Transcript for:
English Colonies in North America

all right this is openstax u.s history chapter 3 section 3 english settlements in america of all the sections in chapter 3 this is the most important one that is because we'll be talking in much greater detail about the english colonies and of course the english colonies are important because it's those colonies that end up becoming the united states we're also given a really good map here to help us show exactly where all these countries are located and where their colonial areas are so the green represents france or new france we can see the french and the capital city here quebec would be located right there there's also the saint lawrence river maybe we'll do some blue here a river here in eastern canada that the french explored down and last section we had mentioned that the french had done more than any other colony to really penetrate the interior and so you can see that the french had occupied the interior of north america here making their way as far down as the great lakes and eventually to the mississippi river meanwhile we can also see the dutch the dutch have a presence here in new netherland this is modern day new york a pretty small presence comparatively but do recall that the dutch settlement was pretty pretty low in terms of population spain oops not florida but spain in the orange you see their presence here in florida the spanish fortification of saint augustine would be somewhere right here and again the purpose of spanish florida was to create a type of military barrier so that any efforts by the english or any other countries to try and pirate spanish silver which was making all the money down here uh the spanish could thwart it right and that was the purpose for spanish florida and lastly in the yellow we have the english now while the english will come to occupy all of this area that we see here the very first english colonies were along the chesapeake bay and new england and so we might say these were the first english colonies they'll go on to create more but we're going to focus on the earliest ones and one thing that made england or actually let's point out where that is so the chesapeake bay is this body of water right in here so up into this bay right here and new england generally speaking is this area right up here by massachusetts you could see plymouth the massachusetts bay that's where the new england colonies are located but one thing that made england different than their french dutch and spanish counterparts was just the sheer number of people the english sent to the new world when compared sometimes described as the swarms of english so we might write about there that england sent the most people in the new world and that is one thing that is sent to most people we'll say to new world one thing that makes england unique and explains a little bit about their colonization now england also of the english colonies there's much more diversity between the english colonies or at least we're going to be looking at the english colonies in enough detail that we can make distinctions between the chesapeake colonies the colonies around the chesapeake bay and the new england colonies now some of this is review so we don't really have to spend too much time on it but do recall that the chesapeake colonies of virginia and maryland so virginia and maryland are chesapeake colonies located around the chesapeake bay uh if you're curious jamestown which was the first permanent english colony jamestown becomes virginia so we're talking about the same area there and those colonies were founded for commercial orientation that means they were founded to make money and we covered that last chapter however what we didn't talk about was the demographics and that was because they were commercially oriented that those colonies had few women when compared to the new england colonies which were established for religious motives recall the pilgrims and puritans wanting to create holy communities they tended to move more so with families and children so maybe one comparison that we can make between these two colonies is in the area of demographics right demographics and demographics is just a fancy word for population by population so the uh chesapeake colonies virginia and maryland fewer women new england colonies they tended to move with families men women children elderly a little bit more diverse we're mostly talking about in these chesapeake colonies it's mostly young men who move there in order to provide labor now an event that puts english colonization on hold breaks out in the 1640s and that's the english civil war now if you were studying english history you'd go into much more detail about what this was but for the purposes of its impact on the new world really all we need to know about the english civil war is that it puts english colonization on pause right it puts it on pause that focus on the new world is uh you know it doesn't matter anymore uh because back at home in england people are literally killing each other the english king at the time king charles the first he is the english king goes the war with the parliamentarians uh we'll talk a little bit about english politics but pretty much in england there is a monarch monarch is either a king or queen we talked about henry viii elizabeth the first at this time is charles the first but there also is a group called the parliament right and the parliament is a group of nobles a group of nobles the monarch is the king or queen and pretty much all you need to know is that these are two sources of authority so the king has power the queen has power but parliament also has power and pretty much a lot of english history is the conflict between these two groups who really holds the true authority and so in this case the royalists who are those who are loyal to the king went to war with the parliamentarians it was about things like finances like taxes but there was also a religious element to it and that is the king or the monarch represented the church of england so we might say of the church of england this was a royalist position and puritan at puritanism was much more favored by the parliament all right much more favored by the parliament again this has to do a little bit with the ideas surrounding the protestant reformation and religious belief how much do you defer to authority recall that the church of england while it did break away from the catholic church it simply replaced the pope with the king and the puritans themselves said you know that's really not good enough you have to do more to get rid of church authority so there was some religious element to it but uh you know at the end of the day i think it was charles the first attempting to raise taxes without parliament's consent either way the english civil war was won by the parliamentarians in fact king charles the first himself was executed he was beheaded executed by parliament and for 20 years england attempted to run a government without a king it ended up being chaos a disaster it didn't work and in 1660 england restored the monarch right this is sometimes called the restoration in england in short ruling without a king didn't work in 1660 the son of the beheaded charles the first was asked to resume the throne become king again and it was only after restoration that colonization picked up again right again the point for us here that we want to make note of is that when this happened between 1640 and 1660 it put english colonization on oz right so for about 20 years there was you know kind of just two different sections of english colonies in the new world the chesapeake and new england so we'll talk about those in more detail so in terms of the chesapeake colonies one way to describe them is that it was a struggle recall jamestown this is very important jamestown is the first permanent english uh colony in i'll say north america in north america in the new world now the struggles of jamestown were you know there were a number of them recall that jamestown was founded by a joint stock company the purpose of a joint stock company is to make money we talked about this last chapter they hoped to find gold and silver but there was no gold and silver to find instead what they ran into was a very powerful native american confederation the pohatan so we might say of the pohatan this is a an indian we'll just call it a tribe we'll say powerful you know the english really had hoped to kind of colonize the way that the spanish did just conquer plunder and steel they couldn't do that because of the powerful pohan and instead it was people like john smith who took control of the colony and forced them to work in order to survive so john smith was an english colonist uh helped or really not even help really um was one of the main causes as to why jamestown survives we might say english colonists saved jamestown and he did it by number one forcing people honest to work uh he had a saying those who don't work won't eat and maintained friendly relations with the pohatan so maybe created friendly uh friendly effort-friendly relations with the pohan recognizing that at least at this time the jamestown colonists were really no match for the pohat in india and so it was because he forced people in his own colony to work and then he recognized that friendly relations were necessary the jamestown colonies could survive but despite its survival the early years were especially troublesome some people have described jamestown as a death trap and that is not an exaggeration poor health lack of food fighting with the native american population despite efforts by john smith to maintain peaceful relations fighting was always a problem in fact things were so dire that in the winter of 1609 to 1610 the colonists resorted to cannibalism simply to survive this was called starving time so we might say resort to cannibalism and that was they dug up the dead bodies of people and ate them so they could survive just to give you an idea of how dire it was there was questions about abandonment it nearly happened in 1610 the colonists almost packed up all their stuff and left however new supply ships came with more and more colonists again one of the reasons why jamestown survives was because the english simply and we talked about this a second ago simply swarmed right the swarm of english who arrived more and more arrived by 1624 7 500 people had arrived in jamestown only 1200 had survived so a very high death rate right high death rate and so all of this right all this was a problem for the virginia company remember the virginia company was the company that created jamestown it was supposed to make money but they couldn't even survive right so the last thing really on these people's minds anyways was making money and so there were some reforms and some changes that took place in order to try and make jamestown survive as a you know as a as a colony for a long period of time but also to make money and the most important thing that the jamestown colonists discovered was tobacco by far tobacco saved the colony tobacco saved jamestown because this was something that could make money so even though it wasn't gold and silver what initially the very first colonists envisioned as being a way to make money growing tobacco in jamestown and then selling it to england was a way that the company could make some profit and a reason to stay there the problem or one of the big problems is that tobacco requires labor now unlike the spanish the english simply couldn't force the natives to do it they were not strong enough and so instead virginia the virginia company which later on becomes or sorry jamestown which later on becomes just simply virginia tries to pass some various reforms in order to draw more colonists there you know the question is was such a high death rate how to get more people to move to jamestown one is by giving people of jamestown democratic power and so the house of burgesses is set up the house of burgesses is the first representative first representative government in the new world and this is established i'm going to guess here 16 16 17 i'll say it's it's early in the 1600s i don't know if that date is is a hundred percent correct but it's the first representative government in the new world in other words what the virginia colony is saying is that if you move here we'll let you have some sort of government power and this becomes very important in the you know kind of history of how the colonies become the united states because one thing that separates england is a long history and tradition of self-government in other words in places like virginia those colonists have been making their own political decisions for over a hundred years before the american revolution happens so that's sort of an important note to that's an important point to take note of uh what's interesting though is that the reason why the house of burgesses was created was not because it was seen as a progressive form of enlightened government it was simply an effort to try and draw more people to a part of the world where you know anyone who got there pretty much died so certainly take note of the house of burgesses additionally there were also other colonies that were set up around the area maryland is another good example the interesting thing about maryland is that it initially was created as a refuge for english catholics so we might say of english catholics they could find refuge in maryland lord baltimore he established or created we'll say founded the maryland colony and so the idea was that when elizabeth the first made english or sorry made england a protestant nation there were still some catholics there and they didn't want to convert and they weren't really welcome at home so lord baltimore said look if you're a persecuted english catholic let's create maryland and you can go to maryland and you'll enjoy not only freedom from religious persecution in fact we will end up persecuting the protestants uh what ended up happening however is that mostly english protestants moved to maryland and instead of being a colony founded on religious reasons it gravitated much more so towards the growth of tobacco and um producing money economically so at the end of the day we might say that even though maryland was initially created as a refuge for english catholics um that maryland will say maryland and virginia produced tobacco and that became their primary their primary um really goal and how they fit into the english empire now in terms of who provided the labor for the tobacco it was indentured servants right an indentured servant is in some ways like a contractual slave so that's what we'll call it a contractual slave and so the way that indentured servants arrive to the new world is that they would sign a contract with a landowner they would agree to work for five or seven years so five to seven years this is the typical uh we'll say term a servant was required to work prior to work so unlike slaves which never became free slavery was a lifetime condition what made servants different was that they were only enslaved for five to seven years after that time period was over they were then free and the hope was that they would get their own land most indentured servants were young men from england or english men it wasn't exclusively that there were some african indentured servants native american indentured servants but mostly men from england in return what the servant got or received was the passage to america so the land owner paid the trip to say america all right so that was the exchange so essentially what did it cost to get a ticket to the new world will it cost five to seven years of your life working on the tobacco plantations um but you know afterwards there was hope that one would accumulate or retain land that did happen in some cases in some cases indentured servants never obtained land in most cases indentured servants died before the five to seven years were up because the health conditions and disease and food conditions there were just so you know so terrible but this had an impact on shaping colonial society coupled with another reform to try and draw more settlers or more people to the colony so both of the house of burgesses maybe we'll make a little yellow star here and the head right system these were both reforms to try and get more people into jamestown because more people meant more tobacco uh the head right system this was a system that gave land to people who came [Music] to virginia or aid or someone to come to virginia all right so they were giving land away to people who could pay for other people to arrive so really the way that this worked and we can illustrate it uh here really quickly is that in virginia you had this class of landowners we'll put a fancy hat on him here right he has a plot of land and then back so this is virginia right virginia this is england a lot of poor people in england they just got kicked off their land they're roaming the cities sort of homeless uh the new world sounds like an attractive place to go but um they don't have enough money to get there and so the way that the heteroite system works is that this person over here the landowner pays for this guy to come over you know he becomes an indentured servant he agrees that he will work on this piece of land for five to seven years and after that time is up he'll go on and you know hopefully be a landowner himself but because of the head right system because this person paid for a person to come over he gets another plot of land and because he has more land now he needs another indentured servant to come over and so now he pays for another person then he gets another plot of land right and so what ends up happening is that jamestown and virginia more broadly ends up dividing themselves into two major classes one are the landowners right we'll call them the owners and they own an enormous amount of land thanks to this headright system and then you have the servants another way of putting it is that there are people who paid for their own way across and people who were paid for so it creates this class system right in jamestown that ends up having very violent consequences and those consequences eventually spill over um to change and alter the we'll get to in a second change and alter the virginia colony now another thing that's true about the um existence of jamestown and later on virginia are the wars that the anglos or the english fight with the local polhatan anglo if you're not familiar with this anglo just means english it's not the language though it's like the english ethnicity the english culture so anglo-pohatan wars just simply means wars between the pohatan indians and the english there were three wars in total uh the first war is where pocahontas who was the daughter to the pohatan chief see her uh pictured here uh oh sorry pocahontas was responsible for maintaining peace between the settlers and the pohatan indians in this first conflict so daughter to pohatan chief we'll just say made peace he converted to christianity married an englishman john rolfe we'll call her pocahontas's husband and served as a mediator uh really between the baldness and um and pohatans she later on moved to england she died of smallpox and um you know after that the settlers continued to have um you know conflicts and wars with the pohatan indians the last of these conflicts the third pohatan war 1644 to 1646 did result in a settler victory or an english victory and really after that point um you know the threat of jamestown of virginia's existence was really put off to the side there wasn't a question after the english victory of the settler victory if the colony would survive very early on there were questions about whether or not the colony would survive so like i mentioned before this division of class between your land owners and your servants would have violent consequences and that consequence was bacon's rebellion in 17 sorry in 1676 and bacon's rebellion has a part to play in this transition in the chesapeake and later on all of the southern colonies in the english colonies and that is the rise of slavery specifically african slavery and the transition from indentured servitude to slavery so this is an important point to take note of now we already talked about in previous chapters how slavery arrived in the new world that it was african slavery in particular was already in the caribbean and west indies islands like barbados and jamaica these were english islands but that it was growing of sugar and that slavery had changed when it came to the new world in some important ways slaves became chattel recall that chattel means property that was different than the way that slavery was typically practiced in africa at the time and other places around the world uh slaves were also most likely servants whereas in the new world they were mostly dedicated to producing cash crops and that slavery in the new world became based off of race it was almost exclusively african especially as you as you got further and further into the 1700s so we might say that it was based off of race 1619 is an important year because that was the the first african slaves arrived in jamestown that was the year and again not directly from africa but from the caribbean right that african slavery arrives in the english colonies of north america via the caribbean which had already had sugar plantations and african slavery there so how does bacon's rebellion factor into this well bacon's rebellion is a rebellion between the servants led by nathaniel bacon and william berkeley the governor of jamestown who represents the land owners now essentially you have your landowners with the fancy hat you have your servants and then you have also native americans and so the conditions that gave rise to bacon's rebellion initially was a conflict between the natives we might say indians and the servants particularly over land nathaniel bacon essentially wanted william berkeley to go to war with native americans on the virginia frontier so we might say that servants wanted war and berkeley who represented the land owners refused right because once these servants are done with their five to seven years they're going to go off and claim land of their own and when they go to the outskirts of the colony they come into contact and conflict with the native population so they want war against the natives bacon does however berkeley doesn't he wants peace he wants trading relations he really doesn't care too much about the demands of the um of the servants and so nathaniel bacon leads a rebellion against berkeley uh chases him out burns down jamestown and in the aftermath goes the war against the native americans himself without colonial approval nathaniel bacon himself dies berkeley is able to assume power again royal troops are sent to jamestown and authority is restored bacon's rebellion ultimately fails right for the servants people who were a part of it end up getting executed however it had an impact in the english colonies of north america because it fostered or created a catalyst for a transition from servitude to slavery and that essentially was a fear of the servants of the servants by landowners essentially help this transition because instead of relying upon servant labor which those servants would one day be free and could cause trouble instead there was an incentive to rely upon african labor now there were other things going on at the time so for example demographics were changing so economically it made more sense to purchase a slave rather than a servant a slave would be purchased for life a servant over a short period of time because people were living longer slaves made more economic sense and it was more profitable not having to or more profitable essentially to force someone to work their entire life than only for you know forcing someone to work for a short period of time but this fear of the servant class and especially this this intention of trying to create a common uh racial category between servants and landowners right the racial category being english or white was a way of protecting the landowner class and so shortly after bacon's rebellion in places like virginia and other southern colonies new laws begin to be passed which makes slavery based off racial characteristics we might say new laws treated blacks and whites differently in fact new laws associated africans with slavery and made slavery inheritable usually through the mother and these laws had an effect of re recreating really southern colonial society in a way that was based off of a racial system caste is just a social system so we might say about virginia and about other colonies is that by the 1700s a racial social legal economic system took root i took root and this system in virginia eventually does spread to the other southern colonies that get founded later the carolina colony the georgia colony the maryland colony etc etc etc so we're going to transition here and talk about now the new england colonies so there's a lot going on in virginia uh and the development of those southern colonies now we're looking at the english colonies in the north and again some of this is going to be review from last chapter but do recall that the probably the most important group at least early on are the puritans right the puritans are a religious group religious group they want to purify the church of england of its catholic elements and they tend to be much more educated than anybody else in the new world so learned ministers we might say they have a you know a high we might say a high level of education high level of education the massachusetts bay colony is the puritan oops the massachusetts bay colony is the puritan colony john winthrop we haven't been exposed to him before he really is sort of like the authoritarian or dictatorial leader of the puritan colony right so we might say the leader of we'll say the massachusetts two sets colony and he really does rule it sort of like a like a king a little bit about puritan belief we'll talk more about this but the puritans were very very strict it wasn't really a fun place to live in a puritan colony they denounced various pastimes they took their religious discipline very very seriously so any type of pleasure dancing singing laughing um you know was associated with sin uh it was associated with weakness um so not uh you know not the place you want to go if you're looking for leisure and one thing that put the puritans really at odds with their contemporaries especially back in england was their insistence that the god is or god is more important than the king and this put them at odds with other members of the church of england who you put the king as the head of the church so we might say the insistence of god over king put the puritans at odds with people in england and that was one of the reasons why they were um persecuted right was because of their insistence that the god is more important or god is more important than the king but before we get to the puritans let's just talk a little bit about pilgrims this is mostly all review from last section remember the pilgrims were much smaller group less influential they want complete separation right not pure not purification but separation right not purification in other words the church of england can't be purified it's too far gone separation and they established the plymouth colony right that is the pilgrim colony mayflower is the ship that they sailed on the mayflower compact is a governing document right it is kind of loosely i mean we'll just call it loosely democratic this is a picture of the mayflower compact again it's a document that's aged very well considering the trajectory of the united states but one thing we didn't talk about was the economy of some of these new england colonies now one thing that we might say about the one thing that we might say about the new england economies is that you know in new england they really didn't make a lot of money right and it was difficult because that's not really how they were oriented and a little bit later on when the english crown and the english parliament tries to squeeze money out of its colonies the new england colonies really aren't prepared to do that one thing that you do find though in the new england colonies is that ship building and that provide a source of revenue or at least some sort of economic benefit so we might say of of ship building um it was we'll just write the economy next to it but again especially when compared to the southern colonies which are producing tobacco using the labor of servants and then later on african slaves the new england colonies really don't compare but the pelamic colony is not all that significant it's relatively small by far the much more important colony is the massachusetts colony or what was called a city upon a hill you might say this is the massachusetts colony and the city upon a hill is a sermon or speech given by winthrop or at least i think winthrop which really describes the purpose of creating massachusetts and why so many puritans lived there and it was really to create sort of a new religious homeland your textbook uses um this term english israel right a religious homeland another good way of thinking upon the city uh city upon a hill is a religious example you know the idea is that the rest of the world will look to massachusetts as the example to follow and so this strong religious orientation shapes the new england colonies in a way that really makes it distinct and different from the southern colonies which again are primarily oriented towards making money they're mostly young men that live there um it's uh you know first servants and then slaves uh in you know in new england because of the religious orientation there's a much stronger emphasis on literacy in fact literacy rates in new england are some of the highest in the world and that's related to this emphasis on being able to read the bible for salvation this was something that most protestants believed right protestants believe in individual salvation this was you know in part because the protestant reformation was about really defying church authority reading the bible in the vernacular language not in latin not rely upon a priest or bishop but if you want to get to heaven you have to be able to read the bible yourself and so the people that went to new england had to know how to read if they wanted to get to heaven it also meant that there were much more in much more there in terms of printing presses right printing presses as a way to mass produce mass produce things like books so we'll just say literature right literature so you're much more likely to find printed materials there and people who could read or write the puritans also believed in pre-destination which we talked about previously as well however predestination had a um profound impact this belief had a profound impact so once again predestination is the belief that's salvation that means salvation means go to heaven or go to hell is determined oops is determined determined before let's say before birth right that's the idea so if you think about it no matter what you do as a puritan if you believe in predestination no matter what you do you're either going to heaven or you're going to hell most of us would think that well in that case it really doesn't matter what one's actions are right so you could sin as much as you want and that would have no impact on whether or not you would go to heaven or you would go to hell but that's not really the way that the puritans believed for the puritans the question was how no if one is saved right how to know if one is saved and that became the question how can you tell if somebody is going to heaven or hell and in this case the puritans believe that it was due to certain characteristics right success was one of them hard work was another one uh discipline was another one to you know abstain from pleasure right we talked about this earlier so if there was a person who checked off all these boxes who was very hard-working incredibly successful very very very disciplined abstained from any sort of physical or worldly pleasure that was a sign that they were destined for heaven and so this became kind of like a i don't know if self-fulfilling prophecy is the proper term but there was extreme conformity to um follow all these characteristics right the more that you acted in this way the better the chances were that this question would you know the answer this question would be yes essentially and that was the idea however the puritan belief system also extended beyond individuals right we might say not only this is this how do we know if a person is saved but by extension we also might say community or town right how do we know if this experiment that the city upon a hill is saved and so it was instrumental for not only individual people to follow this in order to go to heaven but it was important for everybody in the community and everybody in the town because if one person was not hard-working was not disciplined engaged in some sort of worldly pleasure that could be a sign that the entire community or town was destined for hell and so for that reason there was very strict conformity right in puritan communities everybody had to know what everybody was doing very strict and strong regulation of people's sexual behavior of their uh you know work behavior whatever it was because if somebody in your town or community or congregation or church was not abiding by these rules that essentially could be a sign that your whole town is uh is destined for hell and so the puritans were very very strict right in their way right in their belief system so we'll write under predestination maybe we'll go ahead and mark this in a different color here we'll just say strict conformity all right strict conformity and puritan communities to be a puritan it was very hard uh conversion was very difficult it required people to have a conversion narrative the puritans didn't really just let anybody in their church um these were the hardcore of the hardcore right these were people who went in a ship traveled to the new world endured a new environment endured the elements all because of their religious convictions so they required people converting to the puritan church to provide a narrative or a story about how they became religious or how they found god so we might say hard to convert right hard to convert and as you might imagine with very strict conformity there really wasn't a lot of tolerance for other views the puritans were notorious for their intolerance and there are two good specific examples that you want to be familiar with when it comes to puritan intolerance roger williams roger williams was somebody who for the most part preached a message of religious toleration toleration was what roger williams said that put him at odds with the congregation with the church leaders and eventually he was banished roger williams then went on to create the colony of rhode island which would serve within the english colonies as a colony for religious toleration it really became a colony of puritan outcasts in a lot of ways another great example is anne hutchinson who was a woman and she challenged the congregation saying that they focused a little bit too much on the worldly matters and not enough on spiritual matters now anne hutchinson was important because she wasn't just challenging the religious message that the puritans had but she was also upsetting the social order when it came to the various congregations right guys like john winthrop when it came to church leaders in the puritan community first of all church and state were the same right there was no difference between church rules and governing rules you know the church was the state uh church and state leaders were all men right all men so women had no religious authority or political authority and so ann hutchinson who was challenging not just the spiritual message but also challenging the social order between men and women also found herself exiled from the puritan community made her way to rhode island where she was eventually killed in a indian attack but much of the puritan community really struggled to survive initially massachusetts bay was the most populated colony but as more and more people made their way over to the new world and as england began to tighten their grip on the english colonies the puritans really struggled to retain their way of life and one way that this manifested itself in the new england colonies was accusations of witchcraft right now witchcraft wasn't uncommon uh at the time 1692 is a little bit late for these accusations of witches but this was something that occurred in europe even before this but the salem witch trials of 1692 are probably the most notorious case of witchcraft accusations in the english colonies we might say that some of the causes of this was a combination of the puritan way of life fading we'll talk more about how this changes but also uh the threat of indian attacks or indian wars the puritans believe native americans to be savages not christian they believe that indians were or native americans were agents of the devil and because of recent attacks uh it was you know the the scapegoat then became witches and in 1692 i believe 19 people were put to death and the salem witch trials right as a consequence of that now here we have a map sort of illustrating some of the colonies in new england and in new england we got a lot more different colonies that are different for sort of slightly religious reasons right so the major ones that we might want to identify you know here is i mean most of this stuff is massachusetts but you could see the rhode island colony right here that's roger williams colony for religious toleration the connecticut colony over here could probably erase this line um uh the massachusetts colony most of this is the massachusetts colony uh plymouth would have been sort of in this region over here somewhere right i don't know if this this entire purple might be plymouth i'm not entirely sure but the rest would be partially massa massachusetts colony there were some other smaller colonies like new haven and stuff like that you know they're all english they're all christian they're all protestant but they just have slightly different views when it comes to kind of religious matters so that puts them at odds the puritan relations with the native americans were sort of similar to the relationships between the southern colonies that's one thing that the new england and chesapeake colonies have in common is that they both have contentious relations with the natives part of that is done because of conversions but also a lot of it is because of the fight for resources like land uh two wars in particular in this very early period the pequot war of 1637 this ended up being an english victory the more serious threat was king philip's war king philip is the term that the english used to describe metacom which was his native american name medicom led a war against english colonists and really this in was in a lot of ways it was an english victory as well so the english settlers did win this here's metacom here native american name you can see that by the 1670s european weapons like guns were adopted but this was really the last major threat to the english colonists so we might say about metacom led a war against the english colonists last major threat to the new england colonies