GYA Academy Lecture Notes

Introduction

• Welcome back to GYA Academy YouTube channel.
• Reminder to stay motivated and maintain health.
• Overview of technological advancements in health care, especially for tumor detection.

Technological Innovation

• Introduction of Mespak Pen:
  • A medical technology to detect potential cancerous tumor cells.
  • Eliminates the need to send samples for lab testing.

Understanding Cells

Definition of Cancer Cells

• Cancer cells arise from normal cells that divide abnormally, causing harm to surrounding cells.

Historical Development of Cell Theory

• Key contributors to cell theory:
  1. Robert Hooke
     • First to discover cells by observing cork slices; termed the term "cell" for empty spaces.
  2. Robert Brown
     • Described cells as small compartments with protoplasm inside.
  3. Mathias Jakob Schleiden & Theodor Schwann
     • Proposed that all living things are composed of cells, defining cells as the structural unit of life.
  4. Rudolf Virchow
     • Stated "Omnis cellula e cellula" meaning all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
  5. Felix Dujardin
     • Emphasized protoplasm as a crucial cell component.
  6. Max von Kühle
     • Defined cell as a functional unit based on protoplasm.

Significance of Cells

• Cells are the smallest unit of life capable of performing life processes.

Chemical Composition of Cells

Major Components

• Macro and Micro Elements
  • Macroelements: Present in large quantities.
  • Microelements: Present in trace amounts.

Organic Compounds

• Carbohydrates:

  • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
  • Serve as energy sources and are key for cell wall structure.

• Proteins:

  • Largest organic molecules; made of amino acids.
  • Functions: Structural (cell structure) and functional (enzymes, hormones).

• Lipids:

  • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
  • Main types: Phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids.
  • Role: Form plasma membrane and energy reserves.

Inorganic Compounds

• Water:

  • Major component of protoplasm (50-95% of cell composition).
  • Functions in chemical reactions and as a raw material in hydrolysis.

• Mineral Salts:

  • Ionize in protoplasm producing cations and anions for osmotic pressure and acid-base balance.
  • Examples: Sodium chloride, calcium sulfate.

• Gases:

  • Oxygen: Required for cellular respiration.
  • Carbon Dioxide: Byproduct of respiration; important for photosynthesis in plants.
  • Ammonia: Waste product from protein breakdown.

Review and Q&A

• Reviewed historical cell theory and the functions of various cellular components.
• Discussed questions regarding cell discoveries and chemical functions in cells.

Conclusion

• Recap on cell theory, components of cells, and their significance in life.
• Encouraged viewers to continue following the channel for more educational content.