the respiratory system luckily a pretty short chapter which is nice since we've just come off of two pretty big ones but the good thing is - we're also gonna have all of this anatomy and lab we start every chapter with what are the functions of the respiratory system this one's a pretty obvious one it's all about breathing of course and so I've kind of highlighted some key points here it's about filtering all the incoming air because let's face it although it's good to live in the United States most of the time and we've got a lot of environmental laws to keep us healthy our air is still pretty dirty if you compare us to some places in China they can't even see across the street because their pollution is so bad and so we're pretty lucky here but even still especially when it comes to agriculture when they're out there plowing the fields that kicks up a lot of soil particles we also just some of us live with pets where you know we have pet dander and cat hair and chinchilla hair and bird feathers and everything else when spring starts and all the trees start flowering and releasing their pollen the point is there could be all kinds of stuff in our air so we want to filter it because we do not want to get things deep down into our lungs deep down into our lungs are these microscopic air sacs that we're gonna see that are called alveoli and these things are hella fragile and so it's all about filtering all the stuff to make sure that we don't pop those little microscopic air sacs as if they were balloons so the entire process of exchanging gases so we're bringing in the oxygen from the outside world from the atmosphere and bringing it to our body cells and then our body cells are making all that carbon dioxide and we're sending that outside of our body back into the atmosphere so we call this respiration there are five main parts of respiration and if you look at my little notes here my little stars only the first two are actually achieved by the system itself by the respiratory organs so ventilation that's just a nerdy word for breathing if you've ever seen somebody in a hospital on a ventilator it's called that because it's helping them breathe external respiration this is bringing the oxygen in and getting the co2 out so both of these are achieved by the respiratory organs after that it's organ systems we've already talked about like number three transporting the gases well that's cardiovascular we have under a minute we send all that blood out with all the good stuff and we pick up all the skank then we have internal respiration which we drew on the which we drew on the board and I for this class I had drawn it and put it in the powerpoints with capillary exchange so this is at the capillaries to remember in the beginning of the capillary bed blood pressure forces oxygen out and at the end of the capillary bed reabsorption or osmotic hydrostatic pressure is no longer having as much of an effect we now have the osmotic pressure helping to pull that carbon dioxide back out so in the beginning blood pressure squirts out the oxygen in the end the osmotic pressure the desire of the water to return to the capillary bed brings the carbon dioxide back with it then we have the dreaded cellular respiration and if you've ever had biology or you remember from A&P one tell you the respiration kind of gives you the chills we're not going through all of the details so we're not going to go through the steps of glycolysis kreb cycle and ets we've been there and it was super fun now it's just about seeing the big picture but the reason you need oxygen is for cellular respiration cellular respiration is using oxygen to produce energy remember ATP adenosine triphosphate which we're gonna call it ATP and that's why you're making all this carbon dioxide that your respiratory system has to get rid of if you ask people why they breathe they will say to get oxygen if you say well why do you need oxygen they'll say because we have to breathe so it's kind of like this a very annoying cycle right because most of us don't know why we need oxygen we need oxygen for cellular respiration so when you eat food whether it's a cheeseburger or a granola bar although I think the choice is very clear your body doesn't care it just needs to make ATP ATP drives your cells like gasoline drives your car Mountain Dew doesn't drive your car you've got to have this ATP and so the metabolic waste produced from this is carbon dioxide so we have got to get that carbon dioxide out carbon dioxide will build up in our bloodstream and instead of fire our blood so we must get it out of there we start this chapter however with respiratory structures and so this is good because we'll be having this in lab and one of your next quizzes is covering respiratory and digestive anatomy so we're just kind of kind of getting into this this is just our first lecture with respiratory so we can divide kind of divide the respiratory system into two things the upper respiratory and lower respiratory and in fact there are doctors that specialize in upper versus lower so the upper respiratory tract is anything that's outside your chest cavity which we call the thorax your lower respiratory is within the chest and usually an upper respiratory tract infection although it sucks is not usually as miserable as lower lowers when things like settle into your chest and then you're coughing and like hacking up things that you really don't want to think about it all starts with the nose so nasal hairs nasal hairs have a purpose they're not decorative right don't you love when people Rock their nose hair and it dangles they're like you should put a little love beads in it or like wind chimes or something old men are pretty famous for this I actually bought Brent a nose trimmer and he's like really insecure about it he's like oh my god do I need that I'm like well not right now but I'm just getting it for later because I'm not gonna allow him to be one of those old men that's rocking the forest in his nose but it does have a purpose it's not decorative it's there to filter out large particles so when you breathe in dust or Pat or pet hair or cat hair or like you know cat litter dust or soil whatever this guy's catching the big stuff then we have the nasal concha or conchae which we saw in a mp1 those were those kind of bony protuberances in the nasal cavity they kind of look like little shelves so we can see this in either picture here okay but it's in lab it's really nice on that half a head on a stick where you can kind of see this because it is on our Anatomy list and so these are bones that are covered with a mucous tissue and so the mucus is there to kind of catch stuff and so if you think of your nasal cavity it's a pretty wide opening in there you kind of want these little bony shelves to kind of kind of project themselves into your nasal cavity and grab stuff and so to help that they're covered with this really sticky mucousy tissue that also has the cilia remember the cilia from A&P one it's like those are little tiny hairs that kind of grab stuff we also have the nasal maiden which i think is a creepy word or just kind of a nasal canal this is the little groove that's pictured here that's actually under the Concha and so this is where the air kind of gets channeled into and it helps filter it because again we're trying to get rid of all that skank that we're breathing in and also warms it up so your nasal cavity is very very vascularized which remember means bloody if you've ever seen somebody to get punched in the nose the blood kind of squirts out of there right so we've kind of know the Bloods very very or the nose is very very bloody but the function of this is is think of a cold illinois morning don't you love those days when you walk outside and it's like negative-20 windchill and you take a deep breath and it feels like your nose hairs are like freezing together that's how I always decide whether or not I should go outside if its nose hair freeze and whether I want to stay inside well if you take a deep breath it almost hurts your chest like the lungs are like screaming at you like why are you breathing in this negative-20 wind chill air well one of the theories behind these canals that are under the conchae and being so bloody is when you breathe in that cold air it kind of has to go over the blood which is really really warm so this kind of warms the air before it gets deep down into your lungs where it can be kind of assaulting so the concha are covered in this specialized tissue which we saw in a mp1 but we have slept since then called pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium so epithelium remember just covers our body surfaces pseudo means fake stratified if you remember means lots of layers so if you compare these two pictures the picture on the left left is one single layer so that is just simple columnar epithelium as opposed to the little drawing there on the right that is pseudo stratified so stratified means lots of layers but if you look at this little drawing see how all of the cells are touching the bottom they're all touching that basement membrane if you remember that term so that's why we call this fake stratified because it's faking you out it's not actually stratified it's actually just one layer and then the cilia are those weird little hairs so these cilia are there to grab stuff and that way keep it from getting down into our lungs and that way we can kind of coffin up and so it's gonna sweep it towards our pharynx which is just the word for throat and then we swallow it so remember we're pretty gross when we talked about the immune system it's good to send things to the stomach because the stomach's really acidic now if you're a smoker you little smokers you're forcing crap down into your lungs by choice and so your cilia are like trying to catch all that skanky stuff and they give up and so they actually break down and so if you notice smokers will have a really sexy smoker's cough where it's like they just sound rough and like they're hacking up all the time my ex-boyfriend was a smoker and it's like he would hack up like chunks I swear it was disgusting the good news is if you quit smoking the cilia grow back so besides having cilia the pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium also has these goblet cells and so I just put two pictures in here of an actual goblet cell on the right under the microscope and then a cartoony one there on the left that kind of looks like a cactus so goblet cells their job is to secrete the mucus so you have the cilia to kind of sweep the crap out of there and then you have the mucus to catch the bacteria and viruses and everything else so this is why you notice like your nasal cavity which is shown in this middle picture is nice and moist sorry for the word moist but it's there to make sure we catch all this stuff part of the respiratory system also involves the sinuses so collectively we call these the paranasal sinuses two of these we had in AM p1 so we're adding two and reviewing the two from a and p1 so an AM p1 we had the frontal in this monoidal now we're adding maxillary and ethmoidal so if you look at the pictures there that's that half a head model that we have in lab you can see the little frontal sinus and you can see the sagittal deep inside the skull kind of next to the sella turcica then on that front-facing picture there we have the ethmoid sinuses which kind of go down the bridge of your nose and the maxillary sinus that's there on either side of your nose in your cheeks so a sinus means space so these are open spaces in this skull and this helps to lighten the skull because if you remember from a mp1 learning all those horrible skull parts the skull is pretty heavy so the skull is there to protect the brain but if it's heavy it's gonna slam into the brain also functions by helping to warm and moist in the air because our respiratory organs are so sensitive and then even helps you kind of resonate sound for speech do you ever notice that if you listen to your voice on a recording you sound so much different listening to yourself than you do when you're speaking and hear yourself it's almost because the sinuses kind of act like an echo chamber but as far as their locations they're all kind of in places where you get horrible sinus headaches like I don't know about you but if I get a sinus headache in my and like the front of my head I always push on my forehead well that's because there's the sinus there when I have a bad headache sometimes it feels good to pinch the bridge of your nose well that's because those little sinuses are there and then the maxillary sinus when it becomes springtime when the pollen is flying and everybody's got seasonal allergies it seems like a lot of people come to class and their face almost looks puffy because that maxillary sinus is so full so this guy's got mucous membranes just like your nasal cavity and hopefully to catch stuff but if it becomes really inflamed and all of a sudden you're making a lot thicker mucus the microscopic canals which normally allow the mucus to drain become very inflamed and so then if the mucus can't drain it's gonna build up pressure and so we call this sinusitis or a sinus headache at the back of the roof of your mouth is the Palatine bone that's part of where this term came from your palate if you've ever heard of your palate like talking about food like oh I have a very sensitive palate not really anything except for olives so this picture here showing you of course a cadaver so if you put your tongue on the roof of your mouth that's bone that's part of that maxilla bone right so that's your hard palate because it's made of bone and then if you could stick your tongue clear in the back of your throat which don't do that because you'll choke to death you get to where it becomes very soft tissue once there's no longer bone there so we call this the hard and the soft palate both of these you can see on our head on a stick in lab and so that's eventually if you look at this picture eventually becomes the avila which is the little dangly thing in the back ear through when you open up and say ah and speaking of the avila there she is so when you look at it on the cadaver picture it's not very obvious like most people know the dangly thing in the back ear throat so if I do this on the lab practical I will give you the front-facing picture that's there on the left as well as tagging you on the model just so that way I'm nice and clear that it's the dangly thing in the back of your throat so most people don't think about their vela on a regular basis but the Ovilla has a very important job so when you swallow the avila and the soft palate rise up to help seal off your nasal cavity because there is nothing worse than things shooting out of your nose right sometimes I'm talking which I know shocking but sometimes I'm talking and like you know drinking wine at the same time and I'll get to laughing and like I actually had wine shoot out my nose once it hurt when I was teaching at the high school for that very brief scary year it was like a thing that they would actually purposely try to shoot things out their nose and I remember I had a student come to class that had a piece of spaghetti sticking out of his nose and I looked at him like what the hell is that and he was like well this is what we were doing in in clutter in the cafeteria today I was like wow charming so you kind of have to force things to come out your nose but the availab is there to try to protect it it doesn't always do its job but it's better than nothing otherwise we would be shooting stuff out our noses all the time pharynx is a generic word for throat so again we have this exact same model in lab and for lab we have to know the three regions of it but generically we just saved the throat and so the throat is the common pathway for food for air and for liquids and so this is unfortunate because we have all had that moment where something goes quote down the wrong pipe in quote and it sucks you violently coughing you feel like you're gonna die so this is this common pathway but we can split it into three things the nasopharynx which goes straight back from the nose the oropharynx which goes straight back from the mouth and the laryngeal pharynx which is kind of right above the trachea and the larynx is your voice box and so it's where the vocal cords are these three regions are highlighted a bit better on this picture so we have the two models in lab that show this well we have the head on a stick and then we have the head that's kind of on a wooden plaque so if you follow this with your finger if you go straight back from the nose hair notice the nose hair isn't it charming if you go straight back from the nose with the nose hair that's where I would put the sticker right where that orange is for the nasopharynx for the oropharynx if you go from the mouth and you see the little upper and lower teeth there and you follow it back off of the surface of your tongue the pink I would actually extend the pink a little farther than this diagram does and put the sticker there and then laryngeal pharynx is right behind the larynx which is your voice box where your vocal cords are and so if I do one of these on the lab practical which I always do I would say which part of the pharynx is this so you know that I'm wanting one of these three the larynx however is your voice box and so this is showing you the top of the trachea the trachea is your windpipe so at the very top there are these two really large pieces of cartilage above that is your hyoid bone if you remember that from a and P one so the goal of this like really thick cartilage is to protect your vocal cords so the larynx is this whole thing where I've kind of drawn the bracket and so I could do this on a torso model or on a tongue model in lab and so there's a lot of muscle here which is what's a tech kind of what's attached to that how a hyoid bone and a lot of cartilage so we have the thyroid cartilage is the big part and then the cricoid cartilage is the little part and so that come completely makes up what we call the larynx this is another viewpoint of the larynx you can see the thyroid gland in this picture is on top and so all we can see is the thyroid cartilage kind of peeking out we can't see the cricoid cartilage so the thyroid cartilage is very shield like the very top of it sticks out more and men because of testosterone we call it the Adam's apple the thyroid gland then is covering the cricoid part cricoid cartilage if you've ever heard the term crike they'll open up when they have to open up the trachea like if you're choking or if you have some kind of swelling and they have to open up your airway they have to go between cartilages the Adam's apple is also called the Lorenz yield prominence and actually Adam's apple is medically acceptable so you can use Adam's apple on lab practical which is a lot easier to remember than laryngeal prominence but it's all about the sex hormones and so that is why that part of that cartilage gets a little more aggressive in men the epiglottis I really don't like this picture it kind of looks like a creepy little spoon so this is showing the last picture from the backside so from the back of your larynx is this little flap of cartilage that's called the epiglottis so epi means on glottis is the hole so when you open up and say ah that's your glottis so this is a little flap that's gonna come down and it's gonna cover your trachea when you're eating or drinking because remember the pharynx is your throat so it's a common pathway for food air and water which is inconvenient so normally you would want your trachea open all the time because that's where the air goes and you do however when I'm eating and drinking I do not want to send my McDonald's goodness down into my lungs in fact you would violently coffin perhaps even throw up if you tried to do that so as soon as you're eating or drinking you're not gonna breathe at the same time this little flap is gonna come down and cover the hole but I think it is a little easier from a side view the glottis this is the hole so if you take one of our tongue models in lab and treat it like it's a telescope you'll see when you look down into the glottis you're looking down through the larynx which is the voice box you'll see the vocal cords but let's face it it looks like a vagina you could be mature and say yes it kind of looks like a snake's eyeball a little bit too but this is an anatomy class and you have vagina anatomy or vaginal Anatomy on the list so we might as well just say let's call a vagina vagina because that's what it looks like so when you're looking down into the glottis it looks like a vagina staring back at you so if you look at the letter B there okay that at the edge there we call these the true vocal cords and then my green arrow is showing you the false vocal cords and so we say this because the true vocal cords are what are going to be used for phonation which is a nerdy word for saying talking for making sound and so if you are blowing air through the glottis the little edge of the vocal cords are going to vibrate whereas the false vocal cords are just helping like when you swallow they close so that way we keep food and drink out of our trachea so we have the epiglottis and the false vocal cords to help us with that so we say false vocal cords because they're not actually helping you vocalize only the true ones are this pictures just giving us another viewpoint the vocal cords themselves as you can tell from their name this is what produces sound when air moves across them so especially the true vocal cord which is shown in that picture the kind of lighter edge is there to vibrate when air passes by but you can change your vocal cords right you can adjust the tension so that tensions like pulling on a rope really tightly would be a lot of tension whereas like letting the Rope go it would be loose tension so you can do the same thing with your vocal cords you can pull on them really tightly and this affects your pitch so that way you can talk really really high or really really low you're just affecting the tension of the chords force of the air I could talk really softly by just barely moving any air or I could talk really loudly it's just the intensity of the air going across there but a lot of things go into speaking you have the shape of the throat the shape of the pharynx shape of the oral cavity your tongue your lips when in A&P 1 we talked about Broca's speech area which is on the left side of the brain it's like there's just a lot of stuff that goes into the speech when you go to the dentist and they numb your tongue obviously that's going to affect how you speech just like if I can't I live so a lot of things go into making sound but your vocal cords are a big part of it if you take voice lessons one of the biggest things they'll teach you how to do is affect your pitch so longer vocal cords have a lower pitch so during puberty testosterone causes the male vocal cords to stretch and so that is why boys will go from having relatively high pitched voices to very deep voices and it seems to happen overnight but you can control this and so the larynx muscles can be you can learn to do this and that's what a lot of vocal vocal classes vocal coaches teach you how to do is to control the tension on your cord so like I said a whole lot of stuff goes into just spitting words out but that precentral gyrus that little strip on the brain is where all of your voluntary movements are initiated but when we're talking about the voluntary movements of your tongue and of your vocal cords and of your throat we need to send that signal to Broca's area which is also called the motor speech area which is on the left side of your brain after we get past the cartilage that protects our vocal cords we're now in the trachea so the trachea is what we call our windpipe and so it begins at the end of the voice box and then it ends at the bronchi the bronchi is where it splits so it's just that tube in between so inside the tube we have lots of cilia lots of mucus so we're gonna have that stratified pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells because we want to make the mucus to catch any particular particles of dust or bacteria or viruses or mold or cat hair and make sure it doesn't get down into our precious lung tissue so the whole point of the respiratory Anatomy is just to make sure the lungs are protected from foreign particles we have these as shown there by my green arrow these C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage it is important to realize that it's C shaped it's not a complete Oh ring this is good because we don't want our windpipe to close ever so anteriorly you have the cartilage to protect you because I don't know how many times you've ever been around children but children are real good at like kicking you in the throat I remember my cousin Connor when he was little he like clothesline me and I thought I was going to die so if you've ever been kicked in the throat you've survived it even though you feel like you're gonna die because these rings of cartilage keep your trachea from collapsing and it's made of that hyaline cartilage from last semester the C shaped thing is really crucial because behind the cartilage behind the C shaped ring is a layer of muscle it's called the trachea Allis muscle which you don't have to know but it is posterior and that allows expansion for food because right behind your trachea is the esophagus and the esophagus is very stretchy if you remember it from lap we've pointed it out on the cadaver so the esophagus is only open when you're eating or drinking so otherwise it's kind of a wimpy little tube but say you get real excited about a chicken nugget and who doesn't and you don't chew it as much as you're supposed to so you get this big ball of food that we call a bolus which i think is a fantastic word bolus so you don't need to know bolus right now but we will be having this in our next chapter when we talk about digestion so imagine you get excited about that chicken nugget and your trachea happens to be a solid ringg there would be no room for your chicken nugget to expand and you would just choke to death but instead if you get real excited about food and don't chew it enough the food can actually stretch into the trachea a little bit so the fact that we're kind of you know having this C shaped ring really keeps us from choking to death on a lot of stuff the Kareena I'm not even sure why it has to have a name but the Kareena is the last ring of cartilage before it splits so after that the tube that comes off the trachea are called the bronchi you pry heard of bronchitis when these things get angry so the bronchi bifurcate that's a fun word but it just means splits so it's just the last ring of cartilage before we split and you can see the Carina the best on the torso models in Lao if we look at this picture we kind of call this whole thing the bronchial tree so it's just where all of those things branch off of the trachea so these guys are numbered or you can use names so you can use primary secondary and tertiary you can use primary the word like I have on this slide or you can use one with the little degree symbol that I also have on this slide so you can abbreviate it in lab or write it out but I'm an Italian lab to follow at your finger so it's kind of like arteries in the sense that every time it branches its names gonna change so you have two main branches coming off the trachea which we call the primary primary bronchi they also have cilia and lots of mucus because we're still trying to protect the lungs the primary bronchi Vince Brill it split into the secondary which you can do a two degree or write out the word secondary or whatever you want to do but if you notice there's two of these on the left side and three on the right the left doesn't have as much room to branch out because the heart is on the left side and it takes up a lot of real estate so this is going to branch to each lobe of the lung then those guys split further into tertiary bronchi which lead to bronchioles the bronchioles we have a very similar picture to this in your lab manual if you notice in this picture we have the trachea then we have the primary secondary tertiary bronchi and then by the time you're down into the bronchioles terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles and alveoli all of that is microscopic so I'm gonna have to have a diagram for all of that but if you notice as we move through the body we lose cartilage so cartilage is there to keep these tubes open by the time you get down to the bronchioles these guys don't have cartilage so that's a huge difference bronchi stay open all the time bronchioles can collapse so the bronchioles are one of the last things that you're going to encounter before you get to the alveoli so if you look at the alveoli they look like little raspberries but what those are like just picture millions of little balloons so if a little speck of dust gets all the way down into that alveoli it's gonna pop them like a needle on a balloon so we want to make sure that doesn't happen so you do all of these things you have your nose hairs you have your mucus you have your cilia all the way to make sure a bacteria a virus a piece of hair a piece of dead skin doesn't get all the way down into your lungs but say something does get down into that bronchial well the last thing you could do to protect those alveoli is the smooth muscle in the bronchial could kind of close that little tube up preventing whatever's in there from getting down into the alveoli so that works because we don't have cartilage here so these are the small little tubes coming off your bronchi they're supplying the lobules which is the tiniest part of your lungs and then they divide into these terminal bronchioles which is the very last thing before you hit the alveoli the alveoli themselves these are these tiny air sacs so this picture is just showing them and then the second picture letter B there is showing one blown up so you can see they are spherical this is an ideal shape for gas exchange because there's a lot of surface area to bring that oxygen in and to get rid of that carbon dioxide if you notice the little macrophage sitting in there well it's there to protect us in case we do get a virus or something so this is that capillary exchange so again if you look at the picture there letter a you can see the little capillary that's kind of stretched across each one of those little alveoli so this gives you a huge surface area so if you're wondering what is the picture of the tennis racket in the corner all about if you could take a hammer and flatten out all of the alveoli which you have 300 million in each lung you would have the surface area of a tennis court so that's pretty impressive that in your lungs you have the ability the space of a tennis court to absorb oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide however this is the only place in your body right that you're getting this exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide as far as the outside world so yeah it's impressive but it's also necessary when you think that all of the other cells in the body are depending on this exchange but look how hella fragile they are that's why we have all of that other anatomy to make sure these guys are protected from particles of dust etc the lungs themselves we've seen on cadaver our models also have them so you can find lungs in that little organ drawer and lab but the first thing you want to notice is how do you tell left from right so the right lung is a lot bigger than the left because the heart of course takes up the real estate if you look at that picture letter A it has the cardiac impression where the heart kind of curves in there so they do have different lobes and they do have different fissures so the right lung because it's bigger has has three lobes so I always take the word right and I turn it into tri because there's rit and the word right so I kind of make that the rit side which I know is ridiculous you're on the right side like that's not a word but this is how I remember it try and write so the RIT side has three lobes for try whereas the left side being a lot smaller only has two they both have the horizontal or I'm sorry they both have the oblique fissure going to kind of sideways there and then only the right side has the horizontal fissure so the right side has a superior and inferior lobe as well as a middle lobe whereas the left just has superior and inferior plura means lungs and so the pleura thats around the lungs or the membranes to protect them we did this with the heart so we have the parietal pleura if you look at this picture is the one that's kind of lining the chest cavity so it's blue the visceral pleura remember viscera means organs means we gooey squishy parts this is actually touching the lump and then the pleural cavity is the space in between that's filled with pleural fluid so the lungs have the same problem that the heart had although not as bad the heart beating 60 to 80 times a minute that's a lot of friction but you're breathing 10 to 15 times a minute we want to make sure the lungs aren't just rubbing in there like dry sacs that would then get inflamed and rip open and kill us we want to make sure everything is lubricated and sliding around in there the mediastinum we've had before the mediastinum is that middle area that I've shown here with those black brackets it's the space in between your lungs so it does since it's right behind your sternum it does how's the heart but also the bronchi your esophagus for your digestive system and the pleural folds the membranes around the heart or around the lungs sorry so it's just the space directly behind your sternum where the heart is and some other things the hilum is on our Anatomy list it's actually on our analytic Anatomy list twice you'll have the hilum of the lung and the hilum of the kidney and it's just a region where the blood is going in and out of the organ so in this case the pulmonary hilum is where in this diagram is where the pulmonary artery vein and also the primary bronchi are going into the lung so I'd have to word it like that that it's a region where the blood and bronchi are going into the lung we'll see the same thing on the kidney it's the region where the renal artery and vein go into the kidney so it's just called the hilum one of the more charming features of our body is this silly ciliary escalator or the mucus escalator or mucus elevator as it's sometimes caused called so if you look at this little picture I love it in the bottom corner it's that C shaped ring so this is what's happening in your trachea so you have that C shaped ring of cartilage and then C in the very back we have that little trachea Allis muscle behind that would be the esophagus and so if you get real excited about that chicken nugget the chicken nugget can kind of stretch into the lumen of your trachea this saves us from choking to death a lot but it protects the front of your trachea from being kicked so I like this picture it's also showing how that's lined with the little cilia you can see those little hairs in there and the little mucus glands so then if you look at picture B there on the left you can see the little cilia the little epithelium with the little goblet cells making the mucus and how the mucus is working its way up so that's Fighting Gravity that's why we call the mucus escalator or mucus elevator so you're constantly moving mucus mucus is your friend mucus is your buddy it's trapping all of the microscopic stuff that you breathe all day and don't notice so we've got this in our nose we've got this in our throat we've got this in our windpipe so this is occurring all the time even when you're asleep so then you either spit it out which is gross because I hate when people like hack up like half a lung on a sidewalk or why do people spit up mucus and water fountains it's so disgusting I'll go to fill up my water bottle and there's just a chunky funky laying there it's horrifying but people are trying to either get that out of their body or you can swallow it so if you're sitting there saying I would never swallow my mucus you're just doing it all night long when you're sleeping the human body's disgusting but it's better to send those particles into the stomach where they'll be chewed up by acid than to down into your delicate lung tissue if the mucus and cilia don't do their job well enough there's always coughing and sneezing so coughing and sneezing is about getting that stuff out of your respiratory tract making sure it doesn't settle down into your lungs if those particles manage to work their way all through the cilia all through the mucus all through your bronchi remember the last step effort is those bronchioles since they don't have cartilage and they have smooth muscle which you can't control can constrict to keep those particles from getting down into the lungs so hopefully you're just cutting off like one alveoli in that situation but if you have asthma or know somebody that has asthma people with asthma when they're in the middle of an attack look like you've pulled a fish out of an aquarium they can't breathe that's because people with asthma which is basically an allergy attack their whole body all of their bronchioles react as if there's particles in every single Branka bronchial so all of their bronchioles constrict so if you have asthma you have an inhaler which is a bronchial dilator which will pop the bronchioles back open because remember smooth muscle you can't control so this is an example of something that was good for your body it's like these bronchioles are meant to protect your alveoli but if you like have a hyper immune system all of your bronchioles closed and then you're not able to get air the vocal chords come back around because they actually help us with coughing so when you get a big hook like a big beastie cough you actually want to build up pressure so letter A they're showing the chords closed the air is allowed to kind of build up behind it and then when you release it in a cough you can actually kind of get more get more out of there also protects food from going deep down into the trachea so it kind of has a dual purpose it's like it kind of helps the air build up behind to really clear out a good cough but also helps keep singing things from going down the pipe