[Music] [Music] welcome back today we're going to be discussing the region of the elbow so if you've studied your anatomical terminology your skeletal terminology and your introduction to the regions of the body you should know that the elbow has a technical name what region is it cubital now where i'm pointing to is the front of my elbow that's called the anti-cubital region which means before the elbow so cubital means elbow anti-cubital means the front of the elbow that's where they take blood from you right when you go to get blood drawn they take it from the anti-cubital region and the back of the elbow this pointy thing sticking out here that's called the olecranon process of your ulna so sometimes the back of the elbow is called the electron region so those are terms you should be familiar with i'm going to go ahead and review some terminology before we get started on any other parts of the elbow between your shoulder and your elbow this region up here we commonly call the arm technically it's the brachial area or if you looked at one term it would be brachii b-r-a-c-h-i-i so brachii means arm between shoulder and elbow now that's really important for you guys to remember especially for your final license exam because most of the muscles or at least many of the muscles in front of the arm here have that word brachy in their name like biceps brachii brachialis brachioradialis those are three of the muscles that are located up here in the arm okay so between your elbow and your wrist you commonly call this the forearm so that's the anti-brachial area which means before the arm so we have arm forearm brachial antibrachial and those are some terms you should be familiar with now relating to the elbow when you relax your arms hang by the side right remember anatomical position standing erect arms by your side with your fingers pointing down your palms facing forward that's anatomical position it's not how you stand and relax if i relax don't have any changes in my hand position now my palms face my body or face each other depending on how you want to look at it right they're not facing forward they're not facing back they're facing each other this is how you normally stand this is neutral for your shoulder okay now for the elbow i can bring it up to this position this position here has several names now we're going to go over movements of the elbow you can turn your elbow your forearm and hand where the palm is up you can turn it where the palm is down you can go halfway which is neutral isn't it so this position here is halfway between this where my palm is fully up i can't turn it that way anymore so this is halfway to this so palm fully down palm fully up and halfway so this halfway position is called the mid position it's in the middle of full pronation and full semi supination and pronation it's also called neutral position because if i relax my arm it's the same here right if i just bend my elbow this didn't change so this is called neutral and mid position it's also called the handshake position because if you go to shake hands isn't that the first thing that you have to do it's also called semi-pronated because it's partly pronated and semi-supinated partly supinated now if you're not familiar with those terms yet pronation and supination you will right supination is spelled s-u-p-i-n-a-t-i-o-n so it's got the word up the second third letter is u-p so supination is a position where your palm is up the opposite when your palm is down is called pronation so a movement from pronated going this way this is a movement is called supination and now that position i'm fully supinated now if i start supinated palm up and start turning this way i'm now pronating i'm not fully pronated yet but the movement would be called pronating okay so those are some terms you should know we have muscles that work one joint we have muscles that work two joints some of these muscles in the arm work with just the elbow joint some work the elbow and the shoulder now the one you're probably most familiar with because we learned it from very little at least as a child i did it and a lot of the guys that i did the same thing when we'd see relatives or somebody we haven't seen for a long time which look at my muscle and we'd do this and point to that like that's the only muscle we have it's the only one we knew right that's your biceps brachii by the way that muscle that pops up on the top i don't care if it's a little bitty bump a really big bum like arnold schwarzenegger that's your biceps brachii what does that word mean biceps starts with the prefix you should know by means too seps means heads so this is a muscle that has two heads it's the most superficial muscle in the front of your arm here now it works your elbow joint we're talking about the elbow right so it is elbow it's one of your main elbow flexors but it also attaches up here to your scapula so it's also a shoulder muscle it's mainly an elbow muscle but it works the elbow and the joint so we call that a biarticular joint or a two joint muscle okay now that comes into play when we talk about the strength of doing this flexing your elbow that's another term hopefully you know we have six types of synovial joints freely movable joints in the body and they have three basic classifications of movements if you've studied studying the elbow now hopefully you've already studied some other um regions like the shoulder and so you know a little bit about movements so flexion is the term that means decreasing the angle in a joint so if my arm is fully straight a straight line that could be a 0 or 180 degrees depending on which way you want to look at it right halfway through a circle so if i do this i just went from 180 degrees in here to roughly 90 degrees right and if i go from here roughly 90 to here is roughly a 45 degree angle in here so i decreased the angle in here from 180 to 90 to 45. all of those movements are flexion it's the same with any other joint that flexes decreases the angle now the opposite of flexion is extension extension the definition increasing the angle in a joint so from 45 to 90 we're just working by this joint don't worry about this one what about this one so from a 45 degree angle to a 90 i increase the angle from 90 to 180 i increased the angle those are two of the other movements that you need to know about relating to the elbow okay so the biceps is a powerful elbow flexor in some positions and not so strong in others and we'll get to that right under your biceps brachii if you could take this muscle off or if you're looking at a muscle chart where the first layer is taken off you'll see the muscle underneath your biceps is called brachialis notice they both have the word breaky in their name so in your license exam and your final exam if it says breaky it's in your arm because we have another muscle that starts with biceps but it's called biceps femoris or femoris depending on how you want to pronounce it right tomato tomato so biceps femoris tells you it's in the area of your femur your thigh bone biceps brachii tells you what's up here in the arm and brachialis tells you it's in the arm right so brachialis is actually your strongest elbow flexor because it only works the elbow and it attaches to one of these two bones here we're going to get to all these bones in the forearm it attaches to the ulna the little the bone on the little finger side of your hand the ulna can't rotate all they can do is this flex and extend so the brachialis which originates up here and attaches down here all it can do is work this one particular joint so it's a stronger elbow flexor than the biceps brachii is okay part of the reason is the biceps attaches it has two origins biceps originates up here on the coracoid process of your scapula and on the supraglenoid tubercle just above the glomerular fossa here that's the long head that's the short head the long head then comes out like this between in this little groove called the bicipital groove the short head comes this way and then they merge and they come down and they attach to this big bump here on the radius which is the thumb the bone and you form on the thumb side okay this is called the radial tuberosity now when you pronate and supinate your hand watch this bump when you're in this position when you're fully supinated this bump is in the front when i pronate this bump goes away to the back so you see that this big bump here how it goes now it's in the front so the biceps come straight down to here in this position the biceps has a good pull pulls this straight up but when you pronate your hand that changes completely now the biceps is not a very strong elbow flexor if you've ever done a weight training you would know that if you've ever done what's called a barbell curl where you hold your hand like this you're supinated your biceps and your brachialis are both working really really good so you can use more weight doing this all right but now what if i turn my hands over to this position and do it this is called a reverse curl you can't use as much weight because the biceps is not as strong when your hand is pronated as it is when your hand is supinated same thing if you've ever done pull-ups and chin-ups if you hold your hand this way and pull yourself up you're stronger than if you turn your hand this way and do it up again because when your hand is supinated your biceps is strong and the brachialis is strong always no matter what the position of your hand so you're stronger this way than you are this way whether it's pulling yourself up or doing this by the way it's the same movement at your elbow in one position the humerus is fixed and the forearm's moving right when you do this my forearms moving if you're hanging from a bar and you peel yourself up the forearm stay still and the humerus moves but the same thing happens in here okay all right so that's just a little bit about the biceps and why it's not as strong as some people think um when you're considering which is a strongest elbow flexor right when we're talking about muscles that pronate and supinate or muscles that work on the elbow flex the elbow if we're flexing the elbow that's movement of your forearm isn't it so that's sometimes what you'll see how the questions be worded they might say moving the forearm not the arm okay that's different that would be shoulder movement moving the humerus so we're talking about moving the elbow it's the forearm that's moving so for a muscle to move the forearm obviously one end of the muscle has to be somewhere down here in your forearm so all muscles that flex or extend the elbow have to attach to one of these two bones the radius or the alma has to okay and in general do you remember this from studying the shoulder in anatomical position muscles in the front of the body usually cause flexion from the head down to the toes good memory hint if you're taking your license exam or your final exam if you're standing up in anatomic position and you curl up into a fetal ball you're flexing all of your joints so for my fingers if i'm in anatomic position and i curl up like this i just flexed my fingers i flexed my wrist i flexed my elbow i flexed my shoulder i flexed my lumbar spine i flexed my hips i flexed my knees now if you're in this fetal ball position and now you straighten up to anatomic position you're extending all of your joints so if you get confused on whether it's a flexion move or an extension move just remember curling up to a fetal ball or coming from the fetal ball back to anatomical position going into the fetal ball you're flexing going back to anatomical position you're extending your joints so let's go ahead and talk about the bones of the elbow region if you're studying the elbow hopefully you've already studied the shoulder so you should know the parts of the scapula these bones when i first start teaching the massage we go over some of the parts of the scapula so if you've already studied it this will be a review if not you need to learn these parts anyway so most people describe the scapula as a triangle-shaped bone so triangle triangle means it has three angles in it right tri means three triangle means three angles so in a geometric shape what we call the edges that's an edge we call it a border here's one and up here's another one so since it's a triangle this border is toward the middle of the body so this is called the medial border it's also called the vertebral border so from this time little point here all the way down here to here this is all called either medial border or vertebral border of the scapula now from here up this way in other words from here this is another border of your triangle isn't it this is the lateral border now since this also goes up to your armpit hopefully you remember your regions of the body this is the armpit is the axillary a-x-i-l-l-a axilla or a-x-i-l-l-a-r-y axillary region so this is the axillary border now the border that connects this edge out to here this one up here this is called the superior border it's its only name yeah this has two names that has two names the superior border only has one so those are your three borders of a triangle right so can you see the triangle here here and then up here now if it's a triangle it has three angles so this is an angle where two borders come together and geometry makes an angle so this border and this border come together that's an angle where this border and this border come together that's an angle so we have an angle up here and an angle down here those are two of the three angles this one's at the top so this is the superior angle again terminology superior means higher than this is the inferior angle down here again we study this in basic the first three weeks of school so inferior angles at the bottom superior angle is the angle at the top superior means higher than inferior means lower than out here where the superior border and the lateral bore come together out here is called the lateral angle now it's not pointy like this or that but it's still called the lateral angle right part of the lateral angle is this cup shaped part of the scapula now skeletal anatomy is this is a smooth depression isn't it a smooth depression and skeletal anatomy is what did you think fossa hopefully that's correct f-o-s-s-a this is a fossa this is called glenoid fossa some people call it glenoid cavity it's the same the glenoid cavity and the glenoid fossa are the same glenoid fossa if you're talking strictly bony apart glenoid fossa is the more appropriate term okay now since this is glenoid we have a bump down here and a bump up here where my two fingers are in skeletal anatomy do you remember what bumps are called we have little bumps and we have big bumps sometimes they get a little confused but usually a tubercle is a smaller raised area and a tuberosity is a bigger raised area so these are typically called tubercles now this tubercle up here it's above the glenoid isn't it this is glenoid this is above glenoid so this is called supraglenoid tubercle down here it's got a little red on it you can actually see this bump right here i can see it on this right here okay that is below that's glenoid remember no matter whether you look at it from the side the back or the front that's still glenoid this is still below glenoid so this is infra glenoid tubercle these are both important landmarks which are your elbow muscles and shoulder muscles the one down here is where your triceps muscle originates and the one up here the supraglenoid is where your biceps break the eye originates so these are two important landmarks to learn just above and just below glenoid so those prefixes infra infras basically an abbreviation for inferior and supra is an abbreviation for superior okay so superglenoid is almost like saying superior glenoid above glenoid and infraolinoid is like saying inferior glenoid okay so those are some of the landmarks you need to know because that's where two of your main elbow muscles attach okay but while we're on the scapula you should also be familiar with this raised area right here this is called the spine of the scapula now you should be able to find this on pretty much all of your clients your classmates and yourself right so if i reached over my shoulder put my hand back here and pushed up and down i should clearly be able to feel this raised area so while you're watching this i'm going to do it i want you to do the same thing reach i don't care which hand you use reach over your shoulder put your hand down and press in with your fingers and go up and down here's mine right here i can feel this raised area starting here it stops there there's the edge of my scapula so i could feel it i went from here all the way to here where it stops to that vertebral border so it's called the spine of the scapula your spine of the scapula ends in a nice big flattened part called the acromion process so the spine ends out here if you look at it from this angle see how kind of flat it is it's kind of rectangular shaped that's how it's sometimes described on test questions it's the uppermost it's the highest part if i come down that's what i'm going to hit right there i'm going to hit this it's the highest part of your shoulder bone wise the acromion process of the scapula and the other end of the spine so from here to there is the spine the lateral to the spine here is a chromium and in here where the spine actually meets the vertebral border can you see a little triangle shaped area not writing very well now it is so hopefully you can see i just drew a triangle there because that's the shape before this meets that's called the root of the spine so root of the spine and acromion are the opposite ends of your spine the spine is in between the root of the spine and the acromion in here another really important landmark so if you know that this is called the spine let's continue with the scapula parts this is above the spine up here isn't it here's the spine this is above it this is the spine so everything down here is below the spine isn't it this is the spine everything down here is below the spine so these happen to be kind of smooth indentations so that's a fossa see how it's kind of i can move my finger in here that's a fossa and down here's a fossa matter of fact this whole thing down here below the spine is called the fossa so the spine separates these two fossas so the one above the spine here's the spine so this fossa above we use supra what's it above it's above the spine so this up here is supraspinous fossa which means the fossa above the spine down here it's below the spine so this is infraspinous fossa so that's a common board question what separates the supraspinous fossa from the infraspinous fossa well they both have the word spine in their name so it's the spine of the scapula that separates these two phosphates again these are really really important origins for rotator cuff muscles supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle that's what goes in these two areas just as another review there is another fossa we've named three supraspinous fossa infraspinous fossa glenoid fossa right where this goes right in here now on the other side of the scapula this is called subscapular fossa and it's where the rotator cuff muscle called subscapularis originates so those are some important parts of the scapula hopefully this was a review for you if not well it's a good introduction to the scapula the other bone you need to be familiar with of course is humerus so let's talk about the parts of the humerus now again if you've studied the shoulder you may already be familiar with the parts of the humerus good i hope so if not let's look at it usually when you study the shoulder at the very least you study the upper half because that's where most of the muscles attach because movement of the humerus which is what we call shoulder movement right when this bone the humerus moves that's called shoulder movement we don't usually call it humerus movement we call it shoulder movement so shoulder flexion remember is this bone coming forward this is a right humerus by the way if we go over here because the rounded knob fits into the glenoid fossa so if this bone moves forward remember that's shoulder flexion when it comes down shoulder extension when it comes out abduction when it comes back in adduction when it rotates forward toward the middle internal or medial rotation and when it comes back to anatomical position external or lateral rotation that's shoulder movements and of course we had horizontal adduction and horizontal abduction and we had diagonal abduction and adduction so those are shoulder movements that you should already be familiar with and all of the muscles that cause those movements attach between here and here between my two fingers they don't attach on the bottom half at all shoulder muscles attach on the upper half elbow muscles attach everywhere else in the humerus but let's review the parts you should already know okay so the rounded knob up here that goes into the glenoid fossa is called the head of the humerus now there's two other big bumps at the top they're both called tubercles some people call them tuberosities this is called the greater tubercle it's really big and then here is called the lesser tubercle so again on this one right here you can see in the front this bump here it's the lesser tubercle that's lesser and out here all the way around here up to here all of this this is the greater tubercle it's much bigger than the lesser tubercle and in between the two tubercles here's lesser here's greater there's a groove between the two tubercles so again here's the groove you see it it's got two names it's called the intertubercular groove enter is another prefix you should be familiar with what does it mean between so intertubercular means between tubercles so it's between the lesser tubercle and the greater tubercle it's also called the bicipital groove because the tendon of the long head of your biceps brachii muscle fits in this groove bicipital groove now separating the head here from these two tubercles is called the neck so in this model i actually drew a red line hopefully you can see the red going all the way around and that's called the anatomical neck of the humerus it separates the head from the two tubercles we have another neck right here and that's called the surgical neck of the humerus it's called that because that's where most fractures of your humerus occur and have to be surgically repaired then we have a big raised area here where your three deltoid muscles attach again if you study the shoulder you should know this this is the deltoid tuberosity and it's kind of where the blue area is here so that's the deltoid tuberosity where your three deltoid muscles attach and now since this has colors on it hopefully you can see each of my fingers is over a blue line those are three muscles that attach there though some people call those the armpit muscles your latissimus dorsi your teres major and your pectoralis major are the three muscles that attach here the one furthest out is pectoralis major then latissimus dorsi and then the blue in here is your teres major those are three of terry's major is your little latissimus remember that and then up here on the greater tubercle we have one one two three blue spots i'm gonna move my finger so you can see those blue spots those are where supraspinatus infraspinatus and teres minors muscle attach and then here on the lesser tubercle is where your subscapularis muscle attaches those are your four rotator cuff muscles so we have four muscles up here in the tubercles three muscles here right around that bicipital groove and then if you want to call the deltoids threes three more here those are shoulder muscles and then this other blue line in here that's where coracobrachialis attaches it's another shoulder muscle so this that was just a review of the upper half of your humerus okay now the lower half of the humerus you may or may not have studied let's go to this end down here there's two rounded parts at the distal end of your humerus ah another term you should be familiar with right proximal and distal so if we're talking about this bone the humerus this is the proximal end this is the distal end because this is closest to the shoulder this is furthest away from the shoulder so the proximal end had a rounded knob called the head the distal end has two rounded knobs called condyles condyle is described as a rounded part at the end of a bone that articulates with another bone so these are condyles this is the inside or medial side this is the outside or lateral side two more terms you should know right medial and lateral so this is the medial side this is a lateral so we have a condyle over here all of this area is a condyle and all of this area is a condyle so this is lateral condyle this is medial condyle now this medial condyle also has another name it's called the trochlea the lateral epicondyle this rounded part of it is called the capitulum so you should know those terms now this is the medial condyle we have a bump here it's really big bump and a little bump out here these are epicondyles epi is another prefix you should know means honor upon so epicondyle means on the condyle so these littler bumps are bumps on the condyle so this is the lateral epicondyle because it's on the lateral side this is medial epicondyle medial side now this ridge up above it this is the lateral side this is a medial side so we have a medial ridge and a lateral ridge now they're both above the condyles so some people call this the epicondylar ridges some people call them the supra condyler i like that term supracondylar ridge which means the ridge above the condyles so three things out here have the term lateral three things in here have the term medial if you know what medial lateral means is easy lateral toward the side medial toward the middle this is toward the middle this is toward the side so we have a condyle an epicondyle and a supracondylar ridge same three parts just one starts one set of three terms starts with medial one set of three terms starts with lateral okay now we also have in the front here two fossas a littler one here and a bigger one here and then on the back so from the front view again this is a pretty good size faucet here this is a smaller one here so just above your capitulum this is capitulum this is where the head of the radius goes so this is called the radial fossa this one is a little easier to find over here i can put my finger in it pretty easy this is where the coronoid process of your ulna we'll get to that the coronoid process of your ulna fits in here so it's called the coronoid fossa okay the back has a really big fossa and this is where the olecranon process two processes of your ulna go into these phosphates this is called the electron fossa so again in the front if i bend my elbow flex my elbow you can see this is called the head this bone out here is the radius this upper part is the head when i bend the elbow this head here will fit right into that fossa and this pointy thing right here where the wire is attached my finger's on it on the ulna that's the coronoid process so again when you flex the elbow that goes into the other fossa so when your elbow is fully flexed like this the two parts of your forearm bones are actually into those fossa's but the back of the bone can you see that there's nothing in here but when i do it when i do opposite when i straighten the elbow out now there's nothing in these two fossas but the olecranon process here of your ulna fills this vasa so what you have happening there and this is the old enough and it fits just like this so when i flex the elbow this pointy part right here called the coronoid process is going to end up going into this coronoid fossa there can you see that this pointy part here goes into the fossa now on the back side when the elbow is straight like it is here this olecranon process of your ulna fits right into the olecranon fossa but when i bend the elbow when i flex the elbow you see how it goes away now it's touching the front process is touching but the back one isn't in the fossa so they're opposite when you flex and extend your elbow one of those processes is going toward the fossa and one's moving away from the fossa they're just different process and the same thing goes on with the radius out here when your elbow is extended the head of the radius here is not in the fossil but when i flex it you see the head goes right into that so those are some of the parts on the distal humerus we wanted to make sure that you knew about i didn't review it's probably in the shoulder that there's a a groove for the radial nerve it's called either the radial of the spiral groove because it spirals from the front to the back or it's also called the radial groove because the radial nerve happens to fit in there that's about the only thing i hadn't covered already that's the parts of the humerus you need to know hopefully you already knew those that means we got two bones to learn these two i just named them so these are the two bones in the forearm so you have one bone in the arm hopefully you already knew the name of that humerus and you knew all the parts now we have two bones in the forearm this one which is if i'm in anatomic position is on my little finger side okay here's the little finger here's the thumb so the one on the thumb side is called the radius the one on the little finger side here is called the ulna so ulna is on the little finger side radius is on the thumb side and they fit together like that so let's pick one let's pick this one radius let's go over the parts of the radius there's not a ton that we have on here the rounded part is called the head there's a little indentation in here that's called the fovea phobia capitus which means phobia of the head capitus means head so phobia capitus is up here that's the head then we have a pretty good size bump here it's called the tuberosity the radial tuberosity some people call it the radial tubercle so if they did that's fine tuberosity is the more common radial tuberosity okay then we really don't have anything else till we get to the other end except for this raised area right here it's a sharp raised area now a lot of textbooks and don't have this labeled but if i go back to this model you can see my fingers between the bones i'll use my pen it's a little smaller so my pen is here between the bones isn't it so if we use our prefixes what's our prefix for between enter enter means between what's our medical term for bone ah remember that from your skeletal anatomy skeletal system os os or aust oste osoros means bone so this is between my pen is between bones so this area is called the interosseous area the area between bones interosseus right so obviously this side of this bone is between the radius which i'm on and the ulna there so this border is called the interosseous border of the radius when we get to the distal end we have a pointy thing sticking out you see it right here and right here it's the most distal part of your radius it's the furthest away from the elbow furthest away from the shoulder this is the proximal end of your radius this is the distal end remember distal means further away proximal means closest to so this pointy thing down here is called the styloid process of the radius it's attachment for your brachioradialis muscle now on the back here we have another raised area right back here it's got two names it's called the dorsal tubercle because it's on the back dorsal means towards the back so this tubercle is on the back of the radius remember this is anatomic position so my finger's on the back isn't it that's the dorsal tubercle back here it's also called lister l-i-s-t-e-r listers tubercle they're the same dorsal tubercle of the radius and lister's tubercle of the radius are the same things so those are the parts of the radius that we needed to learn oh wait a minute there is another one down here on the distal end this is the styloid process remember the furthest part there's a notch right here on the opposite side where the interosseous border is down here intraosseous border ends in a notch here so i'm going to turn it sideways there's the notch can you see the little groove here so that's a notch the ulna fits in there to that notch this rounded part of the ulna here fits into that notch now in skeletal anatomy notches and fossas are frequently named by what fits into them so since this is this is the ulna this rounded part is called the head so the head of the aldena fits into that notch so it's called the ulnar notch of the radius notches are named by what fits into them the ulna fits into this notch on the radius so this is the ulna notch when we get to it remember this was the head of the radius we already named that it fits into a notch on the ulna there's a notch you see the little curve so this fits into that notch see how the rounded part fits into the notch so this is a notch and the radius fits into it so this is called the radial notch of the ulna okay by the way that forms two joints so both ends of these muscles connect up here the radial head fits into the radial notch of the ulna at this end the ulna head fits into the older notch of the radius those are joints there's a joint up here there's a joint down here they're both called radio ulnar joints because it's a combination of the radius and the ulna remember joints can be pretty simple if you see the word radio alden it's got the word radius and ulna in its name it tells us where the radius and only come together in this case they come together in two places up here down here so we have to tell them apart right up here this is closer to the shoulder down here it's further away so this is the proximal radial ulnar joint down here's the distal radial ulnar joint so if you're studying just the elbow this is the only one we're concerned about here isn't it the proximal radial in our joint although when this one this joint moves so does this one you're not going to have movement of this radial ulnar joint without movement of this one so those are the parts of the radius we need to look at the ulna and i've already mentioned several terms on the ulna for you so far so again let's start proximal this is the proximal end of the ulna this is the distal end so if i turn it sideways you can kind of see this is a nice thing sticking out in skeletal anatomy something that sticks out of a bone is frequently called a process we started out in your first three weeks of school hands-on training several processes right what's this one under here behind your ear on the temporal bone remember mastoid process one of the attachments of your sternocleidomastoid muscle and didn't we have hopefully remembered what's this called the thing sticking up in the very middle of your client's back part of your vertebrae wasn't that a process spine spinous process and then you have processes sticking out on either side of the vertebrae here we practice feeling it and then working above it these were called transverse processes so we've studied several processes well now we have more right matter of fact it the radius didn't we say that this was a styloid process so these are processes here and here on the proximal end of the ulna so in the front i mentioned that was the coronoid process and on the back was the olecranon process you can feel this olecranon process really really easy here it is it's the big bunny part at the end you might be using it to do massage and it's solid it's covered by skin a little bit of fat very little and a bursa can you hear that that's clearly bone that's your electron process you can feel the tip of it right there so your olecranon process is the proximal posterior end and your coronoid process is the anterior proximal so that's a process that's a process in between it's another notch isn't it that's a clear notch okay how you look at it that's a notch has two names remember notches are frequently named by what fits into them so what vents into this notch is the trochlea of the humerus this is the trochlea the chocolate fits into the trochlear notch now this also is called because of its shape like a moon it's called the semi lunar luna or lunar moon this is the semilunar notch it's the same as the troclear notch okay so again that's where the ulna connects when you're fully extended the olecranon process members in the electron fossa but the coronoid process down here is not in the coronal process but when you flex your elbow the coronoid processes in the fossa the olecranon is not now just like on the radius just below here we have a raised area we're going to call that the ulnar tuberosity that's the attachment by the way these two tuberosities is where your two main elbow flexors attach your brachialis attaches to here the ultimate tuberosity biceps break the eye attaches on their radial tuberosity just like most muscles most muscles that work a joint when they cross the joint they attach pretty close to that joint so in your elbow from this area your elbow muscles here's the elbow you can see the crease so my biceps crosses and attaches right here my brachialis crosses and attaches right here ulnar tuberosity radial tuberosity radial tuberosity all the two process where your two main elbow flexors attach now we also have i mentioned there was a notch here it's on the inside of your coronoid process and that was called the radial notch because the head of the radius fits into that notch remember so that's the radial notch and you have a raised border here when the radius and ulna are together remember there's two borders in here my tens my pin is actually rubbing against two borders one on the radius and one on the old and they have the same name the border is between the two bones my pin is between bones so this raised border which you can feel if you could actually touch these i can feel that raised edge and i can feel this rage edge so both of those borders are called interosseous border the border between bones so the radius has an intraosseous border the ulna has an interosseous border that may or may not be labeled in your text but if you search online for the bones you'll find several that do have it labeled okay so we had that interosseus border over here we did the radial notch now there's another crest called the supinator crest down here just below that radial notch supinator crest that's the origin of a muscle called the supinator and at the distal end i already mentioned the rounded part is called the head look at here there's another pointy part so the most distal end of your ulna is also a process and it's got the same name as the most distal end of the radius styloid process so both the radius and the ulna here have a process down here that's the styloid process of the radius and that's the styloid process of the ulna now you should be able to find several of these landmarks on yourself very easily so let's go back up here to just above there's your elbow creaks let's go just above it to here find that come what not quite middle a little more press in bend your elbow press in and go up and down you should feel a big bony part right here it's big that's this thing right here you're looking for it's huge the medial epicondyle important landmark a lot of muscles attach here but in fact if you looked at the painted skeleton can you see all the red marks over here some of them are starting to fade out every red mark is where one of my one muscle attaches so there's several muscles that attach to this medial epicondyle it's the common origin of muscles that flex your wrist and flex your fingers so your wrist and finger flexors many of them originate right here in this medial epicondyle so that's a very important landmark to be able to find now on the other side it's harder to feel this lateral epicondyle but it's exactly opposite your medial so if you can find your medial epicondyle here i mean this is still only humorous then i can go across to the humerus up here and press in there it is i'm flipping over that's the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and you surely should be able to find this olecranon process the pointy part of your elbow but how big is it i'm putting my thumb on one side that's how big it is that's how wide my electronic process is pretty wide now you should also be able to find these two styloid processes at your wrist so let's try that let's take your finger and your thumb you should be able to feel the ulna here's the bone right here little finger side all the way to the end there it's easy to find that bump with a little bit of practice now opposite that on this side you should also be able to feel my radius there's the end of my radius i can feel that bump really clear there so my thumb is on the styloid process of the radius here you should be able to feel that pretty easy and this fingers on the styloid process of the ulna you should be able to find those that's the end of your forearm it's the beginning of your wrist so can you see that the radius goes a little bit longer my thumb is more distal than my finger this point is further away from the elbow than this one should be those are the bones that we need to learn about to study the elbow so we're going to take a brief little pause and then we're going to come back and we're going to look at the muscles and movements so [Music] you