Functional Neurological Disorder (FND): A Patient's Guide
Overview of FND
Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) involves neurological symptoms such as limb weakness, tremor, numbness, or blackouts.
Symptoms are related to problems in the functioning of the nervous system, akin to a "software issue" of the brain rather than a "hardware issue" like in stroke or MS.
It is characterized by positive diagnostic features typical of FND, causing day-to-day difficulties.
FND is common but often misunderstood by both patients and health professionals.
Symptoms
Multiple symptoms are common in individuals with FND.
Detailed symptoms include:
Functional Limb Weakness
Functional Seizures
Functional Movement Disorders
Functional Sensory Symptoms
Functional Tremor
Functional Cognitive Symptoms
Functional Dystonia
Functional Speech and Swallowing Symptoms
Functional Gait Disorder
Functional Dizziness (PPPD)
Functional Facial Symptoms
Functional Jerks and Twitches
Functional Tics
Bladder symptoms associated with FND
Functional Drop Attacks
Visual Symptoms
Common Associated Symptoms
Fatigue
Dissociative Symptoms
Pain
Sleep Problems
Headache
Post-Concussion Syndrome
Anxiety and Panic
Health Anxiety
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Low Mood
IBS, Chest, and other symptoms
Causes
Brain imaging and clinical studies are beginning to elucidate the dysfunction of the nervous system in FND patients.
Factors include:
Misdiagnosis/Comorbidity
FND is not imagined
Ten myths of FND
FND and its relation to other functional disorders
Treatment
Focuses on rehabilitation, understanding the condition, and retraining the brain.
Various treatments include:
Physiotherapy/Activity
Occupational Therapy
Psychological Therapy
Speech and Language Therapy
Medication
Family and Work considerations
Specific treatments for Functional Seizures, Limb Weakness, Tremor/Movement problems
Strategies for Managing Relapses
Addressing challenges when conventional treatments are ineffective
Patient & Professional Organisations
FND Hope: An international charity run by patients for patients
FND Action: Provides information with a UK focus
FND Australia: Offers support and information in Australia
Functional Neurological Disorder Society: A professional society for those interested in FND
FND Dimensions: A UK charity focusing on patient-led support groups
FND Ireland: Advocates and supports individuals with FND in Ireland
Author: Professor Jon Stone
Consultant Neurologist and Honorary Professor in Neurology at the University of Edinburgh
Research focuses on the clinical features and treatments of FND
Involved in research with colleagues since 1999 to improve understanding and attitudes towards functional disorders
Additional Resources
FND app available for download on Android and iOS
Disclaimer: The website is not a diagnostic tool and reflects the views of the author alone
Funded by the Scottish Government
Links to stories, media, and FAQ for further information