What I said really fast Okay, guys, I forgot to record this but really fast review Make sure you have all this information if you're watching the video screenshot this right now screenshot it and But basically, we talked about protons, neutrons, and electrons. We talked about the nucleus and what an atom is. We talked about how to read the periodic table. And now we're on atomic mass. Sorry, atomic number.
All right. So. So now if you were to have carbon-13, okay, did the number of protons change or the number of neutrons change? It had to be neutrons.
Because what happens if you were to change the protons? It would change the element. So this is just carbon-12 plus a neutron. Right? So, carbon 13, carbon 12, and then we can have carbon 14 is an extra what?
Extra 2 neutrons. Alright? So, in other words, the way we have different weights because of different neutrons, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 are all called their isotopes.
Really, I would, it really is carbon-13 and carbon-14 would be probably the better examples of isotopes. But these are isotopes. Isotopes are of one kind of element but a varying number of neutrons. So an isotope is an atom of one kind of element but different number of neutrons. But different...
Number of neutrons. That's what an isotope is. So I gave you two examples of an isotope, carbon-13 and carbon-14. Okay? Does anybody have any questions on what an isotope is?
Let's do some practice. Okay. I think everyone's done copying.
I'm giving a couple more minutes. I'm going to write this on the other page, but go ahead and write N16 and AL27. Write those two down.
Now tell me, individually, how many protons and neutrons these isotopes have. Okay. Oh, together, yes, they do, yeah.
I thought, I want, but tell me each two. Tell me each two. So, what did I say, nitrogen, what, 17?
16. 16, and then aluminum? 27. 27, all right. So, yes, it's true. These are the total number of protons and neutrons. That's correct.
But I want the exact number of protons and neutrons. So, for, do it individually. Individually first and then we'll talk about it. Isotopes are a habit, right? Isotopes are...
you're asking me the definition? No, no, like, what would it be? Like, it would be... I'll ask you after.
Okay, okay, okay. I think I have a... Okay, so according to the periodic table, how many protons does nitrogen have?
Seven. There you have seven. The answer there is in the periodic table.
Now, according to the periodic table, how many does aluminum have? Thirteen. So now, how do we get the number of neutrons?
Because the periodic table does not give us the number of neutrons. Yeah. Yes, what we... What are you going to say?
Good, yeah. So you subtract, okay, and you get what? 9 and 14. Any questions on these types?
You will have these. On, okay. All right, so we talked about changing protons, changing elements, changing neutrons, different isotopes, and now we're going to have to talk about the number of electrons.
Okay, well, let's just do it this way. Neutral atom, a neutral atom. Is an atom where the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
I abbreviated it. If you need to write it in, that's fine. But you can write that if you understand.
Or you can just write the whole thing. I'll write the whole thing. Number of protons is equal to number. Oops.
of electrons. That's when it's neutral, okay? When it's neutral, it's not considered to be charged. It's not charged.
When the number of protons does not equal the number of electrons, we call that a charged particle, aka an ion. Okay, so let me write that in. Do y'all need more time on this? No?
Okay. So if protons does not equal electrons, then it's an ion. An ion is a charged particle.
a charged particle. You can have a charged atom. You can also have a charged molecule. No, it's not just atoms that can be charged. That's why we write particle there.
So let's use an example of lithium. Okay. Lithium has how many protons?
I'm going to use a brighter color here. How many protons does lithium have, guys? Good. Lithium has three protons.
If it's neutral, how many electrons will it have? Hmm? Three. Three electrons if this is neutral. Any questions about how I determine the number of electrons?
If it's neutral? Yeah. Like here? Up here?
Okay. So, now, if you add an electron, okay, then lithium is now an ion. If you subtract an electron, It becomes an ion as well, but we have two different names for this. If we subtract electrons, it becomes what?
Positively or negatively charged? If we subtract electrons, does it become more positive or more negative? More positive.
We're taking away negativity, right? Because if we subtract, let's say, three, we have three protons and two electrons. There are more protons than electrons, so it's positively charged. We call that a cation.
A cation. If you like cats, it's easy to remember because it's positive. Oh, that's a good way to think about it. I never thought about it that way.
Cats have positive. Good one, Zoe. Or is it Zoe?
That's good. Okay. And if you add electrons, then it's going to turn into an ion. Oh, sorry, an anion. These are negatively charged.
So these are negative. Negatively charged cations are positively charged. Okay?
But both are ions. So there are two types of ions. If you want to write up here, two types. And you can just draw an arrow there if you want.
However you want to do it. You can write it. Okay, neutral atoms are not ions.
They're not charged. Any questions about this? Okay, so let's get the summary of today. The summary of today is actually can be boxed up like this. If there's a change in protons, I'm going to abbreviate it even more to make it easy, as easy as possible.
Change in protons is a change in what? An element. A change in neutrons is a change in isotope. A change in electrons is a change in ion.
That's the summary of today's lesson. You need me to go back over here? Okay, okay, I'm gonna-can y'all read that if I zoom out like that?
Okay. Alright, I'm-