okay so the small intestine is where it's at now um i want to talk just for a moment about alcohol dehydrogenase and the breakdown of alcohol and then we're going to move into the small intestine alcohol dehydrogenase is going to break down alcohol as i mentioned the type of alcohol we drink because it's toxic and we have alcohol dehydrogenase a couple different places the stomach is one we have it in the liver the longer you can keep food in your stomach alcohol in your stomach the more it's going to be broken down the less will go into your blood so if you are planning on having a few drinks with friends and you know you're going to be driving and you want to make really sure that you don't um have the um that you're clear-headed okay you want to make sure that you um have food in your stomach when you before you go out particularly something that has a lot of protein and fat in it something like pizza cheeseburger something like that because it takes much longer for that to digest than it does a salad or fruit something that's just vegetables that digests really quickly but a lot of protein and fat makes it stay in your stomach longer and the longer the alcohol stays in your stomach the more of the alcohol breaks down okay so if if you've ever had a drink on an empty stomach and you know you get like lightheaded right away it hits you right away that's why because it doesn't stay in your stomach very long and it goes it's absorbed into your bloodstream and you know it's going to affect you okay um alcohol dehydrogenase is uh a an enzyme that uh it's found in different amounts in different people okay men tend to have more than women do so even if you are the same size the same height and weight as a guy and you have the same number of drinks as him you'll probably feel it more than he will if you're a woman younger people have more than older people do so if you and your grandma are sitting down and doing shots together granny's gonna pass out before you okay um the uh also um the uh people genetically there are different amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase in different people based upon their different types of people based upon their genetics as well so certain genetic groups have less traditionally than others and um may experience drunkenness more easily okay so the idea is the longer you keep it in your stomach the more of it digests now alcohol dehydrogenase also breaks down some other things besides ethyl alcohol which is the type of alcohol we drink it drinks down breaks down methyl alcohol which is wood alcohol and methyl alcohol is what a lot of people would make during prohibition the bathtub gin okay they would take whatever they could to try to ferment it to make alcohol and so it converts methyl alcohol methanol into formaldehyde now one of the things that happened during prohibition with the bathtub gin and people making alcohol themselves was a lot of people went blind and died and that was from methyl alcohol methyl alcohol itself isn't the problem it's the formaldehyde that comes when the alcohol dehydrogenase breaks it down okay the same is true with ethylene glycol okay again does anybody know what ethylene glycol is anybody anybody ethylene glycol is antifreeze you're thinking well why would someone drink antifreeze well sometimes dogs do and cats if you have a leek it has a sweet flavor to it and so they will drink it so ethylene glycol is um it's not so much the ethylene glycol itself it's the substance and i've gone blank i can't think of what the substance is that it breaks it down into i'll just put product here for now because i can't remember but alcohol dehydrogenase breaks down antifreeze into a product that is toxic that builds up in your kidneys and in your tissues okay um it's also used sometimes to poison people ethylene glycol so it's that product that kills you not the ethylene glycol ethylene glycol is not good for you but if it wouldn't be broken down by alcohol dehydrogenase it wouldn't kill you so what they do in cases of ethylene glycol poisoning is accidental ethylene glycol poisoning is give you alcohol do you like vodka pure alcohol and the reason for that is alcohol dehydrogenase prefers alcohol it prefers alcohol ethyl alcohol to anything else so if you give somebody who has ethylene glycol or something like that in them that alcohol dehydrogenase also breaks down it's going to be so focused on breaking down the ethyl alcohol that it will leave that alone and that will go through your system without forming the deadly product okay so it's kind of weird using alcohol as an antidote but yeah that that's what that does okay so let's go to the next one which is the small intestine and the small intestine has three parts to it it has the jejunum versus the duodenum then the jejunum and then the i don't know why this keeps doing it keeps putting up these little ipad things there we go okay so the small intestine has three regions it has the duodenum the jejunum [Music] and the ilium okay and they all have the same type of feature they have villi and crips okay they lie jut out crips go down place where they're different is in the submucosal layer and the duodenum has the presence of broner's glands so in the duodenum we have burner's glands and broner's glands secrete alkaline mucus that's important because when the kind from the stomach moves into the small intestines it's very acidic and the small intestine isn't made you know it's not made for that and so the alkalinity from that is going to also help change the ph the mucus will help to protect the tissues all right and so the burner's glands are really important now the duodenum is only about 10 to 12 inches long it connects to the stomach and it also um it also is going to have connections to so the duodenum has connection to the stomach let me get rid of the jejunum ilium for now and it connects to the liver and pancreas okay um if um here's the duodenum there is the pancreatic duct is going to take all those secretions from those enzymatic secretions from the pancreas and dump them into the beginning of the small beginning of the duodenum and the hepatic duct or not hepatic i'm sorry the common bile duct is going to dump it it's going to fuse with the pancreatic duct and they're both going to dump into the beginning of the small intestine so if this is the liver okay the liver is going to have a right and a left hepatic duct that are going to drain bile and other things from the liver that's going to be called the common hepatic duct and then that is going to fuse with the cystic duct which is coming from the gallbladder okay and then this is now the common bile duct so bile coming from the liver and pancreatic juice are also alkaline and this is going to help to again decrease that acidity of the chyme coming from the stomach that partially digested food okay so as it comes into the duodenum it's coming in about a tablespoon at a time it's swirling around it's coming through that pyloric sphincter that connects the duodenum with the connects the stomach to the duodenum it's going to swirl around the secretions from the broner's glands are going to we're going to have alkaline mucus from those we're going to have and and like right here is where it's going to hook to the stomach right and then immediately beneath that is where the bile and the pancreatic juice are going to dump into there okay and um they both are going to increase the ph because the enzymes in the small intestine work best at an alkaline ph so we have to not only neutralize the acidity we have to make it alkaline okay now um so the duodenum is an important they call it the mixing bowl because you're going to mix the bile pancreatic juice and chyme together along with the alkaline mucus from the burner's glands if we look at what this structure actually looks like in throughout the small intestine okay this would be the mucosal layer and they're all very similar in their mucosal layer all right they're going to have structures that go up called villi and structures that go down okay so here the these guys down here would be crips cr ypt and then the structures up here would be the villi and the villi are where absorption and digestion occur so these are the villi now a villas if we take one singular guy