like the Romans did and the Persians did whether the Chinese did their also written language right no no they actually don&amp;#39;t which has makes us all more impressive so settlers government and officials they of course have roads but they got no written language but they still keep records so they got roads mail no I&amp;#39;m sorry not the hello then but they had records and how are they keeping these records of death certificates and oh people own wages there and all that stuff yeah people not system that was one major handicap that the income earner able to overcome no written language but they still kept records with those knots always had a major handicap that they had no yeah no wheels or domesticate animals to pull stuff with llamas are not very good for hauling so whatever Tiffany&amp;#39;s on okay good llamas are not very good for Holly so it&amp;#39;s it&amp;#39;s all human labour no wheel no written language and Incas still are going to expand a massive Empire and build a lot of monumental structure so let&amp;#39;s write that oh wait no we&amp;#39;re not writing anything what I wanted to ask was how do they organize the labor then to build all these things so quickly yeah which is what somebody else tell me who&amp;#39;s they yes the state is going to dictate your job and your wage we don&amp;#39;t know how much people liked or disliked it cuz they have no written records but any time in human society you forced people to do something tends not to be liked what was the only way people could actually do stuff they wanted to do yeah they&amp;#39;d have been privately make it at home nonetheless it&amp;#39;s going to work so it&amp;#39;s called a Utah system is that come coerce flavor what the hell is coerced labor yeah it&amp;#39;s basically forced right so like it&amp;#39;s like when someone it&amp;#39;s like an you pin your little brother you know you&amp;#39;ve got their arm behind their back you&amp;#39;re tell them to say uncle or whatever like that&amp;#39;s coercion right here&amp;#39;s you&amp;#39;re essentially forcing himself that&amp;#39;s coerced to labor but it&amp;#39;s gonna work it&amp;#39;s gonna get the job done sex that&amp;#39;s a state-run economy they can take your job your hours your wages all those things okay cool what&amp;#39;s an example of something cool they built though yeah the temple the Sun God the Sun King right okay cool so they build a large temple the Sun go it gained much teaching all right cool and they&amp;#39;re gonna stretch from parts of modern age he lay all the way up to like Ecuador region so that is the biggest largest the most organized networking empire in the Americas prethalamus is so impressive well done what leaves a vulnerable though to conquest by the Spanish later he was bizarre did it that&amp;#39;s the same thing yes so Civil War yeah again right because a very little amount of Spanish but they&amp;#39;re able to pit other vegans against another or one Incans against one other because there&amp;#39;s a civil war going on and the Spanish disease again unintentional but beneficial for the Spanish so their fall is going to be Spanish conquest unless we do to disease and it&amp;#39;s a war lucky timing by the conquistadors good luck with them in period period - all right a quest lenka onward so we&amp;#39;ll talk now about some trade city-states so I&amp;#39;ve got all put a bunch of dots up you can tell me what they are wait for you put them up first yeah at all oh they&amp;#39;re not a city though but yes we&amp;#39;re going to talked about them on the last one anyway so I think that&amp;#39;s enough what&amp;#39;s good enough anyway oh yeah thanks I did this one but you know there&amp;#39;s actually a multiple here all right that was my oyster kidding sweet great to bomb away we ready come down one but just just how about their enemies ones here&amp;#39;s what&amp;#39;s what he we what band two nerves yeah okay all right yeah all right so the question one asks is this these cities all become incredibly wealthy and powerful and this is an imperial capital of the absent caliphate but the rest just make sure our not capitals they&amp;#39;re mostly semi independent cities all right this one&amp;#39;s definitely part of the Song Dynasty but the most part these are and this is every part of the trip EJ and jump it but they&amp;#39;re pretty much gonna be independent powerful city-states so when I was why from roughly a thousand to 1300 hce I&amp;#39;ve got such a powerful trade cities why so strong well somebody&amp;#39;s from momentarily but why in general are these gonna pop up and be so wealthy and powerful for a few centuries why are the trade systems coming back up again what does that mean reinvigorated okay so they&amp;#39;re there they&amp;#39;re increasing in their volume trade alright so I want to know my arm period of almost okay that&amp;#39;s okay that&amp;#39;s a too specific reason sweet so I do have a warming theory that is true petering out in this this time sort of a population increase but mumble Empire is a specific answer to a much more broad development so yes the Mongol Empire its massive I mean look it&amp;#39;s got most of the cities right there within it at least at one point what else though is popping up besides the Mongol Empire or is already there okay yeah I got Vikings enhancing trade up here in Europe Mediterranean absolutely that&amp;#39;s gonna help spark Venice and Oprah absolutely what else yeah the caliphates absolutely they&amp;#39;re gonna spur trade pretty much everywhere for the most part right yeah Mahajan Empire absolutely will maritime trade there and for the tribute oh yeah alright those are new ones I have trouble pronouncing but nonetheless so what uh is that all my empires what you do more than that yeah okay Delhi Sultanate seven Delhi Mongol caliphates Vikings remember the Vikings aren&amp;#39;t an empire though there&amp;#39;s a bunch of independent merchants and invaders we got there&amp;#39;s a pocket bolli okay cool so I&amp;#39;m good yeah a song that&amp;#39;s good enough all right so I&amp;#39;ve got a lot of major empires that are stabilized which we&amp;#39;ve just discussed earlier why does that enhance trade just because I&amp;#39;ve large stable on fires safer who purchase it give me a specific answer you can yeah okay cool so I have large stable empires increased trade and then the why is if I have a large empire that&amp;#39;s gotta be protected I&amp;#39;m not worried about being vain innovating as much as I would normally be so I have more time and peace time first of all and then time to myself to worry about providing for my family so that&amp;#39;s when I would go into my craft more and they&amp;#39;ll make more things so where&amp;#39;s everybody else crippled trade more and the routes are safe so it&amp;#39;s easier to sell them and trade them so everything is a bit safer more stable so I have more trade all right any time we have a bunch of stable empires we have an increase in trade right that&amp;#39;s the same with the old classical air before that when Rome was running and the Han Dynasty with the Silk Road going right because there&amp;#39;s two stable empires keeping both ends somewhat safe all right so same thing here so large they both parties increase trade and then of course people were able to produce and trade more because it&amp;#39;s stable and they&amp;#39;re safer got law and order founding it made it as much et cetera all right what what train network specifically though like what&amp;#39;s this one cool so examples of these trade routes Silk Road this one you know should trade network this one are in trade network this one yeah cool that&amp;#39;s that&amp;#39;s a good amount right there alright let&amp;#39;s get a couple specifics then so let&amp;#39;s do Timbuktu what&amp;#39;s this one gonna be known for nice gold ivory salt in the beginnings of slave trade yeah so the first West African slaves of course during more time between these kingdoms they would take prisoners they would sell those prisoners voluntarily and nothing the prisoners were not voluntarily being sold but the kingdoms were voluntarily selling them to the arrows right that&amp;#39;s gonna start a really is like a thousand see alright and then the portuguese of course when they come down a few hundred years later thank you like well that&amp;#39;s a great market they&amp;#39;re gonna buy some and they&amp;#39;re gonna send them on over to brazil and the caribbean and a few i think less than 10% of slaves actually go up into North America most went up in Brazil in the Caribbean but nonetheless or sees it there too can see that tradition okay so gold ivory salt slaves we all send Islam here why though what who trade benefits in their government okay what about here okay cool so the Arabs have initiated this trade - let&amp;#39;s not forget why are they able to actually go across the Sahara Desert now caravan surveying the camels yeah thanks to this last week for whatever double review for you okay and then Islam is to spread and again the reason why is because they&amp;#39;re going to adopt a lot of the Arab governmental policies their administrative policies and their religion right so if their Islamic are the Arabs more or less likely to trade with them more likely right so the merchants and elites are going to convert there we&amp;#39;ve covered that before but I will put that up here so merchants elites convert or trade perks and of course they learn every administration but the Arabs learn to the Persians so okay that was to folk to check we&amp;#39;ve did quite great zimbabwe last week I think so Healy city state school the Bantu people migrated over here a long time ago and then we have Arab merchants coming down here as well that&amp;#39;s why you need city-states but I don&amp;#39;t know what these guys because it&amp;#39;s pretty much the same goods it&amp;#39;s blue it&amp;#39;s gold ivory copper I can really add salt or not but pretty much the same stuff you need city-states but what&amp;#39;s keeping ships coming consistently to and from this coast from the or a very Persia and in India yeah monsoon wind it&amp;#39;s nice why are these guys gonna be Islamic pretty soon right yes the merchant diaspora the Muslims right so we got a lot of Arab Muslim merchants settling over here building mosques locals convert course for the Fed exclusive trade writing those trade rights and that&amp;#39;s cool excellent chick alright callicut that&amp;#39;s just to be enhanced by a lot of the delhi sultanate stabilization in the hindu beds over there baghdad obviously is gonna be enhanced because they&amp;#39;re the capital which giant empire that&amp;#39;s connected all trade routes it was an abbess it ya know garage what&amp;#39;s gonna improve trade in no garage thank you vikings how they get in there long hose yeah long mustn&amp;#39;t go down the rivers they go down the volga river they trade the Byzantines and others they also sail all the way around in the Mediterranean and no broad is going to become a very powerful trade city well until the Russians just just run them over later on but so that&amp;#39;s not till the 1500s so we ain&amp;#39;t there yet yeah no garage and a lot of biking trading activity and that&amp;#39;s gonna be a nice trade center for the Baltic / northern slash Eastern Europe portion all right cool Viking trades and so like that how about some info about Venice they were middleman and middle men for what for who okay cool so you got European meeting medieval kingdoms right you&amp;#39;ve got the Byzantines and you&amp;#39;ve got Arabs and Turks all right so you&amp;#39;re saying they&amp;#39;re gonna be middlemen what the hell the middleman stands in the middle saying with you on this one yeah they&amp;#39;re the ones that ship or package the stuff basically though don&amp;#39;t purchase it or pay for it to be shipped just like UPS your Amazon driver would it is a little different though because you&amp;#39;re right they do purchase the goods and then sell them to more later but they are still that connection so they establish a lot of contracts with the Byzantines with some select Muslim pockets and of course in Europe they&amp;#39;re going to become quite wealthy by facilitating all the trade minutes Raney between the East and the West portions of Mediterranean so take a lot of money and they&amp;#39;re very smart with it did you two major things there money that make their power even more I guess you could say dynamic or greater in that era establishment houses yes so they established the first Bank house at the sighting at Venice up here minutes nice so they&amp;#39;re the basically the inventors of banks private banks so I can now store money somewhere safe deposit leaders that have carrying it around or hiding in the hole and hoping nobody finds it it&amp;#39;s gonna be a lot safer I&amp;#39;ve been having like an imperial treasury or something like that so first banking houses and we&amp;#39;ll talk more about well actually a little bit later but how banks make money because when you borrow money from a bank you&amp;#39;re not just paying them back you pay them back plus interest so banking becomes very quickly becomes a very profitable business we&amp;#39;re using yeah in fact they&amp;#39;re gonna be so powerful that they&amp;#39;re as a city-state able to rival the entire later Ottoman Empire and their Navy well with some help of course from Spain but they&amp;#39;re gonna take on the Ottoman Navy and defeat them at Lepanto I think it&amp;#39;s called around Greece and that&amp;#39;s a largely contributed to by the Venetians and their armies are their name so they do know where the power is act you have a lot of Italian sailors and naval ships and merchant ships and they&amp;#39;re going to control the Mediterranean for the long time in fact when they start exploring they hire Italian Venetian Italians Venetian they hire a lot of Italian sailors because these guys are the best sailors around so I mean if you guys know Columbus wasn&amp;#39;t in Spanish he was just hired by the Spanish that&amp;#39;s Venice all right chef Perry to the shackle what to city-states are going to be well first of all run over by a whole bunch of Empires from the Persians the Turks the Mongols the Chinese basically everybody and greatly enriched by Silk Road trade yeah so Silk Road it&amp;#39;s going to enrich these city-states but again they&amp;#39;re gonna switch hands a lot because they are very fortunately placed on or near the steppes of Asia which are just like super and easy invasion territories such a flat grassland so again the Persians in the degrees and then the party begin and the Turks and the Mongols the Chinese so everyone&amp;#39;s gonna roll through there at one point what do you people call by the way the people over here some thug goons right there are the merchants over there that are gonna be quite wealthy for quite a long time okay okay what to major maritime employers is that can be part of yeah cool so it&amp;#39;s gonna be a central traits tea for the trivia junior and the modulo hits empires all right whole just a quick reminder is what those guys are so their first their second this is whether your involvement with the 900 to 1200 for the room a junior and in the 1200 to 1500 for the Maharaja what religion is going to be there originally yeah Buddhism in a little bit Hinduism let&amp;#39;s go to those states right obviously coming in from India which what&amp;#39;s your short answer was about so that&amp;#39;s gonna trickle in through merchants again that&amp;#39;s Buddhism Hinduism but what&amp;#39;s gonna replace it in that area thanks to another diaspora yeah Dysport community Islam right so he&amp;#39;s gonna shift from a Buddhist with some Hindu to Islam same reason though you&amp;#39;re gonna have a bunch of Muslim merchants coming in settling and they&amp;#39;re gonna convert a large portion of that region all right there are conflicts they&amp;#39;ll even still between Buddhists and Muslims in that region really really violent ones to island which is odd because you would think that Buddhists wouldn&amp;#39;t be but I mean defend themselves I guess but they&amp;#39;re not always the defenders in those regions but anyways so that is malacca oh wait why is that one so powerful though besides the fact that&amp;#39;s apart these maritime inspires yeah it&amp;#39;s at the truck point with the straits that are going through for the Indian Ocean to the very very lucrative land of China yes exactly so you got to go by there whether they&amp;#39;re charging their toll tax later or just they&amp;#39;re a pit stop that&amp;#39;s going to greatly enhance their well friends are gonna be awake man I&amp;#39;m gonna kick you out yeah I can&amp;#39;t just sleep here for free for a credit alright so the other 30 of you are doing very well so the lock-up covered and what&amp;#39;s my last one here han-soo why is this one gonna be why does city in China why not what is later Beijing or Macao or whatever yeah why does that help it out yeah so that helps why yes so they can send goods to this city to be traded or backup harder to do but that&amp;#39;s gonna allow a lot a much easier set of transportation options so you&amp;#39;re gonna have an increased economic tivity communication and transportation here and that&amp;#39;s gonna send around a haan-soo which is also the one of the main pit stops for traders coming from Southeast Asia or the Indian Ocean all right sweet so we&amp;#39;ve got salt the trade city-states we go to those wait this is social stuff which is all right economic innovations so these are all going to be innovations that are going to make trade much easier and safer all right so economic innovation so what you get no Pap test is of course what they are what they are how they help where they originate it for the most part all right so first one is long as the first one if I&amp;#39;m going to talk about this is gonna make trade much more okay tell me a problem you might find here if all of my wealth is in silver and gold coins why might that be a problem for me if I am moving around your heart because it they&amp;#39;re gonna be bulky and heavy it&amp;#39;s easy to see if I have them right I can&amp;#39;t really hide them very well like oh is this giant sack of gold that weighs 80 pounds like yeah you&amp;#39;re screwed so one thing that&amp;#39;s going to really really increase economic activity as far as they get easier trade or hide em you know if you need to it&amp;#39;s gonna be pretty gloomy yeah and who admits that yeah the Tong dynasty right or at least they popularized the song dissed you and that&amp;#39;s official it&amp;#39;s it&amp;#39;s officially printed by the Tong and so on government&amp;#39;s its allegedly backed up by you know silver and gold they have but yeah that&amp;#39;s gonna be a practice that begins as early as the Tong dynasty people are still gonna be resistant to it even the United States in the 18th century and even in the 19th century actually everybody of course doesn&amp;#39;t make it much easier to trade you transport your stuff also I have a much safer place to keep it they just started this one thanks yeah and again thanks for very profitable guys they don&amp;#39;t just loan you money or hold your money for free they make money off of your money so even if I just put money in there they&amp;#39;re investing that money and other things another company&amp;#39;s real estate or whatever I&amp;#39;m not exactly sure of when specific industries began but banks were very probable like right from beginning so what we had here in Le Italy was a lot of these city states developed banking systems they had large powerful banking families like sure you&amp;#39;ve all heard the Medicis before maybe haven&amp;#39;t I don&amp;#39;t know but now you did the Medicis or the euchre class later Germany they&amp;#39;re gonna be a very very well feat banking family and again they make money because if they&amp;#39;re holding on your money it&amp;#39;s not just sitting there they&amp;#39;re loaning out to people and collecting interest it&amp;#39;s like for example if I borrow a thousand dollars and I pay it back over three years do you think I pay back a thousand dollars no I probably came back like twenty three hundred dollars so like their interest rates are depending on the loan doubling the amount they&amp;#39;re loaning out right like in general if you go to buy a house for like four or five percent interest you&amp;#39;re pretty much paying twice the house over thirty years for the most part you can pretty much assume so you like oh by a 3 or 2 K house you&amp;#39;re gonna pay like 550 600 K if you get like a poor or 4.5% mortgage rate on that sucker over 30 years so banks make a lot of money off of handing out money and they invested too but forget it so banks it does help though because that enables me if I have no money do you wanna take the loan yeah I have to pay back more over time but I can still get the thing I want now all right that&amp;#39;s really gonna pick up economic activity because now instead well I&amp;#39;m gonna wait six years to save up for this tiny boat it&amp;#39;s like nope negative book now and I pay it off over time right so that&amp;#39;s gonna rapidly increase the amount of stuff people can buy very very quickly all right and again he keeps your currency more safe because you know I can put it into a bank which is much harder to Roth in somebody&amp;#39;s house or a loan person walking around alright so banks Italy cheese cool um if I want to transfer money from my bank to somebody do I have to just have that physical money on hand or no now what can I use change yeah chef that&amp;#39;s gonna be both the caliphates gonna start those at home like socks or how are you found some Arabic so you have checks which of course their official documents which transfer money from your bank account to or your account whatever it is somebody else or whatever business or whatever all rights make it much easier sit have a go to the bank get yourself bring it trying to check they&amp;#39;re gonna be able to deposit back on the round so checks that course for the caliphates we all still have I don&amp;#39;t want you putting its de Coyne some of those are holder persons invented those a long time ago so we&amp;#39;ll just take that off Pat those for a long time what&amp;#39;s the other one to credit debit is that the other one yeah all right cool that one is very similar to a bill of exchange fact I&amp;#39;ll do these together credit slash exchange these are based on trust so you would only do this one with somebody you actually trust somebody you got some sort of trading relationship with like you know that they&amp;#39;re experienced to reliable trader you&amp;#39;ve worked from before etc because a bill of exchange is like an IOU saying alright I&amp;#39;m gonna take this and I&amp;#39;m gonna pay you on this day rights with later it&amp;#39;s like an all the money now but I&amp;#39;ll come back in a month or whatever I&amp;#39;m you to sign and then I&amp;#39;m gonna paid so obviously it to tray trust the person because what could they do not come back right not pay you right so you&amp;#39;d only do that with a company or personally that you know they&amp;#39;re established they&amp;#39;re gonna be there to reliable right but it still works it&amp;#39;s gonna be much better you can enhance the amount of economic activity because people can buy stuff now instead of when they have the money down the road all right credit damn it&amp;#39;s the same thing it&amp;#39;s like a tab you&amp;#39;ve all heard like put it on my tab before yeah that&amp;#39;s just what that means so credit debit is let&amp;#39;s say I&amp;#39;m a merchant and let&amp;#39;s say Aaron here wants to buy a bunch of paper all right so he doesn&amp;#39;t owe the money on him right but I&amp;#39;ve done business with him before he&amp;#39;s got an account right and so I can just keep track of what he knows me right the hell made this paper I&amp;#39;ll keep it on my County yeah Oh hundred dollars huge international paper goes and does this thing what&amp;#39;s he eventually gonna have to do that so that&amp;#39;s what the credit debit comes in so I keep track of that if he&amp;#39;s got a hundred dollars into the debit portion I might have this backwards but the debit portion then he would have to give add credit by paying an awful later so this would be a hundred dollars he can pay that off later dollars all right that&amp;#39;s all that it&amp;#39;s just tracking your debt essentially put it on my account you gotta pay the count later so I don&amp;#39;t explain it to you but how does that actually how does that actually help trade friend Emmet yeah yeah it&amp;#39;s faster it&amp;#39;s just like the banks you can buy it on that moment it&amp;#39;s down the road all right cuz if I got it if you just save up for everything nobody would buy a house it of like 40 all right people buy them when they can barely afford them in like their 20s and 30s and then they finished paying them off when they&amp;#39;re old basically like 50s 60s maybe depends what you got your loan on what alone you got but that&amp;#39;s me finished so if you want to save up for it they wouldn&amp;#39;t get a house til they were like really really old in fact some people can&amp;#39;t save money because they suck and then we just never get a house did they just buy a bunch of little things forever and then they would just die without a house or whatever all right so but if you&amp;#39;ve got a bill coming every month for a fixed amount and people learn veterans paying that regardless that helps you to buy big things now which is gonna increase economic productivity yeah we got this left y&amp;#39;all keep looking back there all right click you got anything better to do let&amp;#39;s get rolling here so economic innovations those recovered we have a new type of organization to tend to types and organizations I know you got these in the notes but I wasn&amp;#39;t here to explain them or my voice wasn&amp;#39;t able to explain them because I&amp;#39;m sick they&amp;#39;re kind of difficult alright so the first one was a guild a guild is a difficult one to understand so alright we&amp;#39;re doing in on Europe specifically here cuz they don&amp;#39;t so far as I know really exist outside of you so I killed I don&amp;#39;t want to say like a gang but they have similar qualities so what a guild is is it&amp;#39;s in like a town we&amp;#39;ll just take our town here later all right ten where in Europe this is later if I wanted to do something I would basically need permission from these people to do it they mean economically not just like you know I want to go to a park and ask some ways I mean what I mean is like if I wanna become a baker I can&amp;#39;t just become a baker I have to permission from the baking guild all right and that&amp;#39;s a group of families or other bakers we&amp;#39;re judging baking from now and I need their permission to even become an apprentice let alone a journeyman or master baker later on so these guys control industries what I mean by industry yeah basically different professions so it could be clothing textiles it can be baking could be iron working whatever right so they control a certain industry so in this case for using baking I don&amp;#39;t I picked that would just pop in the head so in the baking industry it&amp;#39;s gonna be controlled by a guild or a people in a city all right this is the baking guild so they determined several things number one who gets hired so I could be filtered out immediately if they don&amp;#39;t like me all right does this have a little exclusive if somebody can tell you if you can or can&amp;#39;t do a certain job it is a little bit right so what you&amp;#39;re gonna have is a lot of corruption because people could just pay to get into certain industries or get certain privileges or jobs over but we&amp;#39;re not gonna do that all right gets hired they determine how would you get paid determine what you make they also determine the quality of what you make so I&amp;#39;ll say technique and quality so let&amp;#39;s say I become a baker like yeah you can become a baker because you&amp;#39;re the son of this guy who I like so you can be a baker so you become a baker let me like just roll in and start making bread however I want no they&amp;#39;re going to specifically me the technique to use as well as what price to settle for so how much choice were having all this pretty much done right so they&amp;#39;re gonna turn my pay they&amp;#39;re gonna turn it while I&amp;#39;m making how I make it they&amp;#39;re gonna expect the quality further than that so when guilds are popular during the we&amp;#39;ll just say Middle Ages of Europe so between Rome they don&amp;#39;t start right when Rome Falls but between Rome and the Renaissance how much innovation and creation and productivity think we have in Europe [Music] yeah okay well the fuel system yes and the church you&amp;#39;re correct those are not wrong answers but I&amp;#39;m referring to guilds here why might a guild prevent me from cuz you&amp;#39;re totally bribed about the church you know we&amp;#39;re gonna control Noland you know that but like why why would a guild stop mean an industry from being creative or productive or anything like that yeah so if I got a cool new idea how to make something am I gonna be able to carry it out no because even if I do it they&amp;#39;re gonna push me out of town literally you know push you out of town so that&amp;#39;s why guilds are gonna be good if you&amp;#39;re in the guild but bad overall if you&amp;#39;re not in the guild or if you&amp;#39;re trying to do something new or different all right when those disappear all some of a whole bunch of new creations and innovations that that us bring up okay cool so guilds guilds become very powerful so these guilds in towns begin this kind let&amp;#39;s go sell whatever so here&amp;#39;s the bakers here&amp;#39;s the iron makers here&amp;#39;s the textile workers that just needs quote basically cloth goods what else Lumberjacks what are their jobs are their furniture makers cobbler sorry cobblers I call my guilds in a particular town are those guys going to be fairly wealthy and powerful yeah the industry cool what could they do to make themselves even more powerful though raises prices okay that but what people can&amp;#39;t pay for it here&amp;#39;s they do they say all right we&amp;#39;ve got more industries on lock with the prices unlock all that stuff what we&amp;#39;re gonna do though is we are going to work not just each other but we&amp;#39;re gonna work with guilds and other towns I know so you&amp;#39;ve got other towns like Manteca right they&amp;#39;ve actually I should use actual European cities apparent let&amp;#39;s go with the biggest merchant town at the time which would be Antwerp you&amp;#39;re like that&amp;#39;s in modern day like the Netherlands / Belgium region Antwerp wasn&amp;#39;t really really known for their large textile industry what our textiles again textiles and other things all right and this is uh another merchant town Amsterdam all right so these two cities and the guilds in am I gonna work together all right normally back then if I&amp;#39;m gonna come from another town and this is a weird concept cuz we the United States and just drive from town to town it&amp;#39;s like who cares what city it is back then the like your city was like your country almost like those were the people you knew grew up with everybody else like you shouldn&amp;#39;t be trusted so if I roll in from another city like Munster yes that&amp;#39;s a real city they&amp;#39;re going to well first of all be very skeptical of me because I&amp;#39;m from Wooster but second of all any good ciphering in like if I&amp;#39;m let&amp;#39;s say I&amp;#39;m bringing in my baked goods why would people in Amsterdam not like me bringing baked goods from Muenster yeah please who controls the the Baker&amp;#39;s here yes the ghetto the baking yield right they don&amp;#39;t want your money going to them they want your money to go to them right they don&amp;#39;t want you buying a monster bags good so what you think buying baked goods from from Amsterdam so what could they do possibly to make sure you buy their goods and not these Munster Goods what there you go it&amp;#39;s called a tariff right so they&amp;#39;re gonna charge him extra to sell stuff in Amsterdam that&amp;#39;s called a tariff that&amp;#39;s a tax on imported goods stuff brought in from other in this case cities but it&amp;#39;s meant to be countries all right so that&amp;#39;s a big deterrent so you think do you think many people are gonna go out and try to trader their cities if they&amp;#39;re if they charge twice as much no because people aren&amp;#39;t gonna buy it it&amp;#39;s like well why would I buy $10 right I can buy $2 bread right they&amp;#39;re not gonna do it so these guilds begin working together they start making corrupted deals urns and they get rid of this tariff thing and they agree to work with the guild and form kind of like a super deal Muenster and just basically increase the amount of money and power that these guys have by kind of uniting all right so now instead of Wooster and Amsterdam being rival guilds they&amp;#39;re friendly almost like a United guild all right so no tariffs they can just trade in between so they&amp;#39;re gonna have more economic activity and if you get more money what could you start doing that money spending it that&amp;#39;s true but what could you buy to potentially protect people yeah exactly so they start doing things like funding private armies and navies to protect their trade routes and of course now they have power too so let&amp;#39;s say an twerps like we don&amp;#39;t want to be a party a little group screw you guys are you guys dumb what could they do yeah they could potentially bullet him into it right so they could either offer their services to other cities cheaply so they they lose all their business or they could use their navies and armies to pressure them into joining our group and that&amp;#39;s exactly what&amp;#39;s gonna happen you so what this is gonna form is the world&amp;#39;s first trade organization known as the on Seattle or Hansa so it&amp;#39;s it&amp;#39;s kind of like a bunch of local gangs that start working together like a larger gang kind of I&amp;#39;m oversimplifying and I&amp;#39;m not saying they&amp;#39;re all evil but they&amp;#39;re going to work together to control industries and hire themselves private armies and private navies so they can spread their trade they can spread the amount of people that are buying their stuff and not buying stuff from competitors all right they get so powerful actually they begin pressuring Kings into allowing their trade cities to trade for free like no tariffs like I think they convinced like Henry the second or something of England these trade cities kind of coerced the King of England to accept a tariff free trade ring with them or else they were gonna basically block hate them like not traded them at all so you kind of had to so this this Hansie ethically is gonna be quite successful and they&amp;#39;re gonna control a lot of the trade up here in Northern Europe all right Lucas n spread they&amp;#39;re gonna start in the German areas and they&amp;#39;re gonna spread their influence throughout this earn this North Sea this Baltic Sea region all right that&amp;#39;s kind of an abstract concept especially to learn like almost four o&amp;#39;clock on a on a Thursday but that&amp;#39;s pretty much how it works so you know first of all what guilds are and then how guilds in these towns works together with other guilds to kind of make a super guild a big trade organization and again a trader because it just means you guys work together and there&amp;#39;s no tariffs or barriers between you all right so it&amp;#39;s women and then the traveler so women so we&amp;#39;re all teams that want you to know about women is they want you to know areas in which patriarchy that&amp;#39;s how the patriarchy was did she like yeah I&amp;#39;m male dominant society and Families right it doesn&amp;#39;t necessarily mean tyranny but it does definitely not sometimes so areas where this more tyrannical patriarchy took place and then also areas in this era when it got a little more relaxed so let&amp;#39;s do be a patriarchal areas first so increase patriarchy well-spaced going to continue everywhere but the biggest example we have of this is going to be a new practice in China voluntary or not that&amp;#39;s going to actually main females to make them seem as if they are more petite beautiful and successful at least part of a higher class yeah so we&amp;#39;ll say neo-confucianism because who&amp;#39;s the top of the hierarchy in a in a Confucian society yeah ancestors and men right so male ancestors especially but yeah males at the top women definitely below and of course they&amp;#39;re gonna add that cultural element and song dynasty which is that foot binding which we discussed earlier because it&amp;#39;s kind of just a refresher on that so neo-confucianism foot binding definitely to be an example of increased patriarchy so what I don&amp;#39;t want you to think is like somehow everyone women across the world this time for free no they&amp;#39;re extremely limited in the entire world at this point in fact right now here in the West the United States Canada Australia Europe it&amp;#39;s like the only time in the world that women have actually been have equal access and treatment compared to every other country in the world and every other time in history so it was just the norm back then but it was a particularly bad at this time period in this era alright but there are some areas where it was a little more relaxed or Lisa Goff a little more relaxed so areas of relaxed um Buddhism and Christianity are gonna offer opportunities for them in to uh basically because both are open anybody so you can become a Buddhist monk or part of a Christian monastery so like you guys heard of nuns before right yeah all right so nuns are essentially saying and I&amp;#39;m not going to live under any patriarchal society although their tech we usually headed by a male priests but they are able to live independent lives essentially aside from men and they can focus just on their Christian faith just like the Buddhists do as they pursue that ascetic lifestyle so Buddhist Buddhism and Christianity offered an option for women to not be as control by you to becoming monks or living in monasteries as no convent actually called convents all right another example is oh by the way what doesn&amp;#39;t spread to Japan what we call the syncretized version of dough isn&amp;#39;t in Japan so that&amp;#39;s an expand there there&amp;#39;s another group of people they&amp;#39;re not permanent settlers and they&amp;#39;re generally slightly more egalitarian because women have to set up camp and move and help feed and take care of the animals just like men do they don&amp;#39;t do as much at the fighting but which which which group would that be the Mongols oh yeah so we have a pastoralist nice like the Mongols and again still definitely run by men but when you compare it to other civilizations women had a slightly larger amount of freedom back in that princess Katoon who was able to rule I don&amp;#39;t know if it&amp;#39;s a myth or not but apparently she said she would give all of her horses which was like ten thousand or something to the any man that could beat her in a wrestling match and and nobody ever beat her so she no one just the horses - she said she would marry any man who can feed her her wrestling match and she was a princess with a bunch of horses so it was like all right when a wrestling match basically when a bunch of horses which was like their currency and nobody beat her she&amp;#39;s still married somebody but it wasn&amp;#39;t because he beat her a wrestling match so another example is this one requires a little bit of explanation it&amp;#39;s uh it&amp;#39;s called gender parallelism hmm this is in the Americas all right so here&amp;#39;s the want to qualify it as this doesn&amp;#39;t mean that women had equal Authority like so the heads of the government the military religion knowledge all still men what in the Americas that wasn&amp;#39;t seen as the pinnacle of society it was seen as one role we have to fill to keep humanity going all right and the women in this case had to fulfill the of course child rearing child educating home base wife right but if you think about it do we still need that to continue manatee yes we do right so what they did was they said okay the men and women have different roles but no one is superior to the other because we need both so that&amp;#39;s where the parallelism comes in place so definitely different rights you&amp;#39;re not going to see any women religious political military leaders here but they&amp;#39;re seen as equally valuable because the jobs they do keep human society and Families going all right so that&amp;#39;s gender parallelism so and they even had their own gods and some proof just like the men were more ancient the Sun God and the women were more oriented around the moon but they were both seen as equally contributing members of society with different roles does that make sense yeah so again not gonna see any female leaders here but they&amp;#39;re not looked down upon for the role that they do that all right cool last bit is uh-oh agriculture - damn it agriculture and traffic developing pretty quick travelers are super easy I got even but to die it&amp;#39;s from Morocco I&amp;#39;ve got Marco Polo he&amp;#39;s more than just a pool game he&amp;#39;s a Venetian merchant and I&amp;#39;ve got Marjorie Kim who is a rich woman from England so they&amp;#39;re going to I&amp;#39;m not sure if she was rich herself or she married a rich husband either way she was rich and I do believe her husband voluntarily became celibate even while married as part of the religious theme she was she was pretty highest meaning she was very devoted to God so all Therese people are gonna be to be a Christian Christian and Muslim all three these guys integral are going to well I have enough money to do this they&amp;#39;re gonna travel throughout the world they&amp;#39;re really the first people I mean the Vikings did this but they were going on raid they weren&amp;#39;t just going around right and see what they saw these are travelers right they&amp;#39;re not like again I&amp;#39;m gonna go trade I&amp;#39;m gonna go invade you I&amp;#39;m just going to see stuff and write it down all right so they&amp;#39;re in like the 12 1300s maybe the first people that really travel the world and document it for people to to read about all right so you&amp;#39;ve been to toe goes all over the Islamic world dar all Islam he&amp;#39;s gonna go to West Africa gonna go on his Hajj he&amp;#39;s gonna see the Saudi Arabia Middle Eastern area I believe even dips into the Indian Ocean and East Africa so he sees like the whole Islamic world for the most part all right he catalogues in the book Marco Polo because the Mongol Empire is an existence or released recently was traverses the Silk Road visits China on to comes back and tells his tales in Italy and Margery camp goes from England she stays in Europe but she goes throughout all of Europe and sees all the major sites and relics there in Europe all three of them are gonna catalogue this and all three of them especially the first two their books are going to be wildly popular and again why think they&amp;#39;re gonna be so popular yeah nobody&amp;#39;s done this before nobody knows what the rest of the world&amp;#39;s life so it&amp;#39;s gonna be something that captured the imaginations of people so the two things I want you to know about this is are these guys all are gonna be I&amp;#39;m gonna phrase this they&amp;#39;re going to admire other civilizations so some of the accomplishments they have like even Battuta really appreciated the way that the West African women dressed because they wore almost nothing compared to what the Arabs did I used pretty impressed with that one as well as the unity civilizations and Arabs Marco Polo was very impressed with heung-soo and how organized the city was and how orderly their governments ran but and then important Marjorie Kemp&amp;#39;s impressed with a lot of the relics she got to see but all three of them are gonna comment on how inferior and barbaric other cultures were so they&amp;#39;re what you call narrow-minded like they have this idea of what&amp;#39;s right and wrong and they see other people doing what they see is wrong they are gonna be very critical in them so they&amp;#39;re gonna criticize out there it&amp;#39;s not prejudice prejudice is when you have an irrational hatred of a group all right this isn&amp;#39;t that this is them thinking here&amp;#39;s an example correct me if I&amp;#39;m wrong and I don&amp;#39;t think Muslims can eat pork am I wrong about that they can okay okay so here&amp;#39;s an example that&amp;#39;s a rule practiced by in Battuta right he sees that as a dirty on barbaric practice okay but if he rolls out into Europe or maybe in West Africa do they eat bacon and hand there they do in Europe so how is he gonna see that yeah he says this barbaric and dirty and inferior and condescendingly essential he&amp;#39;s gonna write about it so they all do that I think Marco Polo and over the details they were eating something I don&amp;#39;t know what animal or insect it was and he couldn&amp;#39;t get over how gross and barbaric and uncivilized that was so that&amp;#39;s gonna be the that&amp;#39;s identifying the writing both admiration of these other cultures as well as a critical and narrow-minded regarding their cultures all right cool now it&amp;#39;s the last section these are super quick agricultural innovations is always just reviewed so I&amp;#39;ve got choppa rice I&amp;#39;ve got water water I&amp;#39;ve got nothing I&amp;#39;ve got harrassing I of course call it the usually don&amp;#39;t know so which one of these bad boys was a new strain of rice that was drought resistant and cultivated in half the time spread throughout the entire Indian Ocean to raise the population there you go which one was where they went to shallow lakes added dirt or used dirt that was there to garden on Eileen that looked like floating gardens where was that which one was the one where I think I told you this but maybe we&amp;#39;ll get it you can&amp;#39;t farm on Hills because there they have a grade right water runs down etc so they figured out if you kind of carved steps into them and make kind of like a staircase around the entire hill you can actually grow stuff and use these hills all right what&amp;#39;s that goal terracing right that&amp;#39;s gonna start as far as a known Asia I can see bred and lastly this is the region in which they experience flooding so instead of leaving flat ground that would just run over and ruin their crops they would dig small trenches and add that dirt to mountains so the water would run in between saving water and their crops would live on top that&amp;#39;s water water where though washes Eduardo is it that one great where is it yep South America Incans fine [Music] you [Music]

Transcript for:Lecture on Byzantine Empire, Rise of Islam, and Feudal Europe

Transcript for:
Lecture on Byzantine Empire, Rise of Islam, and Feudal Europe