okay um this is still theme 2d of the educas christianity section of the rsa level you've already seen my powerpoint of martin luther i'm now going to move on and look in a little bit of detail at the council of trent which was the catholic response to the protestant term reformation so this is known as the counter reformation the catholic counter-attack to the issues posed by the protestant reformation started by martin luther carried on pit by people like john calvin and john knox so that much um pausing let's move on so as i've said it's the this is known as the counter reformation it's a catholic response to the issues raised by this new branch of christianity protestantism protesting against the catholic church the council of trent took place over 18 years it had 25 sessions it spanned three papers so with three different popes at the time that this council was going on and the key thing to remember is this common mistake made by students in a level that it's all to do with martin luther actually luther was only alive for about one year he was on his deathbed effectively while this went on so if you think that luther um posted his uh 95 theses against the use of indulgences etc on the church door in wittenberg in 1515 really protestantism has been going for 30 odd years so what we're looking at here is how the catholic church has started to respond to this new branch of christianity that has been going for 30 years and is starting to embed itself across europe and it's called the council of trent because it took place in the city of trento in italy and what was the the primary purpose of this council was basically to condemn to refute to deny the beliefs of the protestants so people like martin luther john calvin and it was also designed to set some of the key beliefs of catholicism and make them really clear so what i'm going to do in the remaining few slides is try and summarize some of the key findings of that council and how they came into a conflict with uh protestantism particularly remember as this section of the course is related to that debate over whether faith and works can get you salvation so here are the key points of the council of trent first as we know martin luther was talking about solafide faith alone can get bring someone to god nothing else not the power of the church not confession to a priest not appealing to the pope nothing no good works no saying seven hail marys no fasting for three days nothing like that is going to get you to salvation so the catholic church straight away counteract that argument and make it really really clear that anyone who endorses this concept of solafide anyone that says only faith gets you to god is committing heresy so they make that official statement anyone that says that so any of you protestants that are saying you don't need you don't need works you don't need a priest etc forget it that is heresy and by heresy the definition is a belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious doctrine particularly in christianity so you are going against the established views of the religion you are heretical what you are saying is wrong and this is the decree that backs that up and i know a little bit of this because this will help you help you outline an argument against faith alone and the catholic uh stance on it so this is the decree for the council of trent and this came apart and this was a result of the sixth session of that council and it says this if anyone saith that the justice received is not preserved and also increased before god through good works but the said works are merely the fruits and signs of justification obtained but not a cause of the increase thereof let him be anathema now anathema is a formal curse by a pope or a council of the church excommunicating or denouncing a doctrine it's almost saying let them be hated by all so what that let's look at that verse again um if anyone says that you know it's only faith and not works that works don't work hate them they're wrong they should be they should be loathe because they're going against what we believe so that's the first key point particularly condemning that view that works don't get you to salvation the second key point is that concerns the books of the bible the protestant reformers rejected the apocrypha as part of the biblical canon apocrypha is you see you'll find the apocrypha catholic bibles it was part of the uh the vulgate the latin bible it's the word apocrypha is the greek meaning hidden and it's a collection of jewish writings um written between 330 bc in the era of the old and the new testaments and the reason why the apocrypha is important to catholicism is that many of the doctrines that are unique to catholicism such as the teaching on prayer of purgatory uh praying for the dead salvation by works are found in these books we go back to martin luther remember solas scripture he um he liked that passage in romans romans 1 17 which talked about only being justified by faith conveniently as i said in my previous powerpoint he sort of um ignored the uh pathogen james which suggests you could do it by works and of course for luther any any part of the bible where it's maybe suggesting that you get salvation by works he's not going to like so the process in church had rejected the apocrypha saying this is not a part of the bible so if you if you pick up your standard bible that you'll probably see in most classrooms such as you know this one here the niv version you won't see the books the apocrypha in it because we tend to use a protestant bible by the church of england the catholic bible has the apocrypha in it so the um the council of trent had a bash at the protestants for this basically what they said were during the fourth session they issued a decree that damned anyone that rejected the apocrypha so they said if anyone receive not as sacred and canonical the said books entire with all their parts as they've been used to read in the catholic church and as they're contained in the old latin vulgate edition and knowingly and deliberately condemn the the traditions of falsehood let him be anathema so again anyone that goes against getting you know is saying these books should not be in the bible excommunication hatred etc etc the next key point of the council of trent dent uh dealt with the doctrine of transubstantiation the idea that the body and blood in the communion service the bread and the wine literally turn into the body and blood of jesus now the protestant reformation had really criticized this doctrine and uh had basically condemned it as aristotelian pseudo philosophy so that did not go down well with the catholic church and in the 31st session they are reaffirmed and defined trump's transubstantiation and said it's that wonderful and singular conversion of the whole substance of the bread into the body and of the whole substance of the wine into the blood the species only of bread and wine remaining which conversion indeed the catholic church church most aptly calls transubstantiation so what they're saying is if you are just saying that the bread and the wine are just symbolic you've got it wrong you're going against dogma you're going against the true belief of the catholic church you've got it wrong it's heresy you um therefore the transubstantiation actually happens it is the body and the blood in reality it's not a symbol moving on they claimed that any sort that oh sorry let's do that again protesters were claiming that the only source and nor the christian faith was the holy scripture so sola scriptura so the protestant bible this one here without the apocrypha now this was rejected a trent and there's a reason behind this because what the council was saying is actually there isn't just revelation from this source but there are other versions of revelation you can find out from god you can achieve salvation by other means not sola scriptura as you protestants are saying now you've got your holy scripture eg all the books including the latin vulgate version so that includes the stuff in the apocrypha which is talking about works um praying for the dead etc so i've mentioned that in my previous slide but this is more important this next bit they're saying that there are certain church traditions unwritten traditions traditions are not in the bible such as the importance of the pope the fact that if the pope is speaking ex cathedra it is the voice of god the importance of the virgin mary the practice of confession the celibacy of the priesthood none of these things are mentioned in the bible let's think about celibacy of the priesthood some catholics would say that the very first pope was peter well we know peter was married because jesus of the bible cures his mother-in-law and in fact many popes were married right up until a thousand years into the thousand years into the history of the christian church until the decision was made that the priesthood should be celibate so there is no biblical justification for the celibacy in the priesthood but it is unwritten tradition and of course as soon as you go down the route of sola scriptura what you want to know it doing is denying all these other traditions that have been going for in this case 1500 years that the catholic church has been embracing now if you go to the powerpoint that doesn't have my commentary and click on this link you will go to a youtube clip of a catholic monk explaining the the logic behind some of these unwritten traditions uh and it's well worth a listen it's not very long but it gives the catholic point of view that you might find interesting so you can see why that was absolutely key the next key point is they tied it up the bit on indulgences so as we know indulging indulgences were not part of official catholic teaching though in marty luther's era it was extremely common you may remember he was appalled by um john tetzel and that quote i've done it in my previous powerpoint as soon as the coin in the coffer rings the soul from the purgatory sings so the council called for the reform of this practice and but at the same time damn those who say that indulgences are useless or that the church does not have the power to grant them so even though it sort of tidied up its stuff on indulgences it still didn't categorically say that it couldn't happen because after all the pope bishops were signing them and that would have reduced the power of the pope and the bishops etc and would imply that the um the pope had got it wrong and of course if the pope is the voice of god papal infallibility the pope cannot get it wrong so that was tied up a bit the next bit they had a look at was purgatory now catholic theology purgatory is um a place of uh part-time punishment for those who are to not um who those haven't got to heaven yet um aren't free from their venial sins having your sins a lesser sin that doesn't result in complete damnation and separation from god so you go to purgatory do a do a bit of waiting while you get prepped for heaven and off you go to heaven that's a very coarse description but nevertheless that will do um and basically uh the council affirmed that doctrine and damned anyone who claimed that after the grace of justification has been received the guilt is so remitted and the debt of the punishment so blotted out for any repentant sinner that no debt of temporal punishment remains to be paid remember protestantism isn't going to like the idea of purgatory because it's conforming to works the idea that you have to spend time working off these sins in purgatory before you go to heaven is not solafide is it so of course protestantism had denounced the whole view of purgatory it also tidied up some stuff on marriage in the 24th session it issued decrees on marriage which affirmed how good celibacy was condemned uh concubinage which is the same as cohabitation and made the validity of marriage dependent upon the wedding taking place before a priest and two witnesses it also uh tidied up divorce and said the righteous innocent party to marry again was denied so long as the other party were alive even the other party had committed adultery and you can see how henry viii then started to have an issue with this because clearly he wanted to divorce catherine of aragon mary amberlynn hence the reason that he founded the church of england and split from catholicism um they also not really going to come up in the in the exam but just so you know they also tidied up the calendar as well council approved the plan to correct the errors of the julian calendar and move towards the gregorian the gregorian calendar um that tied it up the movable feast of easter made a little more consistent uh tidied up some leap years and uh eventually uh in a doc the gregorian challenge calendar was adopted although it took quite a bit of time for the whole world to embrace it um russia china didn't do it till the 20th century so um there you go that's the main part of those the main parts of the council of trent but the key point here this perhaps has a bearing on later sections of the course that all these declarations of the council they've never been remote revoked so those these decrees were confirmed again in the second vertical council in the 60s and they are in the official catechism the official teaching of the of the catholic church um in 1992 latest edition so they haven't changed their views on the catholic church has not changed their views on this and so when you come to study the ecumenical movement later on in the course just remember this because this idea that sole feed is wrong sole scripture is wrong or to some extent is a stumbling block in bringing the churches together bringing catholicism and protestantism together even now the catholic church are still saying that what was said at the council of trent stands i hope that makes sense i'll be looking more detail about the actual teachings that revolve around faith and works in my next powerpoint i hope you found this enjoyable