Lecture on Enzymes and Their Function

Introduction

• The lecture is presented by the Amoeba Sisters, who introduce their favorite protein, which reminds them of Pac-Man.
• Pac-Man analogy used to explain enzyme function, comparing substrates to pebbles collected by Pac-Man.

Enzymes: An Overview

• Definition: Most enzymes are proteins.
• Structure: Enzymes have an active site, specifically shaped for its substrate.
• Function:
  • Enzymes bind substrates at the active site.
  • Binding is specific due to the shape compatibility.
  • "Induced fit" occurs when the enzyme changes shape to bind the substrate perfectly.

Reaction Process

• Enzymes can build up or break down substrates into products.
• They significantly speed up reactions that could occur naturally but inefficiently.

Real-life Example: Lactase

• Lactase: An enzyme that breaks down lactose, a disaccharide sugar.
• Role: Helps in digesting lactose by breaking it into smaller parts.
• Lactose Intolerance: A condition where individuals produce insufficient lactase, leading to digestion issues.

Enzymes as Catalysts

• Enzymes like lactase can process numerous substrate molecules without being consumed.
• Enzymes are reusable in reactions, hence termed as catalysts.

Other Digestive Enzymes

• Lipase: Breaks down lipids (fats).
• Amylase: Breaks down starch.
• Protease: Breaks down proteins.

Enzyme Helpers

• Cofactors and Coenzymes: Assist enzymes in their function by binding to substrates or active sites.

Ideal Conditions for Enzyme Activity

• Enzymes have specific pH and temperature ranges for optimal activity.
• Enzymes become denatured when these conditions are not met, losing their functional shape.

Conclusion

• Enzymes are crucial in regulating body processes and are a major focus in medical research due to their involvement in diseases.
• Encouragement to stay curious about enzyme-related topics.