and welcome backs this is the third video that I'm uploading I hope this is suitable hue guys I hope you understand everything don't forget if you do have any questions and feel free to comment down below and I really hope you guys enjoy so what is crime and deviance so it can be sitt considered socially constructed as focal again on resaw if I pronounce anyone's names wrong that he said it he described it as culturally determined so like for example arranged marriages are legal in India but on the UK and then obviously there's sort of the time very so hundred years and in the UK it was acceptable to send a child to work but it is now illegal before the age of 13 to send anyone's work and also same as like rape in marriage 100 years ago was totally gone now it's illegal as well and then plumber looked at situational deviance so it depends on the actual context of behavior so for example being naked in your own home is totally fine but it is deviant if you were to go out naked in public and then obviously you've got societal deviance so something that society agrees as being inappropriate and deviance these such as swearing at a person of authority also I just realized that I missed out the bracket member so I'm just going to draw that on quickly and thence the crime and deviance so maternal deprivation has led to Mary just two personalities which could possibly lead to criminality and genetic abnormalities sown extra Y chromosome commit people more aggressive and rest hating and also PE T scans have shown Psychopaths have physical brain abnormalities whilst biological explanation say blah blah blah so study load of Italian criminals and found that they had abnormal physical features compared to the rest of the Italian population such as a large jewel protruding ears an aquiline nose and then also genetic abnormalities against just some people are born at criminal so looking at the functionalist perspective so you've got Durkheim with his positive functions of crimes that strengthens collective values can lead to social change it acts as a safety valve and also acts as a warning device although and then moving on to Merton and this strain theory so he expanded Durkheim's anime such which is essentially a lack of norms a lack of moral guidance a normlessness so to speak and explained that people commit crime to achieve the American Dream due to due to the inequality of access so he said there are five types of strain the first one is where people conform to by working hard and acceptable channels innovate new ways to achieve goals which may or may not be criminal developed rituals of following rules obsessively as they abandon hope retreat and reject society and success as an aim so and that's often where people turn to drugs and alcohol and usually become homeless then obviously rebel and create a new set of goals and relationships and then continuing from that so you've got Hershey with control theory so people break law due to a breakdown and societal bonds which consists of four things you've got attachment so the societal bonds are build up built up of these four phase attachment about care whether we care about others opinions desires belief commitment and involvement so essentially if at least one of these things breaks down in a person's life they are more likely to commit crime so for example if if someone has a lot investment in their life it's committed to upholding society's rules and laws but and also care about others opinions but they've become disintegrate from society they fall apart from everything we're in II then they are more eyes turn to crime and then also going to a subcultural theory so you've got Cohen who found that work class boys like the values to achieve which cause status frustration with which then led to them for me a delinquent subculture in which they inevitably committed crime crowdin homeland they looked at working-class delinquency queen state seeking status through illiterate a legitimate career structures and then obviously they and then they argue there were three types of delinquent subculture which was criminal so graduating into a career of crime become and just spending your entire life committing crime conflict so gang violence and then went on to retreat ISM alcohol and drugs essentially and then Miller looked at male working-class delinquency as a normal part of macho lower-class culture in which they have socialized and many of these Lincoln boys came from a female headed house and moving on to Marxist they argued that capitalism is criminogenic so catalyst societies criminogenic as the classified means that working-class have to commit crime in order to survive and Gordon's gesture it's not surprising that word class committed crime but they made that they did not commit more of it and there's also selective law enforcement present in society as system focus on policing and punishing the marginalized and so essentially they focus on prosecuting the working class whereas many of the middle-class and upper-class the ruling class crimes are purely ignored right Raymond rhymin suggests that crime is the crime of the powerful as much a sight to be treated as a criminal defense and prosecuted essentially what I've just mentioned and then selective lawmaking as present as the law is made influenced by the interests of the cats this elite vamsi the majority of the UK government is made up of people of the ruling class that went to Eton or went to the better private schools went to Oxford and Cambridge of things which more often than not are incredibly rich people from rich backgrounds which means they have a huge influence on how laws are made and and Chambliss argues that this essentially meant that there is one law for the rich and one not for the poor and Snyder then argued the catalyst states are only path laws that regulated that didn't regulate Catholics concerns so as long so they basically brought in all that would criminalize working-class behavior they're not their own and then the ideological functions of crime is prices by which the working class are divided as they see criminals as their problem not Cataclysm which according to pierce benefits Cataclysm is a creates a false consciousness so essentially the working class see their own cells of the problem they don't see that Cataclysm it actually the reason they're causing all this crime neo boxes so so Taylor ital came up with a fully social theory of crime and applying it to halls policing the crisis so the wider social origins the deviant act which during the 1970s was a time of social crisis and then the immediate origins of the deviant acts and which included inner-city riots conflict in long island strikes and the government needed a scapegoat and the actual act and what it meant means to the deviant so police suggested mugging is more like to be done by offering African Caribbean men and the immediate origins of societal reaction so immediate outrage at mugging and racism in the Met Police the wide origins of society reactions so the need to find a scapegoat and ease with which African Caribbean men could be blamed and obviously not because of the races the racism that was going on around the country at the time in the 1970s no one would argue against blaming it all on these African Caribbean individuals and then obviously the outcomes of the societal reactions on the deviance further actions so a sense of injustice and loss of confidence in the criminal justice system among ethnic minorities threeways neo-marxists are agree with mocks ism so they agree that the economy is the most important part of society it is from this that crime is born Caxton ISM is to blame for crime it's a causes inequality in society and obviously the majority of people commit crime committee utilitarian crime in the hope that it makes the situation far better and if a crime was eradicated society would eventually move from away from capitalism and then four ways crime is considered voluntary so people actually have choice over it so obviously there is free will a lot of crime is politically motivated people have a conscious choice and create meaningful actions from their crime and obviously people are not passive puppets is their choice whether they commit crime they are not connected to a few strings looking at labeling theories on crime so labeling processes and so numerous he noted primary deviance which is in which is an act that is not labeled as such by society so acts that no one already aware that are taking place where a second you'd even deviants as deviance that follows after a person has been publicly labeled as deviant so once so once they were given that label usually means they go on to commit more crime even if they only committed like a first-time nonviolent crime they will still be labeled as deviant and then it can cause them to commit more crime in the future Cicero believes that lis stereotypes determine labels of criminal deviant who which are more like to be applied to those of the working class that in the middle class and then looking at Becker's work he's looking at relativity of crime and deviance so again this is the interaction between deviance and those who define them as deviance Cicero against selective enforcement the consequences of a deviant label and who has the power to attach deviant labels so essentially that all these these four factors I've just read out they're all things at very per culture and time when it comes to crime and deviance then we'll see at the bottom a list about um what some examples of more entrepreneurs and obviously agencies of social control laboring theories again so consequences of labeling is self with self-fulfilling prophecy the deviancy applicant amplification service style societal reaction which can then lead to more crime being committed then obviously the deviant label can lead to a master status and be cut and the individual is judged entirely on this label so now looking at the left realists they focus on the reality of crime was actually happening the impact of crime on victims and local communities and they looked at practical policies to reduce crime so it was initially developed by young in the 1980s to create practical solutions to a growing crime rate the causes of crime include relative deprivation marginalization and subcultures which has mainly soffit he left realists really focus on natural class aspect to I think rather than sort of any biological reasons or gender or anything because awfully obviously like relative deformation can can take place to any class because of the rise of media but margination usually tends to focus and subcultures you tend to focus on the working class so in terms of tackling crime they see that policing and control must be improved and to actually to actually tackle crime it needs to be dealt with it the deeper structural causes yeah although the although the strategies they brought in to tackle crime will be spoken about later on in this video and then looking at write realist sectors they see crime is the real problem the destroyed communities and undermine social cohesion and they're also closely linked with the new right and conservative governments so they see biological differences as cause as well as the underclass and Marie and and then also rational choice so um people see people choose to commit crime depending on the cost-benefit calculation and obviously in terms of tackling crime they focus on actual practice practical measures to make it less attractive as they don't think that the course of crime can be changed enough so the people stop so in terms of measuring crime so first we've got trends so it has it was incredibly it kept rising and rising to a peak in 1995 but ever since then it has fallen by 48 percent and then the sources of these statistics so police recorded crime which is any crime reported - and recorded by the police but you've got to remember that whilst crime may be reported to them they may not actually record it also victim surveys so people aged over 16 a randomly selected every 12 months to stay about any crimes their victims - in the last 12 months so it's an annual survey court records so just a record of proceedings in court prison records and reveal characteristics of court criminals of convicted criminals but also I just like to point out the court records and prison records are something that are very only very lightly touched on there isn't even much information about them online that you can find so you don't need to worry so much I think about knowing them although they are useful to be aware of and then obviously you've got the self-report so there were people and non anonymously report any crimes they've committed in the last 12 months and again at the bottom I just noted that do not forget about the fact there is a hidden figure of crime and that is one of the most important things that can be used to criticize these actual crime statistics so perfect perspectives on crime statistics though the functionalist knew right and right realists accept crime statistics uncritically they'd love them know one of their favorite things in the whole world interactionism and labeling theory so crime statistics are largely useless and a distortion of reality and labeling Theory labeling theorists are more interested in why certain acts of use deviant and Marxism neo-marxist and recognized the systemic bias in favour the powerful in the application of the law and stress the significant dark side of white-collar and corporate crime fennec feminists argue that the statistics underplay the extent of female victims as many are innocent reluctant to report domestic or sexual offences and obviously one criticism of that point is the fact that it is not just females that suffer domestic or sexual offences obviously males can be victims too and there are even less likely to actually go to the police and tell them about it and left really so official statistics have some value they accept the typical typical offenders are young black were class males and the victim survey show fear of crimes so in terms of victimology and who's more like and not victimology sorry like gender and crime who's there like the difference between genders committing crime so so a third of female prisoners committed property crimes which is one of the most popular ones whereas men 13% of male criminals committed murder whilst another 13% raped or sexually assaulted someone Pollock argues that gender gender statistics are incorrect as women are more deceitful when committing crime and obviously cannot forget the chivalry chivalry thesis impacts whether they are properly prosecuted or not reasons why women may necessarily commit less crime than men is the left edge well fences lie shoplifting and obviously they're shove receipt a thesis sex role theory so the social and socialization expects them like encourages women to have feminine characteristics so it won't be interesting committing crime and control theory : states that there is a class deal and a gender deal and if these deals are not met which is very rarely then women will turn to crime and women have less opportunities and a controlled more in the public home and workplace and then I'll see the bedroom culture means that girls are socialized socialized not to engage in crime and deviance and then continuing from that reasons for increased falmouth female crime so liberation thesis Adler so increased families of alistel have increased feminism has led to less patriarchy control so obviously women have more opportunities to actually commit this crime and then Chesney Lind argue that women did male crime because we linked to prostitution and then phone ization of poverty women are now more like to be poor due to increased force and men only wanting children in contemporary society pass on their genes rather than care for them so women are more likely to have to go into crime in order to actually survive and feed their children and then male crime rates may be due to masculinity theory by Cornell so they turn to crime if they like a hegemon hegemon of masculinity and then I'll steer labeling Theory males are more like to be negatively labeled and then again men have more opportunities to commit crimes so really opportunity is a key point opportunity is really important when actually looking at why men commit more crime the women love the women have less opportunities because they are having to actually stay at home and look after the children which which has mainly been part of the instrumental role and ethnicity and crime so and presence prison statistics show that 15% of males in prison African Caribbean well this is 21 percent of females minorities are twice as likely to be stopped and searched and more like to be charged than cautioned and also more likely to receive a custodial sentence and it will often be much harsher so morisaki that same groups this essentially black Asian and of the minority ethnic groups in the UK have a dispersion amount of young people which creates an illusion in statistics that minorities are committing more crime but is actually just general in fact that young people in general commit more crime so if so you have to look into the actual details it's the fist statistics you cannot just take them at face value and then reasons for this criminality is police targeting it's obviously they're over policed and unprotected and obviously there is the stereotype is led to a myth of black criminality it's locality theory so there are highest certain areas have high identities of minorities which explains the highest and searches institutional racism social and cultural theory so the media exaggeration of crime creates a moral panic marginalization and relative deprivation have led to high unemployment racism so people join subcultures and gangs and things and then political protests a crime is a protest against a racist catalyst Society for example the 2011 riots in London and then there is such a thing as triple quandary as mentioned by Sue L so there are three risk factors for crime among black boys lack of a father-figure native experience of white culture and media makes boys think they can engage datas with designer clothes or a hyper masculine identity social class and crime so trends in social class crime is that the majority of those in prison come from semi skilled or unskilled manual backgrounds and it's usually in the form of abuse and theft and explanations for this are but those in the work class and more focused on by former agents of social control so more like to be prosecuted and over-represented selectively law creation means that laws designed for the needs of the middle class they are less likely to be prosecuted and if a person is labeled deviant it can lead to suffering prophecy and therefore may commit crime because of it and then continuing from that so asymmetrical white color and corporate crime crime sorry is a must in strange theory again so um they have a synth so middle class people have a sense of relative deprivation so turn to crime to achieve what they don't have control theory so individuals carry out corporate crime as they're driven by socialization and self seeking aggressive cultures that encourage this ruthless business practices criminogenic capitalism labeling theory so people escape they're able to escape the label of criminal as it is too similar to normal business practices rational choice / opportunities they just generally have more chance to commit crime because obviously middle class earn more money per hours they have more spare time compared to the middle working class therefore have more opportunity to commit this crime and then obviously edge work masculinity by cats so it's chronic abuse of services that are seductive and the risk-taking could be a great motivation greater motivation the material crime looking at me during crime so news values is essentially is the explanation of what stuff actually goes into the news and what doesn't so if if a news story takes off any of these boxes and there are more but it's just a few of them then then this is that's what will get in the papers which is why there's a misrepresentation of house actually things happen so listen you've got proximity so whether it's actually local to people predictability was actually expected over parson of people risk whether it's a celebrity that did it any crime involving children or sex or violence and if they'll actually videos or images to show the crime taking place so fictionally the media presents crime and criminals as being stupid males whereas victims are female and an ethnic majority and assume that police are intelligent always that the bad guy whereas in reality crime the crime is part of the underclass and as and the criminals are usually young ethnic minorities victims are selectively reported and obviously police are corrupt and racist as its which can be seen by the recent surge in American shooting by police and then perspectives on media influence of crime so functionalism reflects what is actually happening society Marxism see it as an ideological state apparatus feminism see the media as causing the violence against women and whatever this focus on the so called social construction of the media and post-modernism of forms of you save it argue that informs our view of crime and the media's distortion of crime so you've got Greer who says that there is just a exaggeration of the extent of violent crime by over over representing its presence slesinger and tumba so you've got so they found that tabloid readers and TV watchers had a greater fear of going out at night and of being a victim while SUEZ argue there is a backwards law within the media so essentially they create an image of crime is the reverse of what reality is actually like which is fairly similar to great point and then media as a quarter pricey with a hypodermic syringe milk model so via meet the media injects media texts into the veins of audience hell passive and unable to resist these messages so imitation like so looking at banc jurors study using the Bobo doll he he got children to watch a video someone being mean to the Bobo doll and got another group of children to watch a video and a doll being nice to the Bobo doll and then they were placed in a room with load of toys and the Bobo doll and he found that he found that the children are watched him being violent to the Bobo doll what also went to Bobo doll it's just that if if children grow up with a deviant role model a violent parent for example it can lead to copycat behavior a school of crime so obviously the media tends to put a lot of information about how crimes are committed which then allows people to think of new techniques so there's also violent imagery taking place in in media so which can attract people to the risk of punishment and for example some people on roller coaster achieve high achieve a high from increased adrenaline whilst others commit crimes get the same exact same feeling and then repeatedly viewing crimes such as the consistent reporting of terrorist attacks makes it appear very normal as though everyone in society is desensitized to it so then obviously if they're desensitized to it they won't see the effects that that crime is having and then obviously deprivation so those living in poverty have still have access to the media and so commit crime to get what they cannot afford and then obviously the glamorization so for example this is how the Kray twins who were gangsters and I think 1950s 1960s London and lived an incredibly lavish life were treated really niente they are nightclubs when were very popular and so obviously everyone wanted a lifestyle like that Media and crime continued so media can also be a cause for the fear of crimes the missing white woman syndrome is the focus of media on kidnap rape or murder victims but a young female while white whilst ignoring any others and it can also lead to a moral panics which are instances of public anxiety in response to a problem regarded as threatening especially in the more standards of society and then obviously you've got a circle for crime so you've got the crime taking place and then the fear that comes with it and then people isolate themselves because this fear and distrust the police and other people in society creating a weakened community fabric and obviously because of this lack of values connect society anymore no one's bothered about crack about committing the crime which then leads to more crime being committed and just takes place in a big circle so you've got in terms of globalization and crimes you've got new types of crime so drugs trade human trafficking financial crimes cyber crime transnational organized crime and terrorism and whilst drugs trade human trafficking and terrorism could be seen as coming around full nurse of immense amount of globalization that is it's just allowed to become far far easier with the increased communication and obviously terrorists are allowed to obviously post videos of people being beheaded which increases fear and obviously recruit people from other countries and then you've got the impact of globalization of crime on crime so you've got individualism so people in late modernity have to find no resolution so greatly produced a problems opportunities so increased opportunities for new tech crimes and new ways to commit it and so disorganized capitalism so people move to areas with low labor costs and less health and safety regulations and rich society problems with policing as obviously if it pasts national borders it could be difficult to see whose jurisdiction the crime actually falls into which often means that it usually goes without being prosecuted for and then obviously there is more inequality as those in developing countries and developed countries and well open to even more uncertainty and relative deprivation so green crime definitions the green crime is a traditional criminology so any unauthorized act or omission that violates law and transgressive criminal transgressive criminology stata is any action that harms a physical environment and any creature that lives within it even if no law has technically been broken and global and manufactured risk so in late modern society increase in productivity and technology has created new manufactured which home both the environment and humanity such as climate change and then South came up with types of green crime so you've got primary which is the direct result of the destruction and degradation of the planet's resources and then secondary green crime is actually breaking laws so primary doesn't it doesn't have to necessarily be an illegal act it just has to be something that disrupts the planet's resources whereas secondary is actually breaking laws and regulations and many people there whilst it's hard to determine victims of green crime is often those who suffer health complications a result so asthma and cancer can increase due to this and then people who actually commit the crime so individuals commit illegal dumping a waste and don't actually consider themselves to be criminals for this issue but in fact it is actually against the law businesses contribute through manufacturing processes and often don't put in the required work for to develop green more green environmentally friendly processes and then obviously governments fly on private jets that have multiple police surrounding just their vehicle which obviously is not very good for the environment I'm looking at state crime so there are four different definitions of it so tram bus to find axes stasis acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs Michael Mickey Lasky said that is any legally permissible acts which are similar to illegal acts in the amount of harm they caused looking at international law now and Ruffin Mullen so any action by or on behalf of the state that violates international law and then human rights definition by Herman and wedding of a violation of people's basic human rights and McLaughlin's at stake there four types of state crimes so there are political crimes though imprisonment and execution of political opponents without trial for example crimes by security military and police say war crimes such as genocide and the use of illegal chemical or biological weapons economic crime so theft of public funds corruption and bribery and social and cultural crimes they're failing protect human rights or tackle institutional racism and sexism continuing from Earth so the seriousness of state crime so in terms of scale state crimes are hard to investigate they usually involve involve large organizations or companies that have enough money to hide their behavior and state as a source of law so it's a state's role to define what is criminal and manage the criminal justice system but this means they can define crimes without criminalizing their own acts and we tend to live in a culture of denial where dictatorships can walk into a spy of denials they try to deny their actions in complex ways and then neutralization theory by matza there are five neutralization techniques used by the state to deny or justify actions firstly the denial of injury the denial of victims denial of responsibility condemning the condemns and appealed to higher loyalties the Cohen argued that people when using neutralization techniques people don't actually seek to deny the Act but negotiate a different construction of the event and when it comes to explaining state crime you've got integrated theory saying that state crime arose from similar circumstances to other crimes and integrates three elements motivation opportunity and failures of control modernity some states some state crimes take place in response to modern civilization and argues features of modern society that the Holocaust happens no division of labor bureaucratization and technology whilst also social conditions so those who commit state crimes are conforming to higher authority noise via three processes authorization dehumanize and routine routine I've written ization so look this is the right and left realist solutions to crime to crime prevention so the two right rarest ones are situational crime prevention and environmental climate prevention when looking at situation also this aims to reduce opportunity to commit crime and increase the risk of being caught again looking at the cost-benefit calculation so this folks will target hardening greater surveillance and environmental management they're making public space more defensible and then on to environmental crime prevention seve Wilson and killing say it stated that crime is caused by antisocial behavior and if it's not punished criminals as seen in the community doesn't care which and just further encourage pay via so any sign of environmental decline is tackled immediately so for example if a window is broken it will be immediately fixed public housing should not exceed three floors and residents are responsible for the communal space police need to be at more with zero tolerance and curfews are given to certain age groups and then moving on to the left realist solution which is the social and community convention so labeling theory argue that crime is caused by a criminal label which stops integration back in society so individuals are more likely to read offend therefore their aim their strategies were to train those in the criminal justice system to not give discriminatory labels to people so that they don't struggle to reintegrate into society and monitor sentencing sentencing to racial bias is minimized they will see the instruction of restorative justice brains victims and offenders together to allow for an apology and avoid the negative labeling of offenders the criminal justice systems like eh CMS or police the Crown Prosecution Service ports at youth justice board and the National offender management service so the Home Office is a ministerial Department of Her Majesty's Government in the UK yes which is responsible for immigration security and law and order which is currently headed by Sajid Javid I think that's how you pronounce his name I'm not entirely sure and then Attorney General is the principal legal officer he represents the crown and legal proceedings and gives it gives legal rights to the government which is currently Jeremy right and then the Department of Justice is a ministerial department headed by the security of State for justice and Lord Chancellor who is called David Gork at the moment and the police are responsible for investigating airports they're brought in or discovered by the police and the course are in charge of producing they're not the guilty not guilty verdict and if found guilty they must develop appropriate punishment based on guidelines set by the laws so the role of the criminal justice system is in preventing crime as me is declaring people from committing crime and protecting the population from dangerous individuals the public protection actually punishing criminals for their acts and help reduce reoffending and then rehabilitating criminals so they easily just back into society and their perspectives on this some on the CG err on the camera system is there a functionalist argue that helps reduce reoffending so helps society function more effectively maths IQ is higher higher are cool as it is usually the proletariat this prisoner was bourgeoisie run them and feminists argue that there is chivalry thesis and the majority of high status jobs from in the criminal justice system are held by men when looking at punishment so the purpose of punishment developed by New Bern's state they're discouraged from reoffending and tutored others to force them to make amends to victims for the calm for the harm caused takes society from dangerous people reinforce social values and bonds and punish them purely for the fact that they need to be punished for their behavior so perspectives on punishment see you've got functionalism saying it acts to hold up social solidarity and reinforces shared values Marxist say that it's part of the repressive state apparatus and it's an encapsulation Muse imprisonment as the dominant punishment as offenders pay by doing time and obviously they're usually used to do chores within the prison such as doing the laundry keeping the place tidy which saves the bourgeoisie money from having to pay for cleaners to come in and things and then obviously whether Webber or any Ian's ism is the rationalization of punishment which is basically legal-rational authority so punishment it's based on impersonal rules and regulations and offenders usually comply with it with this as long as the punishments are seen as justifiable in the public eye the purpose of prison is to rehabilitate and reform criminals criminals so they're just to society and don't refund but are they in effect of punishment in terms of the youth augment obviously a third of people do not resend and also helps teach people new skills and qualifications to improve their life after prison however Matthews are argues that prisons are a University of crime and then solomon went under states that many people prison required drug or outdoor required drug or alcohol addiction or mental health counseling and then looking at changing forms of punishment so focal looks stated how it went from a sovereign power so public forms of punishment such as educate execution has now gone to a disciplinary power so increasing use of prisons and surveillance to actually just prisoners rather than giving physical pain and then garland stated it was gone from penal well frizam so the chronal dress system aimed to catch and punish catch punish and rehabilitate offenders so they can integrate back in society but it's gone to a punitive state and culture of control where life is more uncertain and fear of crime is greater so offenders are instead just controlled war and then Rouge and timer few Marxists said that punishments are part of a system of social control and class domination so it's changed from public events of physical cruelty to cool insuring criminals do hardly Bad's as a form because they can be used as a form of cheap labor and obviously the punishment varies on the economic climate at the time surveillance and social control say looking at surveillance surveillance societies my phone calls they've got so we live in a surveillance society an age of cannot sysm which watches criminals as well to prevent future crime and then he also looked at disciplinary societies where disciplinary power is more effective than then brute force people might perform if they feel like they're being watched and Henderson a tower a red radical feminist stated that new mums are the biggest risk of cell surveillance in society as they feel judged by their peers for certain ways they look after a child such as feeding them when they feed them breast milk or formula milk or when they use disposable or reusable nappies Boorman and lion so there is increasing liquid surveillance in society and powers can be used to avoid civil liberties however they prevent us from committing crime as we're convinced someone is watching us at all times and then the Kilburn experiment in which was done by Newbern and Heyman said that access was granted to them going to the custody suite in the North London police station for 18 months and they argued that CCTV as evidence for police brutality by entry which can be used in turn to either intrude or protect their rights and the police that they interviewed how she stated they believed it was beneficial if an individual was actually accused of a crime and if surveillance of good or bad form of social control Beck argue that is good because it's an essential component of risk society as it sift through those who put the rest of society at risk so essentially Beck believed that it is a good form of social control because it means that people are protected and whereas laboring theorists say that it is disproportionately focused on those who know to be labelled as a problem wealth new left real estate the money used maintenance could have actually been used for something entirely more important such as a ways to tackle the causes of crime and then looking at victimology so victims are seen as consumers of the criminal justice system as they use it to seek justice and the 2002 National Crime recording standard is used by police force in England Wales to improve consistency and reliability of Crime Records and traditional victims are thought to be female white rich young or old whereas statistically the citizen the actual victims that the people that are more to be victims are male as a minority ethnic group deprived young and widowed so in terms of customer victimization so in terms of class poorest groups and more like to be victims because of the fact that they are less protective age so those aged 16 to 24 and 9 times more likely to be victims and those aged 75 over gender so men and more ideally be victims of violent crime that will no more at risk of stalking and harassment crimes and then looking at ethnicity minority groups are more at risk and often report feeling under protected under protected and over controlled and then the impact of victimization so Coyle 2012 said it can cause anger anxiety depression panic attacks PTSD and feelings of powerlessness which can in turn actually lead to more crimes being committed walk late there's a noted of secondary victimization so this criminal justice system in Ray Charles tends to ours very embarrassing horrifying questions that make the victim go through the event all over again and also the fear of crime so crime may create a fear of being victim although this fear is usually irrational and then just continuing on is the explanations of victimization you've got the positive victimology which looks at why she make some people more right to be a victim so they look at factors that produce the crime patterns the focus on victim proneness and identify social and psychological characteristics of these victims to find difference and wolfgang fat looked at 588 homicides and found that 26% of victims actually triggered the event whilst critical victimology focused on two elements of structural reasons for crime and mix them so structural factors such as patriarchy and the pool and then i'll see the state's power to apply or deny the label of being victim thank you so much for watching guys I hope you enjoyed and I will be sure to upload the rest of the videos by the end of the week bye