AP Biop Penguins - Unit 3 Review on Cellular Energetics

Introduction

Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG): Energy available to do work
Reactions: Endergonic (energy absorbed, non-spontaneous) and Exergonic (energy released, spontaneous)
Formula: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

Function: Biological catalysts that lower activation energy
Properties:
- Enzymes are proteins
- Not consumed, can be reused
- Do not affect ΔG
Mechanism:
- Substrate binds to active site, causing conformational change
- Catalyzes reaction and releases product
Inhibition:
- Competitive (binds active site), Non-competitive (binds allosteric site)
- Denaturation affects enzyme activity (temperature, pH, salinity)

Stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation
Glycolysis: Occurs in cytosol
- Input: Glucose
- Output: 2 Pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle: Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
- Input: Acetyl-CoA
- Output per cycle: 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation: Occurs in mitochondrial cristae
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Creates proton gradient
- Chemiosmosis: ATP Synthase uses proton gradient to produce ATP
Overall ATP Yield: 32-34 ATP from oxidative phosphorylation

Steps: Light Reactions, Calvin Cycle
Light Reactions: Occur in thylakoid membrane
- Input: Water, Light
- Output: Oxygen, ATP, NADPH
- Electron Flow: Linear and cyclic pathways
Calvin Cycle: Occurs in stroma
- Input: CO2, ATP, NADPH
- Output: G3P (precursor to glucose)
Adaptations: C3, C4, CAM plants

Multiple choice and free response questions provided to test understanding of key concepts.

Focus on understanding inputs, outputs, locations, and significance of processes.
Use diagrams to interpret and explain processes.

This summary provides a structured overview of the key concepts and resources discussed in the lecture on cellular energetics.