AP World History: Developments in East Asia (1200-1450)

Introduction to the Song Dynasty

• Time Period: Begins around 1200 CE.
• Significance: China was a major power in the ancient and post-classical world.
• Focus: How the Song Dynasty maintained and justified its power.

Maintaining and Justifying Power

1. Revival of Confucianism

   • Confucianism's Origin: Established as the official philosophy during the Han Dynasty (~200 BCE).
   • Philosophy: Society is hierarchical; emphasizes filial piety (honoring ancestors and parents).
   • Neo-Confucianism: A revival that incorporated Buddhist and Taoist ideas.
   • Impact: Strengthened hierarchical structures, emphasizing rulers' authority.
   • Effect on Women: Women were subordinate; had restricted legal rights, property taken by husbands, and practices like foot binding were prevalent.

2. Imperial Bureaucracy

   • Definition: A system where government officials enforce the emperor’s will.
   • Civil Service Examination: A merit-based system to staff bureaucracy, emphasizing Confucian Classics.
   • Impact: Increased efficiency and competency of governance.

Cultural Influence of Song China

• Korea

  • Political Independence: Maintained through a tributary relationship with China.
  • Cultural Adoption: Civil Service exams, Confucian principles, and marginalization of women.

• Japan

  • Voluntary Adoption: Adopted Chinese cultural traits voluntarily, including Buddhism and the writing system.

• Vietnam

  • Tributary Relationship: Similar to Korea, independent politically but influenced by China.
  • Cultural Influence: Adopted Confucianism, Buddhism, literary techniques, but women were less marginalized.

Buddhism in China

• Origin: Buddhism came from South Asia, spread to China by the Han Dynasty.
• Core Teachings: Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path.
• Branches of Buddhism:
  • Theravada: Traditional form, monastic focus.
  • Mahayana: Accessible to all, emphasized compassion.
  • Tibetan Buddhism: Mystical practices.
  • Chan Buddhism: Chinese version developed during the Song period.

Song Economy

1. Commercialization

   • Paper Money: Facilitated economic transactions, credit, and promissory notes.

2. Iron and Steel Production

   • Manufacturing: Large-scale production for armor, coins, and agricultural tools.

3. Agricultural Innovations

   • Introduction of Champa Rice: Drought-resistant, could be harvested twice a year, leading to population growth.

4. Transportation Innovations

   • Grand Canal Expansion: Linked major rivers, improving trade.
   • Navigation: Magnetic compass and improved ship designs (junks) facilitated sea trade.

Conclusion

• The Song Dynasty was a period of significant political, cultural, and economic innovation and influence.
• Study Tips: Review unit materials and consider using the AP World Heimler Review Guide for comprehensive preparation.