Transcript for:
Bacterial Classification and Microbiology Overview

hello everyone a very good evening to all of you first let me confirm if I am clearly visible audible to you guys so I can start the session ahead you have to write in the chat box if I'm clearly visible audible my slides are visible to you so we can go live and we can we can start the session you have to give me a minute to fix you have to give me a minute to fix you have to give me a minute let's start the session just give me a second okay I guess it's fixed now now there is no Eco of the sound also everything is good but can can kindly uh okay visible audible thank you thank you so much thank you so I welcome you all for today's session a very very good evening to all of you a refreshing evening yes so I welcome you all for today's session I am Dr Priyanka sajdev here for the students who don't know me I am going to teach you microbiology now in microbiology the most you know the most um uh topic which a fret student is bacteriology bacteriology constitutes 60 of the microbiology so in this session today in the next two three hours we are going to complete microbiology complete macrobiology in one shot so without wasting any further time let me go ahead can I start can I start I will compete all the bacterias all the important points regarding that particular bacteria not only this we will solve all pyqs also important clinical py cues image based questions based on that bacteria so let me start so we know based on the gram staining we divide the bacteria into two categories the gram positive bacteria and drum negative bacteria we know gram-pository bacteria are volatile the gram negative bacteria are red in color right based on the shape of bacteria we again divide them into two categories the bacterias which are spherical in shape are known as cocci and the bacteria which are Rod shaped are known as bacillin so let's combine the two classification the classification based on drum staining and the classification based on the shape of the bacteria so we will be having four categories of the bacteria the bacteria which are gram positive cocci are known as GPC gram-positive cocci why they are gram-positive because they are Violet in color and why they are cocaine because they are spherical the gram negative cocci G and C why they are ground negative because they are red in color on ground staining and why they are kokai because they are spherical you got it the third category is the gram positive basili why they are gram positive because again they are Violet in color but they are Rod shaped that's why they are basili and the last category is G and B gram negative AC line you can see again they are red in color but they are Rod shaped now first thing is the classification you have to see now in gram positive cocci we have we have only two bacteria the staphylococcus and structure cookers right now it up it can be useful for University exam also competitive exam also basically I'm going to cover complete bacteriology in three hours right so if you are connected with me for the next three hours you will master in bacteriology and you can solve any McQ you can write any Theory question also based on any bacteria so we will be covering all these bacterias written in front of you right one by one okay so gram positive okay are only two the staphylococcus and streptococcus right gram negative cocoa are again to the nazeria and more exala you can learn like mnemonics it is assess it is NM right gram positively are five in number how many are they they are five the mnemonic is a b c d l a stands for actinomicities b stands for bacillus C stands for clostridium deep or diphtheria and Alpha listeria right so right write down A B C D and L D is five now remaining all bacteria apart from This Ss apart from this NM apart from this a b c d l whatever bacteria left in this world they fall in the fourth category so I don't advise you to learn the bacterias under this category because it contains everything now all the left out bacterias will be falling in this category the biggest category the gram negative Baseline so we will be covering the bacteria in the sequence only you got my point in this sequence only we will be covering the bacterias so we will start with gram-positive cocci I will be starting with strapylococcus then streptococcus we will move on from negative then I will cover these five bacteria that is gram negative uh gram positive basili in the and we will come on gram negative basili till here from here I am going to cover everything are you people with me are you people with me can we start can you start give me a thumbs up are you there everyone ready so let's ready and get started okay before starting all these bacterias one by one okay let me tell you something for all the bacterias you have to tell three things you have to tell three things the morphology of the bacteria whether the bacteria capsulated yes or no whether the bacteria is motile yes or no and whether the bacteria is poor forming yes or no you have to tell me these three things for each and every bacteria right now it's very difficult to learn for each and every bacteria the three things just for Staphylococcus all three things are negative neither it is capsulated nor it is performing nor it is motile the same is true for streptococcus but Nigeria manage that is the capsule is positive but other two are negative so you will say ma'am it's very difficult for us to learn the three things for all bacteria don't worry so I am going to give you three mnemonics before starting each individual bacteria one mnemonic is for capsules only nine bacterias in this world are capsulated only nine bacterias in this world only four bacterias form the spores rest do not form the spores to learn this mnemonic and only 12 bacterias are motile rest all are non-motile these 12 are six plus six the six bipolar flagella and six by peritricus flagella so basically I will give you this mnemonic so whenever you study any bacteria just suppose I'm teaching you staphylococcus so you apply the staphylococcus and all these mnemonic staphylococcus coming in this mnemonic no it's not coming so it is non-capsulated coming in this mnemonic no it's not coming so it's not Spore forming is coming in this mnemonic no it's not so it's non-motile you've got my point so in this way we can complete the morphology of all bacterias in one shot you got my point so the most important now or not only you will not get a direct McQ on this which of the following is a capsulated bacteria which of the following is not encapsulated bacteria the question can be as simple as that the other way around the question can be a big clinical question or an image based clinical question you got my point the starting will be or one of the clue will be there is encapsulated or there is a non-capsulated there is a Spore forming knot so you will get these words in the form of the clues you can apply the mnemonics and rule out the options so which is capsulated non-capsulated Spore forming non-spore forming motile non-motile these three mnemonics are Ultra important if you don't know these three mnemonics um uh you know so microbiology will be difficult for you and if you know these now all questions will be very simple they will very much help you in most of the clinical questions so let me tell you the three mnemonics let me start with capsulated bacteria the mnemonic is in front of you the mnemonic is known as pakib and CV you know in pathology we have MCV MCH MCHC so MCV it's packed takib you can learn it's a mnemonic so P stands for nemococcus a stands for Anthrax K stands for clapsula I stands rest all are non-capsulated so only two clostridium are there please mind it and last one b b is bibrio but please again mind it's not vibrio colory it's vibrio para hemolyticus you got my point so count they are nine in number only these nine are capsulated it should be at the tip of your tongue right can we go ahead can we go ahead so Dr Praveen sir is here good evening sir thank you so much for the compliment thank you so much so can we go ahead so these are the nine capsulated bacteria only four bacterias in this world form the sports rest all are non-spore forming so what are the sport forming bacterias so I'm having a mnemonic for that also the mnemonic is BSC chemistry BSC chemistry so there are two c the b stands for bacillus both basilar bacillus Anthrax and subtillas they are Spore forming s stands for sporosarcina so they forms the sport it's a rare bacteria I will not teach you but yeah it's a Spore forming bacteria and there are two c one is clostridia one is mnemonics looks difficult to you I mean you will see kimam how to learn these lists that's why I'm giving you the mnemonic but believe me these mnemonics are Ultra important in your exam you will remember me in your exam when you apply this pneumonia can solve your question the big clinical question only one clue you will get Spore forming not sport you can rule out many options or rule in many options believe me right the last mnemonic is of the motor oil bacteria you know we have legs to walk humans have see I'm working right so we all have legs does bacteria have legs not all only 12 bacterias have lags to work you got my point so how many bacterials have like the lacks of the bacteria are known as flagella so flagella this is a flagella it is a hair like structure coming out from the cell wall of the bacteria because of which the bacteria can move from here and there so how many bacterias have this flagella the flagellas are of two type let me tell you the two type of the flagellas the flagella coming out of one of the pole is known as Polar flagellum and the flagella coming out throughout the bacteria can you see here it's throughout the bacteria this is known as periphricus flagella so any plagula the bacteria will have the bacteria will be motile so there are there are six bacterias having this and six bacterias having this so six plus six twelve bacterias 12 bacterias are there you got my point right so uh I will give you two mnemonics now to learn the six bacterias having pleasure this polar flagella and six bacteria having peritricus flagella so let me show you these are the six bacteria area having Parry tracker flagella what is the mnemonic it's cute baby sleep slep it's not double e only bunny slet so C stands for clostridia or clostridia are motile except two what are the exceptions and Titanic type six not all detainee B baby Ka b stands for bacillus all bacillus except the main one bacillus Anthrax as for salmonella Alpha listeria e for E coli t for Proteus in the same way we are having a mnemonic for Polar flagella also the bacterias with polar flagella the mnemonic is very protective solution HCL you know hydrochloric acid so B for bibrio peep or pseudomonas as for Spyro kids HCL H pylori campylobacter Legionella so I know it is difficult but whenever I will show you this list again and again in all the bacterias it will become busy for you let's start individual bacteria are you people ready can I start it are you with me so give me a thumb up can we start okay so let me start with gram positive kokai so I will cover from here till here all bacterias one by one in a fast manner it's a rapid revision so let's start drum positive kokai can we start so there are only two positive gram positive staphylococcus and streptococcus there are only two gram positive cocased Apollo cookers and structure cookers how to differentiate them both are gram positive both are kokai kokai means they are spherical can you see this is also spherical and this is also spherical you can see the arrangement is different the shape is same this is also spherical this is also spherical but here it is arranged in clusters the clusters of a grape-like clusters it is arranged in grab like clusters right and this one arranged in Chains can you see arranged in Chains it is streptococcus so the first way to differentiate the two gram positive cocci is their Arrangement based on their Arrangement you can differentiate you got it kindly everyone interact if you have any doubt you can write down in the chat box right so you got it the second way to differentiate them is the catalase test we can perform a catalase test the step ilococcus are Catalyst positive what do you mean by Catalyst test what is this test about what do you mean by catalysters let me tell you for the students who don't know when Catalyst test what do we do we take a slide now this is a slide I will perform two tests now I am having two specimens with me just suppose one specimen of staphylococcus and one specimen of streptococcus right both are gram positive cocaine so what I want to do I want to perform the Catalyst test so what we are doing we are taking one drop of H2O2 here on the slide hydrogen peroxide and we are taking our specimen we are mixing our specimen here and here so here also I have mixed phyllo cookers here I have mixed up to cook us one one drop of the suspension of the bacterial uh specimen so what uh if the bacteria have catalase enzyme catalysis enzyme present inside the bacteria just suppose this bacteria have catalase enzyme so catalase will split H2O2 into H2O plus oxygen so oxygen will come in the form of the bubbles in when we stir H2O2 with the bacterial suspension but this bacteria don't have catalase so x22 is not split H22 will remain as H2O2 only and here we can't see any bubbles so this is catalase positive this is catalase negative the Catalyst positive bacteria is staphylococcus and the Catalyst negative bacteria is streptococcus right so this is how we can differentiate let's start staphylococcus can I start can I start okay the PDF will be provided to you after the session don't worry it will be there on the cerebellum telegram group you please all join the cerebellum telegram group there the PDF of this session will be provided to you after the session right the exact PDF will be provided so don't waste your time in writing just just understand the things and try to learn it during the class only can I proceed so let's start the pilo cookers let's start staphylococcus now let's classify staphylococcus the first classification how we classify stepal cookers based on coagulation test we perform coagulus test which is coagul is positive it is known as step Warriors only once staphylococcus is positive its staphylococcus aureus the main staphylococcus all other staphylococcus are coagulus negative you can see here the coagulum is formed here no coagulum is formed so remaining all are coagulate is negative so these are known as coagulation negative staphylococcus that is cones so here we are having many other stepylococcus they all are coagulous negative you got my point so only one is coagulous positive that is known as chaporious remaining all are coagulous negative now for coagulous negative how to divide them further here we are having only one bacteria but here I am saying two important bacterias are there in the cones how to divide them so the next test we perform is the novo biosin novobacin is an antibiotic we will see whether from the cones we are applying this lower burial sensitivity on the cones and we will see whether they are sensitive or whether they are resistant so the novobiosin sensitive no more person sensitive is epidermidis and Noble person resistant step by are important in our syllabus the one is Step Warriors which is positive and remaining these two are coagulous negative now these two are known as cones right how to differentiate between them based on novobiasing sensitivity so what did we learned we learned this this is the classification okay this is the classification of staphylococcus so first if you find any gram positive kokai in any specimen the first thing you have to do is the Catalyst test you have to do the Catalyst test based on catalase first decide it is or is it streptococcus decide that just suppose it is staphylococcus it is catalyst positive so it is streptococcus I Told You So catalysts differentiate between staphylococcus and streptococcus now if it is the next test in the row is coagulate stress you have to perform coagulation right now you have to see whether it is coagul is positive or coagulous negative if it is positive it is step or use only one is positive that is Step Warriors remaining all are coagulous negative they are known as cones coordinates negative staphylococcus that is c o and S cones the next is the third test I am applying is the number person susceptibility if it is susceptible it is epidermidis and if it is resistant it is saprophyticus so the three tests are in a sequence Catalyst differentiate between step and strap coagulates differentiate between step Aureus and the cones and Noob have seen differentiate between between step epidermidus and staph saprophyticus you got my point so let me ask you a few questions can you test can you tell me catalyst Catalyst negative organism and Catalyst positive let me ask all question capital is positive can you tell me among the Catalyst positive who is catalyst positive as well as coagulate is positive right and who is catalyst positive but coagul is negative but no more Basin sensitive and who is catalyst positive but coagul is negative but no obasan resistant so actually I had given you clinical Clues you will get big big clinical questions and these things will be written in the clinical questions along with the other symptoms and clues given to you so these are your clinical Clues given to the uh to you in the clinical questions so can you please tell me the answers yes you people are right very good very good so yes yes so Catalyst negative is catalyst negative is trappedococcus very good and Catalyst positive these all will be staphylococcus but with staphylococcus you have to tell me these all are catalase positive so they have to be steppilo cookers they all are I am talking about gram positive GPC I'm talking about so Catalyst positive coagul is positive step aurious you people are right very good please everyone respond everyone reply very good foreign does anyone have any doubt or can I proceed ahead I guess I must proceed ahead right can I proceed okay so we have learned that now the step audience is virulent among them it is pigment for me it forms golden yellow colonies and it is pathogenic the cones are usually non-pathogenic the cones the cones both the cones they are usually non-pathogenic and they form white colonies they don't have pigment in them they form the white colonies very good everyone is correct so let me tell you I'm teaching you step audios first I will teach you step Warriors and then I will teach you the remaining two in short the main step Audios in Step audios you can see the culture media on nutrient agar this one is nutrient agar they give oil paint appearance can you see it's looking like yellow golden yellow colonies the color of the colonies is golden it's golden yellow colonies you can get image based questions also the color of the colonies is golden yellow it is known as oil painted appearance because tap Oreos forms pigment on the nutrient agar so please learn on nutrient agar golden yellow colonies oil paint appearance it's in front of you on blood agar on blood agar they show beta hemolysis they show there are three type of hemolysis Alpha Beta gamma so they show beta hemolysis on blood agar right so on blood guard it's beta hemolysis on PPA this is PPA phenolphthalein phenyl uh medium so it is PPA medium in PPA medium they show pink color when we pass the ammonia fumes they show pink color and please learn the selective media of each and every bacteria whatever bacteria in your syllabus you should know the selective bacteria selective culture media for that particular bacteria you will get it very important clinical clue in the big clinical question or you can get a direct question also what is the selectivity of Step audios it can be as direct as that so there are three selective media at the tip of your tongue first step or yes these all are for step Oreos right so it's ludlam media what is media it's a blood agar containing lithium chloride and Telluride in this blood agar if you add this it will known as ludlam or it is known as monitron saltagar so again in the blood agar we add two things Mannitol and salt manitol and salt here we are adding NaCl here we are adding licl lithium chloride here sodium chloride and the the third is Columbia cholesterol so these are the selective media so can you tell me can you summarize please step Oreos on nutrient agar oil paint appearance on blood agar they give beta hemolysis on PPA they give pink colonies and these are the selective media right so that is the culture media yes that is the culture media very good coming on the patho virulent factors virulence factors for step Warriors so there are four type of toxins are secrete the cytolytic toxins as the name indicates cytolytic they cause the they cause the destruction of the human body cells so there are five type of saturated toxins Alpha Beta Gamma Delta and Penton Valentine TV toxin so these are the five type of cytolytic toxin but nothing very important among them the second type of toxins are Antero toxin they cause food poisoning in humans they cause food poisoning as the name indicate Antero Antero means intestine they will go in intestine and cause the food poisoning they are of eight types A to e there is no F then g2i right out of the eight types A is most common a is most common the third type of toxin is toxic shock syndrome toxin tsst toxic shock syndrome toxin it causes toxic shock syndrome and the last toxin is epidermolytic Toxin it acts on the epidermis of skin and causes scalded Skin Syndrome staphylococcus carded Skin Syndrome so you can see what is the mechanism what is the disease caused by each toxin cytolytic toxin they do not cause any important disease enterotoxin causes food poisoning Toxic Shock Syndrome causes toxic shock syndrome poisoning and epidermolytic toxins cause SSS so these are the virulent factors one more virulent Factor they are having enzymes they are having enzymes two type of enzymes they are having basically they are having coagulus enzyme there are two type of coagulus enzyme what do you mean by two type of coagulation enzyme can you see this is a staphodous bacteria I have drawn the bacteria for you so this is the cell membrane of the bacteria if you can appreciate and this is the cell wall of the bacteria if you can appreciate so we have seen the cell membrane we have seen the cell wall right now inside that two type of enzymes are present the one coagulus which is present in the cytoplasm freely it is known as free coagulus it is an enzyme it is present as a freely in the cytoplasm that's why known as free coagulas the second is not an enzyme it is a component of the cell wall you can see it is a part of the cell wall that's why this one is known as bound coagulation it is not a free enzyme so we have two type of coagulates both are required for the pathogenesis the free coagul is the bound coagulates now both of them are coagulas whether it's free or bound so they will coagulate the serum you can see they are coagulating the serum but on what they are coagulating so if you want to detect the precoagulus which is present in cytoplasm perform the test in a test tube it is known as tube test the tube test is positive for free one right but if it is the bound one you want to detect the bound one perform the same test on a slide it is known as slightest so both of them are coagulus positive right coagulus test but you are performing coagulus test in a test tube or on a slide that matters if you are performing on a test tube the free one will be detected and if you are performing on a slide the bound one will be detected so you got my point what do you mean by free what do you mean by bound any confusion anyone so there are two type of coagulas the free is the enzyme present inside the cytoplasm the bound is not an enzyme it is a component of the cell wall it is a component of the cell wall all both are coagulates coagulates what do you mean by coagulation this is the meaning of coagulation basically they convert 15ogen to fibrin you know this Cascade both of them convert fibrinogen to fibrin whether it is free coagulate or whether it is bone coagulus so basically fibrinogen converted to fibrin so clot is formed so both of them are forming the clot whether in the test tube or in the slide only the method is different but the clot is formed in both of them do you have any confusion can we go ahead coming on the diseases caused by step audios the diseases it causes three type of diseases the cutaneous diseases beep infections and toxin mediated in the cutaneous it will form pus everywhere on the skin it can cause cellulitis you can see it can cause abscess you can see it can cause fewer uncles you know what is your uncle the pus collection in the hair follicle funerals can be their folliculitis can be there so pure uncle is poly so all this cutaneous induction the pus containing interaction will be there it's the most common cause of first forming infections in the skin the staph aureus in the Deep infection it can affect any organ in human body from head to toe so it can affect any organ right it can cause osteomyelitis you know it can affect any organ but in the toxin mediated I told you now so food poisoning toxic shocks and romance called it Skin Syndrome can you name the toxin which cause which which is causing this disease the food poisoning caused by enterotoxin toxic shock syndrome caused back toxic shock syndrome Toxin and SSS is caused by epidermolytic toxin let me tell you one one important Point regarding this on which McQ can come so food poisoning for the food poisoning you have to learn the incubation period in all food poisoning question you have to take two Clues now if any McQ coming on food poisoning in your exam just suppose any question in the question the patients have diarrhea and vomiting either diarrhea or vomiting or both after eating something it is known as food poisoning you have to take two Clues from the question number one is incubation period by incubation period I mean after how many hours of eating of eating the food the person have the symptoms number one clue number two clue what is the food item the person have taken is it a dairy product is it meat is it green salad is it what so different bacterias causes food poisoning they reside in different food so food will give you the Clue the incubation period exact hours how many hours different bacteria have different incubation period that will give you a clue number two and number three where the diarrhea is prominent or vomiting is prominent or both of them are prominent that will give you a clue so can currently we are talking for staff Aureus right step Warriors incubation period is two to six hours you will get a question there is a party going on in the party uh the person have consumed the milk or milk products like in the party we have paneer we have cheese so the person I've consumed either meat or fish or milk and milk products and after the party four hours after five hours after after the party Daria and vomiting is there dairy and vomiting both is there but predominant is vomiting predominant is vomiting here so it's a typical scenario for staphonous vomiting so step Warriors food poisoning the incubation period two to six hours the food item is fish meat and milk products right and vomiting is predominant what is the mechanism it is causing vomiting there are two mechanisms Central local Central local in the central in the brain it will stimulate the vomiting Center the toxin will go antioxin will stimulate the vomiting Center and in the intestine it will stimulate the parasolysis in the intestine also that will cause the diarrhea so Central and local both mechanism are there you got it so that is the thing the second thing is toxic shock syndrome toxic shock syndrome which system is involved it's a multi-system disease multiple organs of the body are involved patient can have headache high fever eyes are swelled you know uh heartbeat is more so multiple organs are involved but the clue in the cushion she will be a young female menstruating female the masturbating female using tampons and tampons are the most common cause of toxic shock syndrome using tampons it will be a clue so they will give you a 20 year 25 Year young lady who who can menstruate of course so the man shooting female will be there so age is always a clue in the cushion always pick up the age in big clinical questions right and here multi-system involvement is there multi-system and toxic shock syndrome the third is staphylococcus cardate Skin Syndrome as SSS it is caused by exfoliative toxin epidermolytic toxin so it's the exfoliative toxin also what happening here epidermis separated from dermis can you see this is epidermis can you see here please epidermis is separated from dermis epidermis is separated from dermis it is known as Nicole C sign Nicole C sign you can get an image based question also right so we are done with the pathogenesis that step audience is done step audience get toxins enzymes diseases we have done everything Oscar culture media biochemical reaction everything is done coming on cones what are cones here we have to study two more steps so coagul is negative stuff we have to study two here right the step audience was coagulation is positive but in coagulus negative also we are having two staphylococcus right so one is step epidermitis and one step saprophyticas these are not very important but one one line is important in them step epidermidis is a Nova vaccine sensitive and step saprophyticus is no burst and resistant one is sensitive one is resistant to no more person I already taught you in the classification the step epidermidis is the most common cause of prosthetic ball endocarditis what is prosthetic model endocarditis just suppose in the heart any of the ball having some disease Mr you know Ms or any so the prosthetic wall is planted um so the diseased world is taken out and the prosthetic one after the prosthetic wall is implantic there can be a chance the person can have endocarditis after the surgery if after the surgery if endocarditis occurs within one year after surgery it is known as early endocarditis and if it occurs after one year it is late endocarditis so step epidermitis is the most common cause of early early prosthetic ball endocarditis please learn it's the most common cause right and step UTI and sexually acting females that's that's it so let's salsa we are done switched Apollo Focus chapter number one I want thumbs up from everyone are you people there can we go ahead can we go ahead so can you help me in solving some previous year questions based on stuff so we will come on chapter number two strap to cook us so please answer this question in the comments the first question is in front of you can you tell me the answer fast I want to see who is first and who is accurate so manitol salt agar is used for isolation for which bacteria so basically I am asking manitong saltagar is the selective media is it is a selection media for one of the bacteria right so is it gonococcus is it nemococcus is this Chapel cookers or pseudomonas so of course you all know the answer currently the answer is only you may be thinking the question is very simple because just now I taught you Stephen Lucas and I'm asking question on that but believe me when all the bacterias will be done the same question looks difficult to you because I'm going to teach you the selective media for each and every of them so the first you have to learn manitos what is the second selective media by the way yes everyone is correct very good very good so what is the second selective media the second selective media is ludlam's Media loot lamps media containing lithium chloride right and second fastest Manet also trigger you have to learn these two selected media so yes load lamps media manitone saltagar and Colombia cholesterol analytics these are the three selective media for Steph staphylococcus the correct answer is next question in front of you can you please tell me the answer oil paint appearance on nutrient agar is formed by which bacteria shown by which bacteria oil paint appearance the oil paint appearances due to gold and yellow for callingly formation the golden yellow colony is due to the pigment is it streptococcus pyogens is it staphylococcus aureus bodytilla or H influenza I guess the cushion is super duper simple yes yes pratik you are first to answer and I guess everyone else is also right now so the correct answer is of course step Warriors oil paint appearance please learn it's a repeatedly asked McQ yes the answer is Step audios oil paint appearance on nutrient agar please learn that it's step Oreos so yes you can see the golden yellow pigment the golden yellow pigment is giving the oil paint appearance right yes coming on the next question cattle is positive no obasan resistant bacteria please apply your brains now don't rush first tell me one of the Catalyst positive organism Catalyst positive all the options are staphylococcus so all of them are Catalyst positive So based on on Catalyst positive I cannot come on the conclusion I cannot come on the conclusion so I will come on the conclusion based on Novo person resistant so which of them is Novo biosin resistant Catalyst positive and Nova Catalyst differentiate between staphylococcus and streptococcus it's not coagulase please don't confuse this one is catalyst right Nova Basin resistant which one is no yes you all are right let me see who is the first Rocky Rocky's first very good and everyone else is also right yes the correct answer here is what is the correct answer it's saprophyticus um staphylococcus you can see this one is resistant if I change the same question cataly is positive no person sensitive no more person sensitive now what is your answer from ABCD in the same question I have changed the question a little bit instead of resistant I am asking the sensitive what is your answer now now your answer will become B you all are right yes great now your answer will become B it is epidermidis you can see right these both are Catalyst positive right but uh step audios have nothing to do with Nova Basin we don't check or test step audios with the number bus and very good very good coming on the next question to differentiate between staphylococcus epidermidis from staphylococcus saprophyticus which of the following test is used I want to differentiate between bot I want to differentiate between step epidermidis and stuff saprophyticus so can I use coagulus test can I use Catalyst test can I use no person sensitivity or none of the Abu yes what is the correct answer yes the question is very simple I guess you all know the correct answer yes yes whose must to answer a saloni and everyone else is also correct so correct answer is Novo biops and sensitivity this one is novobiosin sensitive and this one is Noble person resistant if I change the question the same question I'm asking you I want to differentiate between step audios step audios and staphylococcus saprophyticas epididus what is your answer now I want a differential step audience from from other two bacteria what is your answer from which test I will apply now what is your answer now I have changed the question a little bit so yes I want to differentiate the Aureus from other two bacterias whether it is separate particles or whether it is epiderminus so my answer will be coagulase so step audios is coagulate is positive and remaining to our coagulus negative very good very good again I am changing the question third time you have to tell me the third answer now again I am changing the question third time so I want to differentiate staphylococcus and streptococcus step and step simply step and strap any step any strip I want to differentiate so yes of course the answer will be catalase answer so you've got my point what I want to differentiate based on that your test will be so I guess you know the relevance of all three tests can I go for that are you people there can I go can we proceed okay let's go ahead so this is the complete three test in front of you catalyst is used to differentiate step and strap coagulus is used to differentiate step Aureus from remaining two steps right and Noble Basin is used to differentiate the cones that is step epidermitis and steps are profiticus this is the simplest version I can tell you the next question is in front of you can you please tell me the answer the next question is in front of you staphylococcus called it Skin Syndrome is caused by SSS carded Skin Syndrome is caused by what is it caused by hemolysis is it caused by coagulase is it caused by anterior toxin or is it caused by epidermolytic toxin by what it is caused can you tell me the answer please I am waiting for that yes very good explore world is the first to answer it correctly and you all are right now the correct answer is epidermolytic Toxin can you tell me the name of the sign which is there in which epidermis is separated from dermis what is it known as it is known as Nicole he signed Nicole see it is also a pyq right Nicole C sign you can see here this is Nicole C sign in which the epidermis is separated from dermis can we go ahead the next question is a clinical question don't rush take the clues so there is a young 25 year old female age is always a clue gender is always a clue never ever Miss so there's a young female it's not male it's female presented to the hospital on the third day of menstruation oh my God she's a menstruating female on third day of menstruation she is coming to hospital right menstruation is the biggest queue in this question okay she is having high fever vomiting rash on her trunk and extremities multiple system involvement a man's treating female on Third Day presenting so on Investigation she had WBC count raised leukocytosis and a negative blood culture negative blood culture in the blood there is no organism so what she is going to diagnose is it staphylococcus food poisoning you may get confused if you see only vomiting you may get confused but no it is not food poisoning because she has not eaten everything and after that she is presenting she is presenting after menstruation right so no this is not the answer is it's called its skin syndrome you can get confused if you see only rash nose guarded Skin Syndrome we don't have rash the epidermis is separated from dermis so it is not the answer the answer is toxic shock syndrome yes because she is a manstrating female so she may have used tampons during the menstruation and that may be impacted by step Oreos that has secreted the toxic shock syndrome toxin that may lead to this so yes you all are right the correct answer is C this is how you have to take the Cleaves from the question the approach is important right answer is not important but the approach towards the question is very important so we we know that so let's classify we have already seen the classification of staphylococcus but now we will do the classification of streptococcus are you people ready it is difficult to classify but I will try my best so that you can understand I will try my best so coming on strap to cook us how to classify structure because it's in front of you so the first thing you take up blood agar based on blood agar or you know on blood regard we have three type of hemolysis the alpha the beta the gamma Alpha means partial hemolysis beta means complete hemolysis gamma means no hemolysis I guess everyone knows that so based on the blood agar the first thing we will classify them into alpha beta and gamma so that is the first thing we are doing based on blood agar based on hemolysis they are divided into Alpha hemolytic streptococcus beta hemolytic and Gamma Hamilton the first thing right in the alpha we are having only two bacteria to discuss I will discuss both of them one is streptococcus pneumonia and status I will teach you both both in detail don't worry in the gamma I will teach you only one bacteria enterococcus I will teach you that also but the biggest category is the beta the biggest is the beta we are having many bacterias there right so let's continue the beta classification Alpha is no more divided for the gamma is no more divided for that but we will continue the classification of beta can we classify further now what is the next step not the next step C this is the bacteria can you see the bacteria here this is chapter book as bacteria this bacteria has streptococcus right now in the cell Bowl can you see the salmon of the bacteria in the cell wall of the bacteria we have a carbohydrate the name of this carbonate is Group C carbohydrate C carbohydrate and in the cell wall of the bacteria we have three type of proteins MTR so m is important protein empty and R here is not important for classification so in the cell wall we have a carbohydrate we have a protein in the cell wall you can see this layer is carbohydrate right and this layer the green one is the protein right so based on the carbohydrate layer there are 20 types of bacteria the beta1 based on the group C carbohydrate Group C carbohydrate they are of 20 types there are so what is their name so it is known as a b c d is counted a b c d e f g h there is no I there is no J then k l m n o p q r s t u b till B we are having count there 20 in number you can count if you wish there is no I there is no J that's it so A to B we are having basically so that is their name the most important is group a the hero here is the group a group a is the hero the name of that group is traptivocus pyogens the group a that is further divided based on the protein m in the cell wall in the cell wall there are two things I told you now one is Group C carbohydrate one is protein amp So based on protein amp they are divided into 100 types what is their name one two three four five till hundred so that is the naming now this classification is done by a person scientist known as landsfield that's why known as land speed classification and this one is done by the Griffith so how you will learn you will say mama I will forget I will forget how to learn which classification is what so I'm having a mnemonic for you good morning Lucknow City good morning Lucknow City good morning Lucknow City what does it mean what does it mean G for drip with alpine speed Griffith has done the classification based on AMP protein and landsfield have done the classification based on C carbohydrate now you will never forget so big scientists have done which classification you have to learn like good morning Lucknow city right you got it so now you will never forget so can we can we continue can you help me in writing the classification once we are done with the classification of this chapter Focus how to classify strap to cookers who will tell me the first step based on blood agar we divide them into three categories the alpha hemolytic the beta hemolytic and Gamma hemolytic in Alpha we don't have any further classification there are two bacterias we will discuss streptococcus mnemonies streptococcus viridians I will teach you both but later on right first we will continue B talk and in the gamma there is only one bacteria I will discuss the enterococcus again I will teach you this later on first we will continue beta we further divide beta into how many types into how many types so we divide beta into 20 categories who has done this classification this classification is based on Group C carbohydrate and who has done this classification land speed landsfield what is the name of 20 categories the name is a to B except I J we know that it's a to B what's the name of group a what's the name of group a the name of group a is trapped to focus pyogens streptococcus pyogens we further classify them into 100 types this classification is based on this one the carbohydrate this is amp protein and protein and this classification is done by Griffith and the numbering is one two three four till hundred so that's it you got my point so you can see good morning GM Griffith M right Lucknow City landsfield C so good morning Lucknow City kindly appreciate my purse give me a thumbs up you got it can we go ahead this is the classification so if you got the classification you will have many questions based on the classification itself that's the classification of streptococcus the simplest one I can tell you this is the classification can we go ahead we should go ahead right so this is the thing written in front of you so based on hemolysis we have divided into how many categories the same thing is written it's alpha alpha there is partial hemolysis in beta there is complete hemolysis and Gamma means no hemolysis in Alpha two bacterias streptivocus pneumonia and viridians we will continue in gamma only one bacteria anterococcus we will continue but in beta there are A to B but I cannot teach I will teach you one by one the important points for that right no one in this world will teach you with such Simplicity they complete bacteriology can we go ahead yes okay yes yes so many M type of proteins present in the pyogens that's why yes yes uh subhashish there are 100 types of amp routine so can we go ahead yes we must so I will teach you strepto because pyogens first here that is group a and I will teach you streptococcus a Galaxy that is Group B so from A to B I will teach you only to A and B and here I will teach you both here I will teach you one the most important in detail we will study only one streptococcus Biogen rest are not very important so I will tell you only important points so let's start streptococcus pyogens first in streptococcus biogens I'm sorry you can see on bladder guard of course it shows beta hemolysis this is a type of beta I am teaching you so on blood agar it's beta hemolysis everyone know but learn the selective media please please learn the selective media two selective media you have to learn Crystal ballet blood agar if this in blood agar you add Crystal wallet it is known as Crystal wallet bradgar in the same dudagar and if in the same blood agar you add P and F what is PNF what's the full form of PNF three antibiotics I am adding one is polymyxin B one is fusidic acid and an is an anti-fungal drug that is neomason so polymixon B neomason and fusotic acid T and F so Crystal wallet blood agar PNF blood agar these are the two selected media I guess you remember the selective media of steforius I told you there ludlam's media I told you mannitone salt I told you and here I am telling you Crystal wallet and PNF everything is added in the blood of God itself you got my point you have to learn a transport media also streptococcus biogens is a very delicate bacteria it requires transport medium staphylococcus don't Quest transport medium so what is the transport medium here it's spikes media so learn selective learn the transport that's it blood blood agar beta hemolysis everyone knows everyone knows right can we go ahead can we go ahead okay so uh this is the biochemic uh this is the culture characters of streptococcus pyogens it is catalyst negative can I say it is catalyst negative why I have written you will see them it's negative why you are mentioning the negative finding this one is streptococcus this one this one is Chapel cookers because I want to differentiate it from staphylococcus that's why I have mentioned negative finding also so we know it is catalyst negative we want to differentiate the scrap to focus from staphylococcus so it's Catalyst negative but it's a typical pyr test positive on which it gives the pink color p y are positive most important culture is bacitrusion sensitivity most important biochemical reaction here in staphylococcus in the cones I told you novobiosin we differentiate the two cones based on novobacion sensitivity and resistance here we take bestit is also a chemical so we will see whether they are bacitrus and sensitive or resistant so they are bacitrus and sensitive streptococcus pyogens how many strepto cookies we are having we are having a to will be 20 types only type A is basic trust and sensitive from B onward still V the remaining 19 are destitution resistant that I mean to say if you want to differentiate type a group a from all others do bacitrus and sensitivity group a that is pyogens is sensitive rest all are you can consider bacitrus and resistant so this is how you can do can we go ahead can we go ahead great so tell me the toxins it is secreting you have seen the toxins of stepylococcus here the toxins are hemolysins which are not very important two hemolysins are there what do you mean by hemolysin they will cause the rupture of blood cells hemolysin so it is trappedulation s these are not very important but the pyrogenic toxins are very important there are three type of pyrogenic toxin ABC they are Ultra important what do you mean by the term pyro they are pure inducing they are fever inducing they are secreted in the body of the human and they cause high grade fever in that person they are fever inducing these are super antigens these are super antigens these are erythrogenic erythrogenic means these toxins cause vasodilation in the person and because of that they produce correlate fever I will show you can you see this is correlate fever what is garlic fever scarlet fever occurs due to vasodilation of the blood vessels of entire body who is causing this vasodilation of blood vessels of antibody who is causing it's the pyrogenic toxin these toxins spiral not hemolism the pyrogenic toxin SP ABC so they cause the scarlet fever and that's why they are known as erythrogenic because and not only skin they cause the vasodilation in the tongue also in the tongue also they cause vasodilation that's why it is known as strawberry tongue what is it known as it is known as strawberry tongue it is known as strawberry tongue and they are responsible for the shoes gel phenomenon and Dick test also they are responsible for toxic shock syndrome also here also we have toxic shock syndrome like staph aureus but it doesn't occur in man's rooting tampon using females it can occur in any one it is toxic shock syndrome so you can see what is a dick test now dick test is the intradermal test in which we are injecting this pyrogenic toxin Spa the inactive form inside the Skin So after injecting within few hours this area will show erythema so it is it is Dick positive it is Dick positive and the reverse of the dick positive is known as shulz Carlton phenomenon now imagine there is a person who is having scarlet fever so basically what I am doing in this person and injecting antitoxin antitoxin anti-spe toxin anti-pyrogenic toxin so you can see if I'm injecting the what will happen the redness will disappear that is known as should skeleton phenomenon so injecting toxin will lead to erythema and injecting antitoxin in a person who is already infected leads to reversal of rhythma so inducing erythma is Dick test and causing reversal of edema iriduma in a scarlet fever patient is known as shoes Carlton phenomenon right here we inject the toxin here we inject the antitoxin I hope you got it give me a thumbs up if you got it right so these are the features of the SP toxin or pyogenic toxin it is a super antigen erythrogenic scarlet fever dick test shoes it is causing toxic shock syndrome it is causing strawberry tongue these are all due to pyrogenic toxins that is spe produced by streptococcus pyogens so that is about the toxins coming coming on the pathogenesis what all diseases it causes what all diseases it causes yes what all diseases it causes so it causes superlative diseases and non-superative diseases in the superative diseases it causes respiratory skin and others in the non-superative diseases it causes to the disease habit issue both rheumatic fever and psgn post tactical glomerular nephritis what do you mean by superative and non-superative so superative diseases first will be formed in the respiratory diseases you can see there is tonsillitis there is respiratory involvement there is pharyngitis there is tonsillitis you can see inside the tonsils multiple pateki are there in the throat you can see pus in the tonsil can you appreciate so in the respiratory they are causing pharyngitis and tonsillitis having pus and Pataki in the throat in the skin infection what does they cause in the skin infection they cause two main skin infection that is impetigo and erypsils what is impetigo in the impetigo you can see multiple pus-filled vacuoles are formed they look like honeycombing honeycombing this is typical honeycomb appearance which is seen in impetigo and the in erepsilus the lymphatics there is pus in the lymphatics can you see the lymphatics get inflamed the lymphatics get the person they get inflamed the lymphatics so it looks like the skin of orange fruit have you seen orange fruit it looks like the skin of a orange fruit it is known as pedial orange so impetigo impetigo is Honeycomb orange it is looking like honeycombing and this one is looking like pedio orange it is the past filled multiple recycles are there and here the lymphatics are inflamed in erypsils the lymphatics got inflamed and leading to pedial Orange so these are the two skin infection I told you in the respiratory infection it simply causes pharyngitis in the pharyngitis there can be pus there can be pateki there can be sore throat pain in the tonsils so that is respiratory infection in the skin infection there are many but the important are two what are the two important it vacuoles are there that looks like honeycombing and ellipses The lymphatics are involved that is looking like PDO orange what about others in the others it's correlate fever I told you on a scarlet fever vasodilation of the blood vessels of complete body caused by bird caused by pyogenic toxins the pyrogenic toxins that is sp that is scarlet fever you got my point so that is scarlet fever these are the three superative uh infections coming on non-superative SQL what do you mean by non-superative both of them the bacteria will not cause pus will not form but the antibody against the bacteria will cause it let me tell you let me tell you it's very important the non-superative complication of the clinical features caused by strap to work with spirogy there are two the first is the rheumatic fever what do you mean by rheumatic fever do you know what is romantic fever okay okay let me tell you can you see here is a child this is a child this is a child right in this child because it is more common in child's that's why I'm saying this child is having pharyngitis or tonsillitis by this bacteria which bacteria is streptococcus pyogens that is group a beta streptolytic bacteria that is what I am teaching you right now you see me it's okay just now you taught us it can cause respiratory infection it can cause sore throat plus formation in the tonsil in the pharynx of this child is having that it's okay so okay there is no problem in that but the body is forming antibodies against the bacteria these antibodies will go and bind with the antigens with the bacteria and kill the bacteria antigen antibody complexes will be formed and phagocytosis of the bacteria bacteria is no more USB and then what is the problem how rheumatic fever is done rheumatic fever is not caused by this bacteria what is the problem the problem is that the antigen present on this bacteria this bacteria is having certain antigens on it no the epitopes the antigens the similar antigens the similar epitops are present on five human organs the five human organs what are the five human organs the two are vital brain and heart one is brain one is heart you can say brain heart one two then skin just below the skin it's subcutaneous tissue and below that we have joints the brain heart skin subcutiness tissue and Joints so the antibodies actually formed against the bacteria the antigens on the bacteria so these antibodies will get confused they these antibodies will think this is also bacteria because they also have the similar antigen asset of bacteria now this is known as molecular mimicry this mechanism is known as molecular mimicry it is a type of autoimmunity you can say so these antibodies which are actually formed against the bacteria these antibodies will go and cross react here with the five organs and cause the disease in the five organs so you tell me who is causing the disease in the five organs is it bacteria who is going and causing the disease no no no no it's not the bacteria who is going and causing the disease in the five organ no it's the antibody against the bacteria who is doing cross reaction the mechanism is known as molecular mimicry who is doing the mimicry the bacteria is doing mimicry with the antigens of the 5 five uh human organs you know the five human organs so what are the five diseases what are the five diseases in the heart it's rheumatic heart disease in the heart in the brain it's in dams scoria in the brain it's in dance Korea in the skin it's irritama marginatum in the subcutaneous tissue it's subcutaneous nadules and in the joints it polyarthritis the five diseases together is known as rheumatic fever so you tell me romantic fever is a disease which is caused by this bacteria yes or no you will see Mom yes it is a sequel of this bacteria but bacteria directly is not going and causing the damage to the five organs right that's why I told you I'm sorry it's a non-superative sequel of this bacteria it's a non-superative sequel of this bacteria it's acute rheumatic fever it's a multi-system disorder right in which the bacteria is not causing it the antibodies against the bacteria is causing it it's the autoimmune disorder you can say that's why it's non-superative none of these five organ will have pus Plus will happen the past happen only where there is bacteria here there is no bacteria so that's why it's non-superative there is no pus in the five organs the damage is caused by the antibodies I'm repeating that you got my point coming on the second complication the second non-superative complication is what do you mean by that here also the same story will happen I will draw the diagram for you let me draw a human being a sketch diagram of a human being trying to draw a rough sketch diagram of a human being these are the tonsils so same story this person have tonsillitis or pharyngitis by this bacteria which bacteria what we are studying right now right now we are studying group a beta Streptococcus bacteria that is streptocus pyrogens so causing pharyngitis or here skin infection can also occur so I told you it can cause pharyngitis it can cause skin infection right the impetigo eruptillas so the story is same from here the bacteria will go in the blood vessel let me draw the blood vessel so this is the blood vessel this is a blood vessel the bacteria is going and these are the kidneys from the blood it will go to the kidney so the bacteria will go fast in the blood and from the blood the bacteria will go in the kidney in the kidney where it will go in the kidney we have a basement membrane can you see we have a basement membrane glomerular basement membrane the filtration barrier on one side we have podocide on one side we have endothelium you got my point so it will deposit over the photocytes can you see these are the photocytes you know that now so in pathology you may have studied it so this bacteria is going and getting deposited over the protocyte so what will happen the body will form antibody the same story so the body is forming the antibody antibody will also go behind the bacteria the antibody will also go behind the bacteria wherever the bacteria the antibody will also go so antibody will also go to the photo site and get deposited here get so antigen antibody complexes will be formed on the podocytes of glomerular basement membrane is destroyed so glomerular basement membrane is destroyed patients have glomerular nephritis and this glomerulonephritis is known as psgn right so again this is not caused directly by the bacteria you caused by the antibodies to the bacteria that's why these two are non-superative non-superative sequel of the bacteria give me a thumbs up you got it can we go ahead so we are done with group a we are done with group a I told you no there are 20 types group a to group V we are having 20 types group A to B but I will teach you only group a and Group B in the beta hemolytic we are having 20 types but I cannot teach you all 20 group a is tryptococcus pyogens we have studied that in detail Group B is streptococcus a Galaxy that I am going to teach you now so let's start Group B Group B of beta hemolytic so beta will be done then we will come on Alpha and Gamma right so Group B beta multicast a Galaxy only three things you have to learn here one two three that's it what are the three things number one it causes meningitis in the neonates neonatal meningitis it causes whenever in any question you get neonatal meningitis you should keep this in differential diagnosis neonatal meningitis neonatal sepsis and meningitis number one it is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis you know neonatal age less than 28 days so whenever there is a new Bond and newborn within 28 days have meningitis the Caesars the meningitis this is the most common cause number one number two in in the diagnosis we are having two specific tests what are the two specific tests number one it is hip rate positive number two cam positive both of them are very unique tests which were not there in group a now what differentiated from group a group a was bacitrus and sensitive this one is bacitrus and resistant I told you from A to B only group a is basically sensitive rest all are robustration resistant and group a was p y are positive this is pyr negative so these are the two tests which differentiated from group a and these are the two tests which are unique which are absent in group a and present only here you got my point so what are the two things hip urate what do you mean by hip rate so it converts heparate to glycine heparate is a chemical it converts heparate to glycine so green color convert to purple very simple test because it is having an enzyme to do so the name of the enzyme is hipurase enzyme hippur is an enzyme which convert hip pure rate to glycine heparate is green color glycine is purple color so you take the hip urate you just mix the bacteria if the bacteria is Group B bacteria it will be having hip urase and it will do the conversion and color changes scene that is the purity test positive what is Camp what do you mean by Camp test then the cam test we take up blood again it's very simple test we take a blood agar on the blood of God we take step Warriors chapter one I taught you no step it is not strepto because you take a streak off step audios like this right and perpendicular to this you take another streak perpendicular to this you take the streaks off you take the streaks off Group B that is strapped to because a Galaxy chapter cookers a Galaxy you take perpendicular to this so even what we are doing the perpendicular two streaks why we are saying you say step audience what does it do on the blood of God it do beta hemolysis what does this do on the blood guard it also do beta hemolysis so both of them the Beta hemolysis start from here so beta hemolysis occurs both way right but can you see the beta hemolysis is more towards this line towards the uh streptococcus as compared to staphylococcus so it's typical Arrowhead what it is known as if you can see its typical Arrowhead Arrowhead beta hemolysis is the same and it is known as cam positive because the betamolysis is not equal it is less in Step Warriors and it is more instructive because Group B streptococcus it is known as Camp reaction Camp reaction means Arrowhead you know Arrow Matlab you know Arrowhead Arrowhead or you can say the butterfly can you appreciate the butterfly shape if you mix the two arrows it is butterfly shaped hemolysis very easy test easy to perform so it's scam positive right so why to change the pan color shubashish you cannot see it so I guess is it clear can we go ahead now I've already explained have you got it have you gone to it can we go ahead so what we have learned in group b in Group B I'm sorry not Group B beta hemolysis I told you streptococcus out of three type Alpha Beta gamma so we have completed beta in beta there are 20 types A to B there are 20 types out of the 20 I taught you two one is group a one is Group B what is the name of group a it is what is the name of Group B it's chapter books a Galaxy I told you this one is best present sensitive this one is at Russell resistant and this one is Cam positive but this one is negative this one uh form the colonies here are little bit larger here smaller you can say this one is hyperate positive this one is negative so you can differentiate the two let's solve some questions on beta beta hemolytic streptococcal bacteria I taught you two bacterias here so let's solve some questions on the two bacteria group a and Group B then we will come on Alpha then we will come on gamma right so let's solve some question I want to see who is the first to answer please try to answer is the visibility is good to you visibility audibility can you see my slides would you like to answer it please can you please answer it so see carbohydrates hemolysis is important for what for which grouping is it important is it length field classification is it pyogenic phagocytic inhibition toxin protection or hemolysis so we know Group C carbohydrate is for it is for yes the correct answer is a you all are right it's for landsfield classification so we have seen good morning Lucknow City the Lucknow city land speed classification is based on Group C the landsfield classification is based on Group C Lucknow cities the mnemonic you all are right very good very good please everyone respond everyone answer at Max you will be wrong it's okay but try to answer it very good the correct answer here is a so let's move ahead Griffith typing is done for Griffith typing is done for which bacteria so what is Griffith typing you know so you all uh you obviously know the correct answer is of course the correct answer is streptococcus we all know what is Griffith typing so good morning Lucknow City tapping is based on the amp protein of streptococcus based on which we classify streptococcus pyogens into 100 types yes into 100 types the correct answer is B the next question Crystal wallet blood agar Crystal wallet blood agar is a selective media for which bacteria selective media for bacteria is it a slack media for corny bacterium dip 3 is it a selective media for staph aureus is it a selective media for beta hemolytic streptococcus or is it a selected media for manager cooker you should know the selective media for each and every each and every bacteria so Crystal molid blood agar I told you it's a selective media you all are right it's beta he will take streptococcus it's a selected media for beta hematics Tropicals you all are right very good I'm changing the cushion instead of Crystal Molly blood agar I'm asking PNF blood agar what is their answer now polymyxin neomason and fusidic acid what is your answer now so PNF blood agar is the selective media of what would you like to change your answer no no no no still the answer is same so there are two selective media for group beta uh hemolytics the crystal ballet and PNF I am changing the question again and now I am asking you uh the Mannitol salt blood agar I'm adding many tall manitol and salt in the blood as the blood guard is same but I am changing the composition so magnet all salt blood agar is a selective media of what yes very good now the answer will become staphylococcus right so and if I again change the question I will ask you tellurium blood agar if I asked the answer will become a so in this way we can change the question the answer will be changed you should know the selective media for each and every bacteria that is my point so let's go to the next question it's a clinical question take the clues so the first clue in the question is a child there is a child number one there is a child presence with impactive skin lesion on the leg the child is having some skin religion on the leg culture was done which show gram positive cocci in Chains so uh gram positive cocaine chains so it has to be some strepto cookies it has to be some streptococcus because it is a chain chain is the biggest Loop one to you and it is beta hemolytic so strepto Focus are of three type alpha beta and gamma so they are asking about the stratokas which is B timeolating not Alpha not gamma it is beta hematic so which test you will you say to will you take to perform so in the beta analytic there are 20 types now but two are important group a and Group B I taught you group a causes the skin infection I told you it causes respiratory infection skin infection and non-superative so in the skin infection it caused impetigo eruptcellus right so that can be so they are asking for group a so can you tell me a peculiar test for group a this is how I approached and my diagnosis is it's a group a beta hemolytic Streptococcus bacteria that is my diagnosis so how I approach towards the diagnosis currently the question is very simple because I taught you this bacteria and putting this question imagine you complete all 30 bacterias then you receive this question you will get a little bit confused so the approach towards the question is important right so the change you have to say streptococcus not staphylococcus not anything else right and foreign very good you all are right so do you have any confusion in that can we go ahead the next question is in front of you can you tell me a bacteria in which can test is typically positive the campus positive in which bacteria is it grow paste chapter because Group B Group C Group D Group C D though I didn't taught you I thought you only group A and B C D are not important in your syllabus I am not seen question on that so from a a Streptococcus pyrogens pyogens and B is structure because a Galaxy so in which Camp is seen yes the answer is B yes so in B the camp reaction is seen instead of Camp if I change the question and ask you hip purate hip urate test is positive in which one so again the answer is same so basically I want to tell you that for structure cookers a Galaxy 2 tests are important and unique the camp is unique here the camp positivity and hip urate positivity is very unique here for group a only one is unique that is basic person sensitivity one more it's pyr so Basit resin and py are unique here and camp and hip rate are unique here right yes yes well this class will be there on the YouTube Forever pavi you can watch it later on also if you wish but if you watch it live you can ask a doubt also simultaneously so can we go ahead the next question is in front of you causative agent of acute rheumatic fever can you tell me the causative agent of acute rheumatic fever what is rheumatic fever it is a non-superative complication so the sequels start after the entry of which bacteria so all the options are beta hemolytic of course but is it grouped a b c d again C and D I didn't taught you just to confuse you they are giving you the option from A and B of course the answer is a group a yes the no answer is not B someone is getting confused the answer is a it's group a beta hematic uh Streptococcus bacteria that is biogens we are talking so correct answer here is uh I'm sorry I'm sorry the correct answer here is group a i this answer is wrong the correct answer here is group a by mistake it is written the answer is a not b by mistake I have Mark B right I'm sorry for that but the answer is e I'm confirming the answer is by mistake it is there so going to the next question there is a child take the clues presented with sepsis a child presented with satsu right bacteria isolated shows beta hemolysis on blood agar so there is a child with substance having beta hemolytic colonies number one it is resistant to Bacitracin if it is resistant to better bacitrusin it cannot be streptococcus Paragon so roll out this option because it is bacitors and resistant now so it cannot be like that right and it is positive Camp positive Camp is the biggest clue positive Camp is only this bacteria destructive because a Galaxy and it is fitting also it causes neonatal neonatal meningitis and sepsis both it is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis and here they are saying it is a child with success yes so it is fitting here it is fitting here the correct answer here is B you can make it out going to the next question bessitrus and sensitivity is used to differentiate what I told you only one bacteria is bacitrus and sensitive rest all are negative so it differentiate bought and bought it is used to differentiate group a strap to cookers from staphylococcus or it is used to differentiate group paste chapter cookers from other beta so grouped a from Group B to B is it used for that is it used to differentiate group a from gamma hemolytic from gamma hemolytic or is it used to differentiate group a from alpha hemolytic so what is their answer what is their answer what's your answer here yes the answer here is of course B it is used to differentiate group a from B to B so I told you we divide the streptococcus in three categories alpha beta and gamma based on their hemolysis on blood agar yes or no yes or no so here I told you we divide further beta into 20 categories based on the group C carbonate it is done by landsfield A to B so the group a is sensitive rest all B to B the remaining 90 they are best present resistant so the bacitrus and test differentiate a from all other beta hemolytic this is my answer I want to say here it doesn't differentiate beta from Alpha Gamma no so that is my answer I hope it's Crystal Clear I hope it's Crystal gear I'm going to cover only bacteriology not whole microbiology now someone is asking I guess so can we go ahead we are done with beta streptococcus let me start with Alpha in the alpha I will teach you two let me start Alpha so first is also known as diplococcus white is known as diplocus because it always occurs in pairs can you see the pairs please here see the pair so two pair two bacteria together and a capsule over it two bacteria together and a capsule over it two bacteria together and a capsule over it so basically they are capsulated now see the mnemonic I have given you for the capsule at the beginning of the lecture packet MCV and Civic it is right so it is coming in that mnemonic also so basically the bacteria is flame shaped you know what is flame shaped so bacteria is like this the flame the two bacteria are in pair they are plants a flame shaped or lands they are the lens land shaped and over each pair there is one one capsule one capsule is not around this bacteria also this bacteria no it's not the case over one pair we are having one capsule so one capsule around one pair based on the capsule they are of 95 type 95 types so that is the introduction I must say right can we go ahead how to demonstrate the capsule so what is the shape of this bacteria this is flame shaped or land shaped it occurs in pairs and there is one capsule around each pair based on the capsule it is of 95 types and talking about strepto Focus pneumonia which is also known as diplococcus because it occurs in pairs so that is the introduction after that what are the two ways of capsule demonstration how you demonstrate the capsule what are the two ways by which we can demonstrate the capsule number one negative staining you know in negative staining the background is stained not the bacteria so on a negative background the bacteria will stand out the bacteria will stand and out on a negative background so here it's India Inc number one negative staining negrosion or India and number two it is known as quill lung reaction what do you mean by cool lung reaction do you know what what do you mean by quilling reaction if you take the bacterial suspension directly and try to make a smear and try to see it we cannot see the capsule very clearly this is the capsule but I cannot see it very clearly so what I will do I will add anti-serum against the capsule antibody against the capsule what I am doing I'm adding in this in this test tube I am adding antibody antibody against what anticipm against Ward against the capsule so the antibody will bind with the antigen the antibody will bind with the capsule due to antigen antibody reaction the capsules swell I am using the word swelling the capsule will swell swell and swelled capsule can be easily seen can you see the capsule is swelling so swelling of the capsule is known as quill lung reaction so basically in equivalent reaction we are swelling the capsule how we are swelling the capsule we are adding the antibody against the capsule anti-serum against the capsule we are mixing it and then making the smear so antigen antibody reaction takes place and it results in swelling of the capsule can we go ahead can we go ahead can you see this is blood agar can you see this is blood agar on the blood agar it shows very typical have you played carom when you were a kid or I still played carom coin have you seen the carom board caram would be plenum these are the carom coins so how does it look like there are co-centric rings there are cosentric rings with a central depression can you see there is a central depression in all of them the central depression with a co-centric ring have seen that so on blood agar it typically gives carom coin appearance carom coin appearance it's also known as drotsman appearance what do you mean by that there is a Central ambonation Central ambunation means Central depression with ocean recurring formation so it is very peculiar see see on the blood guard how does it look like can you see the central depression in each colony and if you see there is cocentric Rings also so each of them is looking like a carom coin can you see each of them is looking like carom coin so this is typically known as carom coin appearance on blood agar it's very very very peculiar now coming on the biochemical reactions what bacteria we are studying by the way don't forget the bacteria in which bank bacteria also have a count in which bank he is having account in Bank of India Boi it's a mnemonic right so strap typical pneumonia have a count in Bank of India Boi b stands for bile solubility it is bile soluble I will explain you the meaning it's bile soluble o stands for optogen sensitivity so optogen is again a chemical how many chemicals we have studied till now from the beginning of the session no more biosin so you can tell me Noble balance sensitivity and resistance is shown um is used to differentiate which bacteria the second I taught you is bisetracin bacitrus and sensitivity and resistance is shown by which bacteria to differentiate which bacteria we use that the third I am saying is optogen optogen is useful here so in every bacteria there is some chemical or some antibiotic you have to learn the name Nova Basin is related with cones stepylococcus biscitrusin is related to the streptogus pyogens and this optogen is related to streptococcus pneumoni and I I is not insulin it is inulin inulin is a sugar you know inulin like glucose galactose maltose it's a sugar so they they do what the fermentation of a unique sugar a special sugar known as inulin so they do the inulin fermentation can you see the Newlin got fermented so only this bacteria dose in your information of fermentation other bacteria do not do in Newland inulin is a sugar all bacteria is ferment sugar but inulin is fermented by this one streptococcus pneumoni right what do you mean by bile solubility what do you mean by bile solubility can you see it is forming the colonies on the blood agar these are the colonies on the blood agar on these colonies of the blood agar if you if you drop if you if you spread the bile here if you spread one drop of bile the colonies will dissolve the colonies will disappear this is known as bile solubility this is known as bile solubility once you once you spread the bile over the colonies the colonies will dissolve in the bile yes it's very unique property why they get dissolved in the bile you may be thinking because bile will activate an enzyme inside the bacteria the name of that bacteria is amide is amitis is usually inactive inside the bacteria Midas is present but is inactive once you give the bile on bile it will become active and on acting it will become autolytic it will cause the rupture of the bacteria all the bacteria got ruptured so the colonies will get dissolved so it's a very unique property of structural pneumonia it is optogen sensitive you can see this is the filter paper dipped in optogen so in this Zone I can't see any Colony so it is optogen sensitive and inulin fermenting so what we have learned can you tell me instructive Focus pneumonia what all important things we have learned can you tell me one important thing on blood agar on the culture media and three important biochemical properties can you tell me on blood agar we have learned a special appearance it is known as carom coin appearance it's typically carom coin appearance and on uh biochemical reaction Bank of India Bank of India Boi b stands for bile solubility o for optogen sensitivity and E for in Newland e for inulin these are three unique properties of strepivos only no other bacteria shows so after that pathogenesis we know streptococcus pneumonia causes pneumonia both pneumonia low bar and lobular and it causes meningitis also so it causes mainly two diseases only two diseases you can see it causes pneumonia I guess everyone knows the difference between low bar pneumonia and lobular pneumonia so you can see here is lobar pneumonia continuous lobe is involved and here the patchy consolidation the lobular pneumonia both are caused by streptococcus pneumonia and it causes meningitis also it is the second most common cause of meningitis after Nigeria meningitis so that is regarding the diseases caused by them so I told you I am going to teach you two alpha two alpha one is pneumonia what is the second one Stratus gradients so can you differentiate the two alpha from each other what are the three unique things which are this is also Alpha hemolytic can you differentiate the two alpha hemolytics from each other the unique things is Bank of India that streptococcus pneumonia have a accountant Bank of India and veridians don't have account in Bank of India all the three things are negative the bile solubility positive here optogen positive here inulin positive Year all the three things are negative here so these are the three biggest thing that differentiates pneumonia from viridians both of them are both of them are alpha hemolytic thank you thank you Supriya for the compliment thank you so much all of the students are getting the concepts it's a rapid revision of bacteriology all important bacterias will be covered here the unique feature of each bacteria if you attend the lecture attentively nothing you have to read extra and bacteriology that is my commitment so can we go ahead can we go ahead so we are done with structivocus pneumonia let's start streptococcus ingredients only two important points regarding the bacteria streptococcus ingredients it is also alphaemonautic radiance it is an opportunistic pathogen it usually do not cause infection in healthy individuals it causes infection when the person is immunocompromised like HIV like on steroids like on chemotherapy it causes two disease and diseases and immunocompromised patient number one dental caries can you see the dental caries are there these are the typical dental caries dental caries please learn that and number two it causes stomach that is sub acute endocarditis Subacute bacterial endocarditis there are two type of bacterial endocarditis acute and Subacute so it causes Subacute bacterial endocarditis right so that is the thing so we are done with these two also we are done with these two also the last thing we have to cover is the gamma so let's start gamma and finish streptococcus forever right startup was a very big jumbo bacteria so we are done with beta hemolytic we are done with the two alpha hemolytic these are few important points regarding the enterococcus that is gamma hemolytics number one it is also a cocaine it is also arranged in Chains so basically it is also arranged in pears it is also arranged in pears but the pears are at an angle can you see it is typically having spectacle spectacle goggle spectacle appearance typically spectacle appearance the pair is like a angle it's looking like a spectacle right typical spectacle appearance you have to learn number one and it is gamma hemolytic means non-humolitic on blood agar neither Alpha nor beta it's gamma I told you nuts gamma gamma means no hemolysis if you try to grow on radagar no hemolysis because it's gamma common sense right the unique feature here is bile SQL and test positive bile escalant test it gives brown color on black bicycle intest it's typically positive you have to learn the unique unique test everywhere and main thing it can grow in extreme environment it can grow in as high as 6.5 percent NCL no other bacteria can grow it can grow in 40 by no other bacteria can grow and it can grow in PH as I has 9.6 no other bacteria can grow it can grow even in 60 degree of temperature no other bacteria can grow so that is the extreme condition it can survive so can you tell me what are the important points regarding Andrew cookers what we have learned regarding andrococus regarding anterococcus entero so what we have learned the important things regarding that it is practical appearance what do you mean by spectacle it is arranged in pairs like this right like a spectacle at the angle of each other so spectacle appearance it is gamma hemolysis it is gamma hemolysis no hemolysis on that again and bile escalant test positive bi-sculine test positive and last is extreme environment you know the extreme environment it can grow pH at 9.6 and ACL 6.5 percent NaCl it can grow temperature up to 60 degree right so all these extreme conditions they can grow can we go go ahead right this is gamma hemolysis what you didn't got it Manoj so here the colonies are there but around the colonies there is no hemolysis Manoj that is gamma gamma means no hemolysis gamma means no hemolysis you got it anything else can we go ahead right so can we go ahead so we are done and this is the summary of gram positive Coca in front of you we are done with graham posters the biggest two bacteria and bacteriology is done now all other bacterias are very small small we will run fast but these two were the biggest one and I am done with them so this is the summary in front of you the approach in your specimen of the patient this is your patient specimen and you are making a Gram stain on the ground stain you've got purple color spheres you got purple color coli cocai so it's a gram-positive coconut what is your approach no it can be staphylococcus it can be streptococcus right so the first test you apply is catalase the first thing is always to differentiate whether it is staphylococcus or strepto because in case of a gram positive cocci apply Catalyst test right this is the master table everyone please concentrate on your gadgets please so it is depending it is positive or Catalyst negative if it is catalyst positive go with coagulus go with coagulate see see if it is calculus positive only one staphylococcus is positive staph aureus rest all coagulates rest all staphylococcus Negative they are known as cones coagulus negative staphylococcus so there are two options the epidermitis and steps are profitical so what is the test to differentiate them the test to differentiate them is Novo biosin if it is Noble wasn't sensitive it is epidermidis if it is resistant it is sapropetical right anything anything you didn't got it so coming on strap to cookers here we do the beta hemolysis on the blood agar based on that they are of three type Alpha beta gamma in the alpha do Bank of India see Bank of India by its solubility optogen sensitivity inulin fermentation if all of them are positive it's nemococcus if all of them are negative it's not written here but if all of them are negative it's Viridian it's gradients coming on gamma in gamma we have only one option that is by school and test positive and can grow in the extreme environments that is 6.5 percent annually NaCl 40 by pH 9.6 it's anthropocles coming on beta in the beta I taught you two beta group a group b there are 20 beta but I will not teach you all 20. we have studied group a and Group B so if it is bacitrus and sensitive and P Y are positive it's group a that is streptococcus pyogens and if it is Cam positive and hip urate positive it is Group B that is tryptophus a Galaxy I cannot simplify More Than This these are the heights I guess appreciated have you got it have you got it can we go ahead thank you Supriya thank you for appreciation what about others please everyone respond can we go ahead so please solve some questions based on Alpha and Gamma we have already solved the questions on beta and we will move to the next bacteria so this is the question in front of you can you help me in answering let's take the clues the first clue is a nine year old child died age is always important the nine year old child presented to the OPD with complaints of high grade fever vomiting and one episode of scissor so there is a scissor in a child what's the most common cause of scissor in child it can be meningitis so it can be a case of meningitis whenever scissors come in any clinical question always take meningitis as the first differential so it can be a case of meningitis right CSF examination was done and it shows gram staining of the culture showed following bacteria short what is the agent so they are asking you some based on the image first tell me it is a gram positive bacteria or gram negative it is a gram staining image no can you see the color of the bacteria is it red or purple I'm asking you the approach to the image is it red or purple color bacteria I can see the bacteria of purple color they are not red they are purple color bacteria they are purple color bacteria so they are gram positive they are brown positive the first thing they are gram positive they are not gram negative the second thing I can see they are orange and pears all of them are orange and appears they are arranged in pairs so some Grandpa and they are kokai they are not basilized so gram positive cocoa arranged in pears what's your answer and causing scissors in a child gram positive cocci arranged in pairs causing Caesars in a child so of course the answer is strepto because pneumonia you all are right it is area if it in Nigeria can also cause the scissors in a child but the image is not matching now in the Nigeria it should be a gram negative should be of red color here the color is important the image is showing purple color it's not red color so you can rule out the Nigeria right you can rule out the Nigeria you can rule out the hemophilus can also cause meningitis right so we are ruling other options based on that can we go ahead the correct answer is you got the approach to the cushion yes can we go ahead the next question is in front of you I'm sorry the next question is in front of you Dental caries are caused by I told you is it streptococcus Biogen streptococcus mutants anterococcus or action fluency so streptococcus okay uh the answer to this question is not given this chapter because mutants is the answer right the dental caries are it is a type of streptococcus viridians streptococcus ingredients of multiple type one of the type of streptokus neutrons so that causes the dental caries coming on the next question the next question is in front of you can you tell me the answer there is a patient of rhd rheumatic heart disease developing infective endocarditis so patient was already having rhd in which the ball is already diseased in rhd the balls are already diseased and now having endocarditis and the person is having dental extraction after dental so why the person may have dental extraction why anyone will go for the dental extraction the person may have dental caries that's why person is going for dental extraction so there is a person who is having dental caries and after dental extraction he develops sub it that is Subacute bacterial endocarditis so both the things are fitting here it's chapter book is viridian's typical case yes it's a typical case of structibles meridians coming to the next question a person presents with pneumonia there is a person presents with pneumonia his putum was sent for the culture the bacteria was gram positive cocci in Chains gram positive in Chains what does it mean it means streptococcus it's not staphylococcus some streptococcus causing pneumonia and it is Alpha hemolytic in Alpha hemolitic we have only two options either it is which of the following will confirm the diagnosis out of these two pneumonia is caused by pneumonia viridians do not cause pneumonia so my straight forward diagnosis is streptococcus pneumonia what is the unique test you will go what is the unique test you will go right the unique test is Bank of India from Bangkok medium what is given here Nova Basin no ambassadors we will go for optogen any confusion we can solve the question first make the diagnosis how we make the diagnosis it's a gram positive cocci so it is streptococcus among them pneumonia is caused only by one of them that is pneumonia first make the diagnosis then question will become super simple for you so this is the approach towards the clinical question how we approach it we are done with this section can I start this section can I start this section everyone give me a thumbs up have you enjoyed gram positive kokai can we start drum negative okay now let's start drum negative so let's start gram negative cocai in gram negative let's start the nazeria let's start nazarea so in this area and moritzula together I will teach you in Nigeria there are two nazarea I want to teach you Tunisia I will teach you both together so there are two news area one is Nigeria meningitis one is the diagram of both of them is in front of you both of them are diplococci both of them are diplococci it means they occur in pairs here's all so the bacteria is in pair but the shape is Half Moon shaped half moon shape they are half moon shape and here also they occur in pair but the shape is kidney shape kidney shape or Bean shape so here also pear here also pear but the shape is different see I appreciate the shape right but around each pair there is capsule present here the capsule is present and here we don't have capsule the capsule is absent here here capsule is present based on the capsule 12 types are there you have to learn 12 types it's a b c x y z y z are separate w135 29 e h i k l because based on that we can make the vaccines now based on that we will make the vaccines that's why so Nigeria management address you see so what we have learned we have learned there are two type of Nigeria these are the two types of Nigeria let's draw diagram both of them occurs in pair so here the shape is half moon shape and here the shape is kidney shape can you see and where is the capsule we are having capsule is present in Nigeria managed address there is no capsule in gonori based on capsule it is of 12 types you know the 12 types the name of the 12 types ABC XYZ w135 29a and h i k l these are the 12 types based on that we will do the vaccine formation so that is the two types of Nigeria can I draw the third one also the diplococci the third diplococci was a Streptococcus pneumonia it was also diplococci what is the shape the shape was the flame shape let me draw that also so that you will not have any confusion the shape is Flash flame shaped and that was also capsulated but based on the capsule there were 95 different types so this is the I have drawn this all diplococca in front of you but currently this is already covered it is Alpha hemotic streptococcus we have covered that currently I am covering the nazeria can we go ahead yes so yes so we have covered um that now I'm covering the Nigeria so in this area we have seen we are having two Nigeria in our syllabus Nigeria management address we have seen it's capsulated it's land-shaped half moon shaped the nizirya gonori no capsule it's kidney shaped and bean shaped right that is the first difference we have seen between them so here the virulence factor is capsule capsule is present here capsule is not present now capsule is absent so here the virulence factor is pillai here pilai are present you know palai or primary so here Pala or fembri are very unique right they occur in nasopharynx that's why from nasopharynx they will go to the brain they will involve the manage and they cause the meningitis meningitis and they are they their habitat is genital tract so they will cause the bonorrhea right so regarding the sugar fermentation I will tell you you can see for both of them whether it is Nigeria management or niziria gonori they do not form any hemolysis so you can see the colonies but around the colonies there is no hemolysis it's gamma gamma means no hemolysis for both of them on chocolate agar the same thing the colonies are there no hemolysis the colonies are more mucoid and clear looking so blood agar same morphology chocolate agar same morphology selective media is also same for both of them for both of them I'm talking The Selective media is also the same learn the selective media of each and every bacteria please thoroughly here this later media is there Martin medium it's there Martin modified there Martin what is the modification what is there Martin we take blood agar and we will add three things in that number one Vancomycin collision and mastatin the three antibiotics and antifungal drugs so Vancomycin Collision are the antibiotics the Statin is an antifungal drug and if you're at the fourth also Vancomycin Coliseum nestatin along wrong with that one more trimethoprim it will become modified so there Martin modified there Martin these are the two selective media there and Martin are two scientists there and Martin are two scientists Morton form a combination with another scientist Martin Lewis so Martin Lewis is also there so thier Martin or Martin Lewis these are the selective media coming on biochemical reaction both of them are Catalyst positive like staphylococcus both of them is also and nizeria managed at this also right both of them are oxidase positive you can see the purple color you know how to perform the oxidase test both of them with area managed that is positive but how to differentiate them you will say mom you are saying same blood agar same chocolate agar same selective medium both are Catalyst positive both are oxidized positive only difference is this between the two only difference is sugar fermentation what is the difference between sugar fermentation both of them okay what is about the sugar fermentation let me show you regarding the sugar fermentation meningitis ferment both glucose and maltose but gonorary ferments only glucose G for G gonorary ferment only glucose can you see this is the diagram of gonori it is changing color only of glucose only glucose not maltose not anything else but meningitis changing the color of glucose plus maltose both you got my point so what I told you the two bacteria Nigeria manager Traders and Nigeria gonori can you tell me the sugar fermentation please G for G gonori ferment only glucose but manage that is along with glucose ferment maltose also and for M you can learn right so maltose is differentiating glucose is in both of them maltose differentiate the two maltose is the sugar based on which you can differentiate the two so that is the thing but they cause different disease they cause entirely different disease meningitis causes meningitis it causes pyogenic meningitis along with rice septicemia it also causes Waterhouse prediction syndrome it is a severe pulmonite meningococci right so patients have multi-system involvement so you can see the meningitis managerial involvement patient will come with scissors the rashes are there you can see right but in gonori It Is acidity It Is acidity so here the man it can occur in man also female also of course it is a sexually transmitted disease the gonori it causes gonorrhea so in man it presents as urethritis the first symptom after that prostate some animal cycle everything can involve ultimately it will lead to water cane perineum in female it starts as cervicitis after that other organs are also involved but ultimately it will lead to syndrome you have to take these catchy catchy names for your mcqs right it can occur in pre-pubertal girls also you may be thinking man what is the difference between women and prepubital girls in prepubital girls now it do not cause herbicides like female the first organ is service that is but here it causes Volvo genitis because of the alkaline pH of the vagina it causes vulvo vaginitis and in infants it causes ophthalmia neonitorum you may be thinking ma'am here you are saying it's a sexually transmitted disease so it can occur in young man young female prepubital girl because of the sexual transmission right because of the sexual intercourse but how does it occur in infant how does it occur in infant the root is not sexually transmitted of course so how does it occur in the infant in the infant you can see the root it's through the genitalia of the mother imagine a lady is pregnant this is the uterus of the lady and she is having the Peters inside that and she is having gonorrhea she is having gonorrhea during pregnancy and that is not treated so the cervix is contaminated it causes cervicizes now so the cervix is contaminated with Nigeria gonorrhea not during delivery the deliveries it's not cesarean during vagina these are the eyes of the features so during vagina delivery when the when the neonate is coming out the vaginal tract the generator track of the mother so contaminated genital track of the mother here it will enter in the eyes and it will lead to opthalmia near neonitorum and it can lead to blindness also you got my point right it occurs only in this um vaginal delivery not in cesarean section we are done with miseria can you help me in revising this area we are done with nizeria the two nizaria who will help me revising the nizriya we are done we will solve some mcqs and move to the next bacteria so Nigeria status can you help me with drawing so here diplococci Half Moon shaped encapsulated here diplococci kidney shape but no capsule based on the capsule it's of 12 type right now based on the culture media here also blood agar it's gamma hemolysis here also blood agar we have gamma hemolysis gamma hemolysis is also same selective media is also same it's there Martin here also here also modified there Martin and Lewis Martin we have the same so same culture same blood culture same chocolate agar after that both of them are catalase positive both of them are auxilious positive till now everything is same apart from the morphology the blood agar is same selective media is same Catalyst positive oxidase positive one biochemical reaction differentiate them as sugar fermentation G for gonorrhea G for glucose it ferment only glucose only glucose not maltose but M for meningitis and for maltose maltose plus glucose both so maltose is the sugar which differentiate the both you got my point so everything is same between them you found difference only in the morphology here and you found difference only in the biochemical reaction here rest all the same but the pathogenesis is entirely different this one causes meningitis and this one causes the STD known as gonorrhea gonorrhea and nail start with urethritis gonorrhea and female start with cervicitis gonorrhea and prepubertal girls present as Volvo vaginitis not service actors and in infants it involve the eyes it involves the eyes that is of thalmia uniterm that is the summary here apart from manager is the severe form is Waterhouse Federation syndrome right so you have to learn these catchy catchy name anything else you want to ask that is the summary of nazarea apart from Nigeria we have more of the law also so only one line regarding the Maury Villa that is a gram positive cocci a gram negative kokai right so only two gram negative Coca in this area and more axillary the more Excel are the important Mozilla Isola also known as morax uh AdSense because of the scientists who discovered them right it causes angular conjunctivitis can you see in the angles of the eye you may have seen this in Ophthalmology also at the angles of the eye can you see this is the angle of the eye appreciate the angle of the eye it is causing conjunctivitis here right so it is causing angular blepharo conjunctivitis that is very unique so let's solve some P by cues on nazeria and moraxilla we are done with gram negative also we are done with gram positive also we are done with gram negative Also let's solve some question I want each and every one of you to participate in the answer so please whatever you think like tell me the answer in that they have bought so understand the question in the question the examiner is asking tell me something which is present in management tell me that thing is it this one is intracellular this one is not is it this one possess the capsule and this one is not is it it permanent glucose this form and glucose and this one not or is it it is oxidase positive and this one is not so what is the correct answer I guess the correct answer is very simple so both of them are intracellular both of them ferment glucose both of them are oxidized positive but but capsule is present only in managercoccus but it is absent in gonococcus I will go with B I guess every why people are saying C no no no some of you are getting confused it is glucose beta it is not maltose it is not maltose instead of glucose if I say maltose you will say good but glucose is fermented by both Na and repeating here listen everyone those who are saying see for them I am writing laserium meningitis listen listen both of them ferment glucose glucose is present in both so don't go with glucose it is fermented by both but maltose is the thing and for M it is unique part meningitis but not for gun worry right so don't go have you got it those who are saying see kindly give me a thumbs up you got it C is not the answer B is the answer give me a thumbs up you appreciate it your mistake you realized it so yeah it's better to do the mistakes here not in exams right can we go ahead so yes the correct answer here is B it possesses as a capsule can we go ahead this is the next question in front of you can you tell me the answer water house Frederickson syndrome Waterhouse tradition syndrome is seen in what it is seen in pneumococci meningitis or Garcinia of course Waterhouse Frederickson syndrome it is the severe form of meningitis involving multiple systems it is seen in Nigeria manager that is just now I told you it is a severe form so yes the correct answer is B selective media for managercoccus what is the selective media has just shown you the answer was the selective media for manager focus of course is it DCA no is it blood agar no is it algae media no the Salata media is of course it's there Martin media yes the correct answer is there Martin if I change the question instead of managercoccus if I ask you gonococcus what is the answer now what's the selection media of gonococcus so answer still seems answers still Saints for gono cookers also the selective media's Theory Martin only the correct answer is G can we go ahead the next question is the clinical question can you help me in solving the clinical question please there is a young lady who is campaigning of sore throat take the clues young lady with sore throat for three days along with fever and headache so there is a young lady having sore throat having fever having headache on examination she was severely dehydrated the blood pressure was found to be 90 50. she is in shock the lady is in shock with high grade fever with dehydration with blood pressure falling hypotension and the distal aspect of the cuff uh small red spots are seen so rashes are also seen uh what will be the most probable etiological agent responsible for causing the symptoms so is it brucella is it brucella abortus brucella Swiss area management staffordius so in Step audios it can be the symptoms if this young lady was menstruating but the menstruation is not given it can be toxic shock syndrome it can Beacon related to toxic shock syndrome but she is not menstruating so I will rule out this option in brucilla this is not the presentation I have not taught you brucella but I will teach you but in Nigeria managed address I told you there is water house Frederickson syndrome in is the severe form in which patient goes in shock presented with rashes along with meningitis along with all the correct answer here is C it is a typical case of water house Frederickson syndrome right so correct answer here is C do you agree with me everyone can we go ahead the next question is in front of you can you tell me differentiating feature of nizriya gonori from Nigeria manage that is not please and understand the question first I want to ask you something which is present in gonori but it is absent in manageditis tell me something which is seen in gonori but not in man okay okay no not it is not like that can you tell me something which differentiate the two can you tell me is it lactose fermentation which differentiates the two is it maltose which differentiate the two is it manitol or is it sucrose what do you say what do you say right what do you say so yes you all are right you all are right so no not man at all it's maltose people are confusing with Mannitol don't get confused with many told I told you it's maltose fermentation so again and again I'm repeating the same thing status I hope you all got the thing so glucose is fermented by both but maltose only by meningitis so it is the maltose which differentiate the two I want to differentiate the two so answer is maltose so that is the thing the next question is in front of you it's a recent question all these are recent pyqs you can check into your py queues right so see there is a 25 year old man presented with urethral discharge so 25 year old means young he's a young man young man the young man he may be sexually active he may be sexually active because 25 year old man is there and urethral discharge so it's typical gonorrhea it's the well it is a typical STD it is a typical typical acidity that the man man is presenting with urethritis urethral dischargement means you to try to since last three days Gram stain shows discharge shown in the figure so all of the following are true regarding the causative organism except the question contains except the first based on the image do the diagnosis based on the clinical feature based on the image do the diagnosis in the clinical feature only two findings young man with urethritis so I came to conclusion it is a typical case of STD right so on the image what can I see on the image always see the color is it purple or red is it purple or red is it coca or basili so I can see red color organisms where are the organisms by the way the organisms are present inside the neutrophils all these are neutrophils and you can see these These are the small small organisms you can see so all these are the cocoa these are red color these are red colors so these are gram negative these are not gram positive and I can see these are spherical these are kokai these are not basically so gram negative so gram negative cocci causing urethritis we are having only two gram negative cocaine in this area so this presentation is with grown gonori so my diagnosis is my diagnosis is now check the options does Nigeria gonori have virulence Factor as pile I I guess yes is it intracellular yes both misery are intracellular predominantly yes it is catalase positive and oxidase positive yes it showed twitching motility no no no it is non-motile so this option is incorrect so B will go with d yes it doesn't show twitching more mortality so can we go ahead can we go ahead these are the neutrophils now don't get confused yes are in neutral present the neutrophils having the multilopated nucleus all these These are the small small organisms you can see they are inside the neutrophils they are present in the cytoplasm of the neutrophils you can see the organisms the organisms the big red thing is the nucleus of the neutrophil don't get confused in the image can we go ahead yes it doesn't show touching mortality I told you it is catalyst and oxidase positive if you learn the biochemical reactions and if you if you learn the biochemical reaction typical characteristic of all the bacteriasana bacterology will become fun for you believe me so we are done with gram positive coca and gram negative cocaine now it's time to start gram positive basili the five organisms I will teach you back to back right yes so before that let me tell you something you know many students I get messages from many students query from many students daily most common query asked by the student is that ma'am what is the ideal hours to study for getting a good drink I want to top in the exam I want to get a good rank average rank in the exam what are the ideals hours to study how many hours should I study daily throughout the year or for next few months now so I will get a good rank so do you really think it is the quantity of time you dedicate to study that matters you can imagine two students one student is studying for 12 hours 15 hours but with full distraction on the digital media update forms multiple social media platforms with on the mobile with on Twitter Facebook Instagram here there everything right so but yeah setting is more it's 12 hours 15 hours on the contrary there is another student who is very smart who's studying only for eight or six to eight hours eight to ten hours a day right but with full concentration without any destruction on any social media platform right so the output will be more to be off with student of course the second student will have more output so my point is that it's not only quantity of time you dedicate to study matters more of it the quality of time you are dedicating matters more right so if you are giving hardly eight to ten hours daily but sincerely with full attention with breaks proper breaks then you can get a good rank you can get a top rank even right so can we proceed ahead can we proceed okay so let's go ahead let's go ahead what you are saying I'm absolutely all right don't uh bother about me thank you for your concern can we go ahead okay so we are done with gram positive kokai we are done with gram negative okay let's start gram positive basili so here I want to teach you five organisms a b c d l a for actinomas it is B Port bacillus C for clostridium D for diphtheria and Alpha listeria so I will be first teaching you all five will be taught so important important points of all five let's start with bacillus first so first is the bacillus so in the bacillus you must learn it is non-motile but capsule is present score is present you can see the diagram in front of you can you see it is arranged in bamboo stick one behind the other so this is one bacteria let me show you the bacteria this is one bacillus this is one bacillus this is one so they are one behind the other one behind the other like a bamboo stick this is typically known as bamboo stick appearance and over the complete row there is one capsule not individually one have a capsule the capsule is present over complete uh line complete bamboo right now the capsule is very unique all the capsulated bacteria have capsule made up of polysaccharide that is carbohydrate this is the only bacteria only bacteria which is having capsule made up of protein that is polypeptide it's not polysaccharide it's poly peptide in nature polypeptide in nature what is the polypeptide which is the amino acid it's polyglutamic acid so capsule is very very unique yes it's known as polyglutamic acid what about the spores can you see it is having spores the spores are Central in location all the spores are Central in location they are oval and they are non-bulging there are two types of spores now the bulging and non-bulging I can see the spores are non-bulging they are within the bacteria so what we have learned in the morphology what we have learned I am teaching you bacillus bacillus right so bacillus Anthrax so they are one behind the other like bamboo stick it is known as bamboo stick appearance right number one and the capsule is present they are capsulated the capsule is over the complete bamboo the capsule is unique it is not polysaccharide it is polypeptide in nature and polypeptide amino acid it is polyglutamic amino acid polyglutamic amino acid so that is the nature of the capsule now they all have sports inside them the spores are Central they are oval and they are non-bulging so that is the morphology we have learned you can see the same in this diagram also and this is the bamboo stick appearance I want to show you can you can you see the bamboos are there so they are one behind the other forming the big big bamboos so these are known as bamboo stick appearance now here the most important question you get from basic in your exam is culture so they're on nutrient agar it shows Medusa head colony and frosted glass appearance let me show you what do you mean by Medusa Medusa is a girl madius can you see Medusa is a girl having curly hairs having curly mated ears appreciate the hairs of the Medusa the curly mated hairs can you see the curly mated hairs of the Medusa this is known as typical Medusa head appearance because the colonies are bamboo stick numb so the bamboo stick they just you know mate with each other so mated curly appearance it is looking like Medusa had appearance this is nutrient tagar on nutrient tagar colonies are Medusa head appearance never ever forget it's known as the head appearance can we go ahead and what is the color of the colonies can you appreciate the color here what is this color is it white it is cream no it is looking something like that it is known as frosted glass appearance prostate glass appearance right yes it is known as prostate glass appearance so on nutrient agar Medusa head or frosted glass Medusa head is the appearance and the color of that appearance is frosted glass right the color of the colonies on blood agar it is gamma hemolytic we know that so I have not shown you blood agar on gelatin swab it form inverted for appearance what do you mean by inverted fur have you seen a pottery Pottery is like a Christmas tree so see here on the gelatin agar it is doing the liquification like this it is doing the liquification like this it is looking like a inverted for the pottery is like that so it is looking like a inverted fur can you seeds inverted for appearance why it is inverted for appearance because it is a typical aerobic strict aerobic bacteria and maximum oxygen is present on the surface now so maximum liquefication is at the surface and liquefification go on decreasing decreasing decreasing with sparse like and it is giving a typical inverted for appearance this is the reason on gelatin swab right on a media containing penicillin The Selective media containing penicillin it gives String of Pearls necklace it's looking like a necklace of pearls string of pearl appearance can you see string of pearl appearance so it is typical solid media containing penicillin it is string of pearl appearance right and there is a selective media known as plet what is a plet full form of plet see the full form of p l e t The Selective media SP learn the selective media of all bacteria please P stands for polymyxin L stands for lysozyme E stands for ethylene diamide means it's EDTA and T stands for thalass acetate they can ask you the full form it's pleg media and if you take polychrome methylene blue what is the name of the stain polychrome methylene blue stain on that the capsule will get separate from the bacteria whereas the bacteria here I can see this is the bamboo stick this is the bamboo stick this is the bamboo stick but where is the capsule the capsule get degenerated and the capsule disintegrated capsule form clumps amorphous clumps this is known as matte pyridian reaction what it is known as Mac peridian reaction so this is the summary this is the summary what we have learned what we have learned regarding bacillus Anthrax can we enumerate the culture media what all we have learned we have learned that in bacillus Anthrax on nutrient agar what is the appearance can you tell me swab what is the appearance can you tell me on a media containing penicillin what is the appearance can you tell me the name of selective media for that and the full form of that can you tell me what will be the appearance on polychrome methylene blue polychrome methylene blue yes it is a category a bioterrorism also very correct kalpita very correct so can you tell me the answers please here anyone from the audience on nutrient agar very good it's Medusa head appearance or the color is prostate glass appearance on gelatin swab it's inverted for it's like inverted for appearance right on penicillin media containing penicillin its string of pulse it's like a necklace string of ball appearance the synaptomedia is p l e t I guess you all know the full form and on polychrome methylene blue on polychrome methylene blue it's what's the polyglum methylene blue uh it's it's known as Max paridian reaction Max parody on reaction methodine what do you mean by Mac Veridian reaction the bamboo sticks are separated and the capsule got disintegrated and it will form purple color clumps these are very unique mcqs you will get in your exams very very unique mcqs you will get in your exams I will show you the question coming on the pathogenesis it pumps toxin the bacillus Anthrax form toxin very very lethal very powerful toxin the toxin is having three components let me tell you the three components of the toxin the toxin is having a protective antigen ta protective antigen a lethal Factor LF and the edema Factor ER F so the toxin is made up of three things edema Factor lethal factor and protective antigen protective antigen will go in the cell and help in binding of the other two so this is required only for binding purpose for binding purpose it will help in binding of the other two so these two will come and come and bind on the human cell in the human cell it will affect three organs the respiratory tract will affect the lungs it will affect the git and affect the skin there are three type of Anthrax I will telling you so it can be a cell of git like intestine it can be a cell of the lung the respiratory tract and it can be cell of a skin it can be any of the three cell so the toxin is going inside so this factor is helping in The Binding so that other two can go inside the other two the edema Factor will go inside you can see after going inside edema Factor activate an enzyme known as adenyl cyclist adenos cyclists convert ATP to cyclic amp so basically it increases cyclic amp which causes more and more sodium and water absorption solids to edema it leads to the mammal draw again don't worry and lethal Factor will enter inside the cell and through map pathway it will cause apoptosis of the cell I will draw it for you if you have confusion I will draw it for you don't worry so this is a cell now you may be asking them this cell this is a host cell like human cell or host cell right now it can be respiratory cell it can be cutaneous it can be git intestinal cell the three systems which involve the anthrax now this is the anthrax toxin the toxin of the anthrax it is having three components protective antigen edema factor and the lethal Factor protective antigen helps in binding it has in binding of the other two so other two are coming and binding here with the help of protective antigen that's it so that's the role of protective engine antigen done now the will go inside after going inside it will activate adrenal cyclase which convert ATP to cyclic amp so basically you can learn simply it increases cyclic MP it increases the edema Factor increases cyclic amp cyclic amp on increasing it will stimulate the sodium channel so more and more sodium and water will come the cell will swell that's why it's known as edema Factor so basically edema factor causes edema by increasing cyclic amp you can say like that and what about lethal Factor the lethal Factor will also come inside and by m a p k pathway it causes apoptosis the the degradation of the cell so that is the toxin you can say there are the the mechanism of the toxin is very important question in your exam okay let me go to the next question next slide you can see I told you there are three type of Anthrax the three type of Anthrax is in front of you the cutaneous Anthrax involve the skin it is the most common right the respiratory the respiratory Anthrax you can see it's known as pulmonary Anthrax right it is hundred percent portal if it occurs to any human now dead dead hundred percent portal no treatment right and this one is git this one is intestinal git right git Anthrax in which tonsil is most commonly involved and then the intestines will involve this one is the rarest this one is the rarest here the cutaneous one is the most common here the disease start with a papule it will convert into pustule it will convert into Hoover cycle so first a papule it will convert into postul it will convert into a cycle and inside of a cycle there is a star the black color is Char that is the unique what do you mean by Char is Char is the bird from the Greek language it means cold cold it is black color now that is the meaning of the anthrax bacillus Anthrax Anthrax word is cool right it is black colored So based on this black color is Char black color is Char it is the cutaneous Anthrax you got my point yes it was used in bioterrorism it can be used in bioterrorism it is category a bioterrorism and in the bioterrorism the spores are used that can cause respiration 31 in the respiratory one person can have pneumonia you can see the infiltrates you can see the mediastinal widening typical media signal widening the hemorrhagic uh plural Fusion is there and the Death is certain it is 100 fatal and the third one is the git one which is the rarest but diarrhea can occur here so that is the thing written here the cutaneous one is also known as hide Potter disease you know hide Potter the skin of some animal is taken and if I cover it like a shawl so on on all organs where I can cover on the hands on the on the surface on the skin on the trunk it can cause over there it is known as hide Potter disease right the pulmonary one is known as wool solder right wool sorter because it is by inhalation this one cause malignant this one is hundred percent fatal and gastrointestinal is rarest one where tonsil is most common so that is the three type of Anthrax right so we are done with bacillus Anthrax by the way bacillus Anthrax I'm teaching you bacillus now but there is one more bacillus which is important and cause a disease in human what is the name of that bacillus bacillus the second bacillus is the basilar syrup what does it causes it causes Anthrax no bacillus Anthrax causes Anthrax this one causes food poisoning so I taught you food poisoning where I taught you food poisoning in the step Warriors the first chapter and now again I am teaching you food poisoning this bacteria causes two type of food poisoning the food poisoning in which only diarrhea occurs no vomiting and the food poisoning in which only vomiting occurs no diarrhea vomiting means ametic type so how does the same bacteria can cause two type of food poisoning the food preferences difference and the incubation period is also different someone is eating cooked meat and vegetables and the food poisoning is occurring after 8 to 16 hours this is diarrhea type and if someone is eating fried rice from a Chinese restaurant do you like fried rice I don't like Chinese by the way so do you like so next time if you eat fried rice now beware eat from a good restaurant in which hygiene is maintained if you are eating it with someone on the road and maybe it is contaminated you can have this food poisoning come on right fried rice is the biggest glue you will get in the question from a Chinese restaurant Chinese fried rice it is the amitic type here the incubation is only one to five years so this is short incubation period in short term incubation period only vomiting will occur but in Long the diarrhea will occur so short incubation period is one to five hours it is fried rice and long incubation period is 8 to 16 hours and here Daria will occur you got my point here toxin will be produced inside the intestine that's why it will take time here the preformed toxin preformed toxin is present in the rice that's why it will not take time within five hours it will cause the vomiting so here toxin formed inside the intestine here it is pre-porm Toxin you got it the two type of food poisoning you got it so here only diarrhea no vomiting here only vomiting no diarrhea so can you tell me the two type of food poisoning caused by basila syrup who will help me you people are not interacting here come on tell me yes so tell me the business the two type of poisoning yes the diarrhea type very good and The Amity type ametic means vomiting type the diarrheal and Amity in the I'm sorry the page is gone I have to draw it again so the first is the diarrheal type and second is ametic type so can you tell me the features please Dariel and amitic so Dariel one is because of eating vegetables and meat vegetables and meat and this one is because of eating Chinese fried rice right this one is long incubation period 8 to 16 hours this one is short incubation period one to five hours here no vomiting here only vomiting occur no diarrhea occur right here the toxin is formed inside the intestine itself here that's why it is taking time you can learn like that and here the toxin is preformed that's why it is not taking time this is long incubation period this is short incubation period any confusion the two type of food poisoning caused by basilar serous you will never forget now so that is the thing there is a typical selective media for that it's mypa what is the selective media for bacillus Anthrax it's plet you know the full form of plet it was for bacillus Anthrax for bacillus the selected media is M by P A what's the full form and for manitone y for egg yolk and for manitol y for egg yolk P for pinol red and polymyxin also and agar m y p a so what I taught you I taught you bacillus Anthrax and I taught you bacillus Cyrus can you tell me the selective media for both of them here the silatio media plet I told you many some Medias here I told you on nutrient agar it's Medusa head appearance on polychromatic methylene Duo it is Max Meridian reaction on gelatin swab it shows inverted for appearance we have learned many things but the selective media is p LED but basilis Cyrus The Selective media is M by P A say yes you got it so learn the two business we are done we are done with the bacillus and this one causes three type of diseases it causes cutaneous Anthrax pulmonary Anthrax and git Anthrax you know the peculiarity of each of them this causes only one disease food poisoning but the two type of food poisoning the vomiting type that is Amity type and the diarrhea type so that is the summary of the two type of bacillus we have done yes please never forget the selective media of any bacteria if you are not learning the selectivity of the bacteria you are already out of the race right so learn the clues selective media will be given in the form of the clues to you in clinical question right so let's solve some questions based on bacillus Anthrax we are done with basil right are you people there can you help me in answering please so can you please answer it the first question is in front of you capsule of bacillus Anthrax is made up of what the capsule is very unique is it polysaccharide is it lipopolysaccharide is it polypeptide or is it long chain fatty acid can you tell me the answer please let me see who is first to tell me the answer let me see capsule of bacillus Anthrax is made up of what very easy question yes yes kalpita Supriya everyone is right yes it's polypeptide all other bacteria have capsule made up of polysaccharide but this one is unique the bacillus Anthrax have capsule made up of polypeptide which polypeptide it's polyglutamic acid if polypeptide is not given in the option now I'm sorry go with polyglutamic acid polyglutamic acid is the polypeptide the next question is in front of you easy question I'm not asking Medusa had colonies on nutrient agar is given by So currently question is very simple just now I taught you now but imagine the complete microbiology all 19 subjects are done the same question will confuse you the correct answer is anthrax Medusa head you know the girl with the curly hair so Medusa had Anthrax matte pyridian reaction it is seen in of course I told you it is also seen in bacillus Anthrax not in bacillus in bacillus Anthrax it is seen matte feridian reaction what is that when we stain the bacillus Anthrax with polychromatic methylene blue then the capsule will disintegrate capsule will degenerate and form the purple color clumps this is known as Mac parody and reaction I have shown you the image also yes so the correct answer here is bacillus Anthrax the next question is a clinical question we will take the clues we will take the clues okay so a person working in a better what is a better by the way Arbiter is a place where it's a butcher place where the animals are cut by the way bacillus Anthrax is a it is a zoonotic disease it is a primarily disease of animal the man affects secondarily so it is the biggest clue given to you so that this person whatever disease he is having now it is from the animals only it is a clue it is an indirect way of saying to you this is a zoonotic disease because the person is working in a habitat he's in close contact with animals and he's cutting animals right so he presents with a pustule on the hand which turned into ulcer which turned into ulcer so first a papule Dana ulcer the black color ulcer and the person is already working in a better so first make the diagnosis then tell me first make me the diagnosis of the disease then tell me what will help in the diagnosis of that bacteria so of course the diagnosis is straightforward bacillus Anthrax the person is having cutaneous Anthrax and ulcer they are describing it as the black is Char the typical is Char right yes but basilis Anthrax we use polychrome methylene blue on which it will give Mac paradine reaction they are asking about carbon question no acid no and calco floor white it is used for fungus not for bacteria so no so correct answer is do you agree with me can we go ahead so yes the correct answer is polychromethylene blue the next question I guess everyone can answer Chinese restaurant and fried rice Chinese restaurant fried rice so Chinese restaurants syndrome after eating the fried rice and vanilla sauce so which bacteria causes it the food poisoning is it clostridium performances basilos serous staph aureus or clostridium botulinum yes the correct answer is bacillus very good the correct answer is basilosterous right so can we go ahead yes so whenever fried rice coming to your question now answer is certain it has to be biscillas fried rice it is that that forward so coming so which which type is it emitted type or darial type the fried rice one so it is amitic type the vomiting the vomiting will be predominant it is short incubation period between between one to five hours and it is preformed toxin right am I right yes yes no vanilla connection the connection is only with the fried rice not with vanilla and you can easily eat you can eat vanilla comfortably you can eat fried rice also but from a place where the hygiene is maintained you can cook yourself at your home if you wish let's move ahead so we are done with bacillus let's come on the diphtheria deeper diphtheria I'm teaching you this one now this category we are done with basilas coming on the diptyline so we stain it typically with the Albert stain on the Albert stain the bacteria are green color can you see the green color bacteria can you all seen green colored bacteria to see the green colored bacteria the bacteria are angulated they are in the form of b or L why they are in the form of D or L by the way why they are angulated okay see this is a Bastille this is a basil line bacteria want to divide we want to do the binary fission so after binary fission the two dotted basili are formed the two dotted basiliar are not separating properly inadequate Separation by the daughter's basili there is inadequate separation and it is at the angle that's why they are angulated you should know reason for each and everything so the on Albert stain the bacteria are green color you can see the green color bacillus and they are angulated in the form of V or L it is looking like a Chinese language do you know Chinese language I don't know but it is looking like something Chinese language because it is angulated now so it is looking some Chinese language as written so it is known as Chinese letter Arrangement or known as cuneiform Arrangement very important McQ so on Albert stain the bacteria or green color number one they are angulated number two and because of angulated they are looking like Chinese language and cuneiform Arrangement the next important thing in this image is that at their ends they have they have granules at their ends they have blue or purple color granules at their ends can you see the granules so this is the granules at the end they have granules what are these granules these granules are known as metachromatic granules these granules are known as matter there are four names given to these granules right these granules are known as volutin granules because it was first time discovered in a bacteria known as parulum pollutants it is present in Courtney bacterium dip Theory also but first time it was these granules were not discovered in that in Courtney bacterium degree it was discovered in spirulum pollutants that's why known as voluten granules it's it was discovered by scientists the name of the scientist is bear France what a beautiful name babe songs that's why known as based on granules these granules are present at the poles now North Pole South Pole of the bacteria right so this is a bacteria this is a bacteria yeah so the granules are present at the Two Poles here and here that's why known as Polar the polar means the two poles right and these are radish Violet in color that is the meaning of metachromatic so whatever I say meaning is same volume granule babes are granule polar granule metachromatic granule meaning is same so these granules you will see them in how many bacteria these granules are present there are five bacterias in this world which have these granules what are they one is of course coordinate bacterium B3 what are the other four I will give you a mnemonic for that the mnemonic is have you visited Agra I never visited Agra but there is a garden in Agra which is known as Amity Garden is it no no it is not the case for the sake of pneumonic I am saying this so MSC Garden Agra and stands for mycobacterium these are present in mycobacterium s stands for spirulum spirulum pollutants in which it is first time discovered C for corny bacterium dip three currently we are studying coordinary bacterium dip3 right G for garden vaginalis and Agra is Agra bacterium so these are the five bacteria in which these granules are seen can you tell me the name of the pore stains which are used to stain these granules currently this image has shown you now I am sorry this image it is Albert stain this one is albertstein right so uh a one of them is Albertson but total there are four stains so P stands for Ponder this is a mnemonic the pneumonic is plant so total four stains are there so these granules are very important many questions come in your exam from these renews I will show you the questions also right what are their composition what they are made up of they are made up of phosphate they are made up of phosphate actually when the bacteria divide this is a bacteria this is the nucleus of the bacteria it divides and continuously do the cell division binary fission so the phosphate keep on utilizing phosphate but whenever the bacteria don't divide in case of starvation the bacteria is not dividing so the phosphate will accumulate in the ants in the form of the granules so basically these these these granules will come only in in case of starvation when the bacteria is not dividing so that's all about these granules you got my point so I'm teaching you the next bacteria coronary bacterium dip3 I told you corny bacterium dip3 the diagram it is green color seen on Albert stain the basilized green color it is angulated looking like Chinese language Chinese letter cuneiform Arrangement right I told you the granules are present at the ends the poor nails given to the granules known as volutin granules based on granules metachromatic granules polar granules I told you the five bacteria in which these granules are present the mnemonic is MHC Garden Agra you know the full form I told you the four stains for the granules the mnemonic is plant that's all about these granules the different names given to it the bacteria in which it is seen and the stains used for that and the composition of these granules is phosphate that's it so that is the introduction after that let me come on the culture media of corny bacterium dip3 we can we can use the liquid culture it is not important his serum water in which turbidity is seen But the most important here is Loft Plus serum slope can you see the cream color colonies are formed the cream color of colonies are formed on Long floor serum slope I am talking about corny bacterium dip3 the cream color colonies on Loft floor serum slope but you may be thinking man what is the selective media selective media of all bacteria is important I told you now so what is the selective media for quantity bacterium D3 there are two selective media the first one is Telluride media what is the Telluride media makes the blood agar with tellurium blood garbage tellurium is Telluride media it is a selective media one of the selective media of Courtney bacterium dip3 here black color colonies are formed can you see the black color colonies how beautiful they are looking the black color colonies based on the morphology of the colonies on Telluride media we divide corny bacterium to three into three types right can you see here the colonies are looking like a flower Desi flower DC is the name of a flower have you seen the flower DC DC is the name of like low rows like Lotus Desi head so here the colonies are black but they are looking like a daisy head beautiful flower right here the colonies are looking like a poached egg they are looking like a poached egg right and here column is a very small black color looking like a frog egg looking like a frog egg you got my point so the daisy head are known as gravis this this type of corny bacterium is known as gravis the this type is known as mitis and this type is known as intermediate right so gravis mitus intermediate these are the three types of the corny bacterium based on the morphology on the Telluride which is one of the selective agar have you got it so say the three types what we have learned what are the three types can you tell me the three types the first is the DC head then the other say the Frog and then I will say the poached egg frog egg and poached egg so we divide into three types what are the three types the three types of corny bacterium gravis corny bacterium intermedias and corny bacterium mitis you get pycus on this so that is on the Telluride agar which is one of the selective media yes very good very good right so the second second selective media stands what is it it is same Telluride only tell you right the only thing you are adding additionally system additionally so here black or brown colonies are also there so what we have learned we have learned Cormier bacterium dip3 the culture media can you enumerate the culture media the first culture media is a liquid culture media not important his water his serum water turbidity is noted the second is Loft plus slope in which green color colonies are there the third is Telluride and fourth its Tinsdale the Telluride and Tinsdale are the selective media on which black color colonies are there based on Telluride we divide them into three types gravis intermediers and Midas based on the colony morphology Desi had frog give me a thumbs up on this point are you people still listening if you are still listening give me a thumbs up can we go ahead so let me tell you the um uh pathogenesis so in the pathogenesis it produces a toxin for producing toxin it requires a gene that talks Gene and toxin is given by a page bacteria page it is known as lysogenic conversion you may have read this I taught you in general microbiology also in genetics that lysogenic conversion A bacteriophage can you see this is the bacteria this bacteria is coronary bacterium D3 it doesn't have toxin so it is not producing the toxin so bacteriophage is coming and giving the toxin the bacteriophage is beta pH and it is giving the Torx Gene now it got the toxin this is the toxin it is received this growth now it will become toxogenic it will produce the Toxin and cause the disease this process is known as lysogenic conversion it's very important pyq with the help of lysogenic conversion only the tox Gene will come inside the corny bacterium dip3 The avirulent Strain can be converted into virulent strain by Toxin and toxin is given by a bacteriophage the name of that bacteriophage is beta page and the mechanism is lysogenic conversion all these are pycus can we go ahead what's the mechanism of action of toxin toxin will go inside the cell this is a cell human cell human cell the toxin have two components A and B B is for binding B is only for binding it is not an active component a is active a for active a for active a will go inside you can see clearly in the diagram B is only for binding a will go inside only a will go inside and after going inside it will inhibit the protein synthesis of this cell protein synthesis so this cell will die now which human cell is it it can be a heart cell human heart cell it can be adrenal cell and it can be any nerve cell so three human tissues are susceptible for the diphtheria the heart the adrenal gland and the nerves so this can be any cell so toxin is going inside inhibiting the proteins and thuses of that cell so that cell will die cell death will occur because of inhibition of protein synthesis so mechanism of action is inhibiting proteins synthesis there are total four toxins and bacteriology which acts back this mechanism so apart from diphtheria three more are there there is a mnemonic to learn the mnemonic is Delhi public Secondary School Delhi public Secondary School you will never forget now DPSS D4 diphtheria is secreted by E coli we know that enterohemologic equalizer in that so DPSS Delhi public Secondary School inhibit protein synthesis you can learn like that Delhi public Secondary School inhibit protein synthesis so basically four toxin inhibit protein centers it's a very important pyq believe me many times it's repeated in your exam one of the other toxin so you can get a question which of the following toxin inhibit proteins synthesis which of the following do not inhibit protein synthesis so you can make it out the four toxins so coming on the disease diphtheria now let me tell you so Dr srinivasa is there good evening sir good evening thank you so much good evening and thank you for the compliment can we go ahead so diphtheria let me tell you something diphtheria is not bacteremia bacteria Do Not Go In Blood corny bacterium D3 never go in blood the toxin of the bacteria will go in blood so between will secrete a toxin and the toxin will go in blood let me draw a diagram for you so let me draw a beautiful diagram for you let me draw a rough sketch diagram of a human being so this is a human being and let me draw the tonsils of this human being so this is the tonsil right so this is corny bacterium D3 infection is occurring and Courtney bacterium D3 is form forming a pseudo membrane on the tonsil so the bacteria itself is going and bacteria is causing the necrosis of the epithelium of the tonsil and the necrotic debris and the bacteria itself will form a pseudo membrane this is known as pseudo membrane why it is known as pseudo membrane not a real membrane it looks like a membrane but if it is a real membrane if you try to separate it with the forcep you can easily separate it but here if you try to separate it it will bleed you cannot separate this membrane from the tonsil no you cannot that's why it is a pseudo membrane you will get a clinical question there is a white leather-like membrane on the tonsil and on removal it's bleed means they are talking about pseudo pseudo membrane this pseudo membrane is there it is formed by the bacteria Norm bacteria will secrete the Toxin and the toxin will go in blood this is the blood vessel in the blood the toxin secreted by the bacteria will go back to area will not go I am highlighting and insisting it you got my point so diphtheria is not a bacteremia diphtheria is a toxemia it is a toxemia highlighted give me a thumbs up if you appreciated it you got my point now after the toxin go in the blood it will go on three organs I told you the heart the nerves and the adrenal and inside the cells of these they will cause the protein synthesis inhibition so patients have problems in the heart problems in the neurological problems will be there and adrenal will be damaged so that is the disease diphtheria these are the complications and systemic manifestations of diphtheria the local manifestation is a pseudo membrane formation so that is the diphtheria so local effects may only pseudo membrane will be formed but in the systemic manifestation three organs are involved heart nerves and adrenal so same flowchart is given I'm sorry the same flowchart is given in front of you so how pseudo-membrane is formed I'm not reading it you can see can you see the pseudo membrane appreciate it the white leather white color lathery membrane it's pseudo membrane because if you try to separate it it will bleed it's leathery it's granular it's white it's thick look like a membrane but not a membrane here also you can see the typical diagram of pseudonym you can get ibqs also on these the typical spotter images are there right one more thing happens in diphtheria swell too much and the neck is looking like a bull have you seen a bull it's looking like a bull the swell neck it's known as bull neck appearance it's also seen in diphtheria right so these are the local local right local manifestations once the toxin go inside it will cause systemic manifestations right now coming on the diagnosis how you do the diagnosis of diphtheria just suppose in your clinic you are sitting in your clinic and in your clinic there is a mother carrying the child what is the complaint the child is having hydrate fever the child is having pain in the tonsil you ask the child to do ah and you examine there is a white leathery membrane and child is not immunized just suppose GPT is not given you have taken the history from the mother mother is not sure about the immunization status and elimination is not done properly you are having high suspicion that this child is having diphtheria what tests you are going to order what are the tests available for the diagnosis I'm asking that I'm asking that so there are two type of tests in Vivo it is not used they are obsolete but in vitro test is Alex gel precipitation test it is used right so let me tell you in by Bombay we take the guinea pig we take this is the sample of the patient we will take the uh swap from the pseudo membrane that will be the sample right so so a throat swap can be the sample so this is the sample saline suspension so one of the guinea pig we will put the sample directly in another guinea pig first we will give the vaccine and then we will put the sample first we will protect with the vaccine and then we will put the sample you got my point then we will put so this guinea pig will die or have the disease manifestation this will not die and survive so this test is known as in Vivo test in which we are sacrificing the guinea pig but this is obsolete only of book issues we don't technically practically do it what we do is Alex gel precipitation test it is a type of precipitation test what do we do in that what do we do in this test can I tell you what what do you do so we take the uh this is uh Telluride agar the specific medium or this is blood agar on which we are taking okay let me tell you let me take a blood agar on which let me take a filter paper which is soaked in antitoxin antitoxin is commercially available so let me take the antitoxin soak it uh in the let me take a filter paper in a rectangle shape soak it in the antitoxin and place it here right now I will take my sample and give a streak here I will give the streak here I will give my sample streak here the perpendicular to this filter paper if my sample contain coronary bacterium dip3 so it will secrete the toxin in the medium so toxin will be secreted like this this is the secretion of the toxin you can see by the sample by the bacteria present in the sample and the antitoxin will be secreted like this so antitoxin is secreting like this here so here we have antitoxin so wherever Toxin and antitoxin meet at that point we have formation of lines the precipitation lines and presence of these precipitation lines indicators positive if the if the strain do not contain corny bacterium dip 3 no toxin will come so toxin antitoxin will not form the precipitate so this is Alex gel precipitation test say you got it so can you see in this you can see this is a positive strain this is a negative strain can you make out can you make out you can see the lines here you can see no lines here so these are the lines of precipitation these are precipitation bands and the principle is precipitation it's a very important pyq what is the principle of Alex gel precipitation test so its precipitation is the principle so it's toxin antitoxin reaction right coming on the last Chic test after that we will solve some questions on carnivactylium dip Theory right coming on Sheikh's test what is Sheikh's test it is not used for diagnosis of corny bacterium dip3 it is used for checking whether the person is susceptible or the person is immune for diphtheria just suppose I am not sure whether I am vaccinated for dip of course I am vaccinated my parents have done my complete vaccination of course we all are vaccinated but if someone is not sure or in some patient we want to check whether the person is immune or susceptible for diphtheria so what can we do what can we do can you tell me what can we do we can perform Sheikh's test in the Sheikh this is the sheet test in the sheet test in the two arms of the patient not the patient he is not a patient he's a normal subject I will say the subject in the two arms of the subject in one of them I will inject the uh diphtheria toxin actually the toxide of the diphtheria which is inactivated toxin right and on the other the active toxin the active toxin right the active toxin but it is exactly you know I will inject 0.1 milligram which is the and it is intradermal only and I will see the reaction this this this is known as control arm in which I am putting the toxoid that is inactive toxin it is only to see the hypersensivity or allergy and this one actual reaction if I inject it here there are four possibilities let me tell you the four possibilities and move further so let me tell you the first possibility the second possibility the third possibility and the fourth possibility now in all of them I am saying this is test term control arm in the test term we have injected the Toxin and in the control arm we have injected the inactive toxin inactivated toxin that is toxoid just to see the reaction first possibility is that after three days you will see erythema here but nothing here right this no I'm sorry you see nothing here and nothing here no nothing so it is said as negative test why you have seen nothing here you have injected toxin here now so person already have antitoxin antibodies in the blood that will neutralize the toxin at no reaction so no reaction here no reaction here it is negative and the person is immune the person is properly immune and immunized for the diplier the first possibility the second possibility the person have positive reaction here but no reaction here right positive reaction here means the person don't have antibodies to neutralize it person don't have antibodies to neutralize the toxin this is positive but this is negative so you will say this test is positive and this test the person is susceptible for the diphtheria now we will do the vaccination for this person and he is not vaccinated the third possibility you get reaction over both both so I'm not sure it's allergy this means energy I'm not sure it's allergy or its actual reaction you got my point so basically I will wait till day seven if it is allergy now it should subside till day seven if it is happening in both but here it is both of them are subsiding after day seven so I will say it's simply allergy or it's hypersensitivity but it is positive in both and not subsiding till day seven so it is known as reaction also I mean allergy also and susceptibility also so I guess you got it not very important but yeah these are the four possibilities I tried explaining so let's solve some p y cues now let's solve some P vacuos the first question is in front of you I want each and every of you to answer it so the first question is in front of you metatromatic granules are seen in so of course the question is very simple can you tell me the name of the five bacterias in which metacrimatic granules are seen I told you the mnemonic the mnemonic is MSC Garden of right so in this mnemonic what is coming in the options I'm waiting for your response I'm waiting for your answers let's see who is giving the answer first okay very good very good who is it varshita you are first to answer Supriya very good doctor round you all are correct so among these options corny bacterium is coming here it is not necessarily always they will give corny bacterium they can give you mycobacterium spirulum Garden anything can come so you should know the names of all five bacterias which shows metatromatic granules so yes the correct answer is corny bacterium the next question is in front of you it's the image based question the clinical question so can you tell me the mechanism of action of the toxin which is produced by the bacteria shown in the image so the first step in the image identify which is bacteria then tell me the mechanism of action of that toxin of that bacteria first step is to identify now what I told you whenever any image given to you from the bacteria see the color is it purple or red if it is purple it's gram positive and if it is red it's become negative what is the color shown here and the second thing you see the shape is it kokai or basili based on that you can do the differential diagnosis come on so see the color in the in this image what color you can see I guess I can see purple everyone can see purple say yes so the color is purple here and I can see the basil eye I can see these are basili so purple basil line what does it mean it means gram positive Baseline so I'm having pipe options with me you know five gram positive I'm telling you the approach so there are five Brown positive basili a b c d l I guess you know the full form I Told You So among them one of them is the answer but I can see that typical angles can you see the angles I can see the typical angles and if you zoom the image you can see the metachromatic granules at the poles so among the pipe bacteria it's typically diphtheria it's typically diphtheria now this is how we have done the diagnosis once the diagnosis is done caution is good for nothing you know you can easily answer it what is the mechanism of action of toxin of diphtheria question can be as simple as that but examiner is very smart examiner have not asked you a simple question what is the mechanism of action of corny bacterium dip theory he had given you an image to interpret first make the diagnosis it's Courtney bacterium dip3 if you can make the diagnosis you can easily tell me of course we all know the answer it inhibits elongation Factor this is how it inhibits protein synthesis I told you not inhibits proteins and thuses but it dose the proteins no no it's not cyclic amp increase someone is saying a also a is not the answer the correct answer is C I told you not the four bacteria are Delhi public Secondary School diphtheria pseudomonas Shiga Shiga like these are the four toxins which inhibit protein synthesis but I forgot to tell you how does the inhibit protein synthesis by inhibiting elongation factor in the cell for protein synthesis in the ribosome we require elongation factor and if the elongation factor is inhibited protein synthesis will not be there so all those who are saying answer A or B have you got it have you realized your mistake the correct answer is C yes yes so can we go ahead yes we must go ahead the correct answer here is C so this is the next question again a clinical question in front of you can we do the approach so there is a 12 year old child the first clue is the age age is always a clue never ever miss it so there is a child presented with fever the three is common in child right so this is the clue to you presented with fever cervical lymphoidinopathy severe suffer from cervical imperdinopathy on examination there is a gray membrane on the right tonsil on the right tonsil there is a gray color Mandarin of this child on the anterior pillar which of the following is the ideal culture medium for that organism so first make the diagnosis number one clue child number two the server and number two the membrane in the tonsil the membrane over the tonsil and number three the cervical lymphadenopathy That is bull snack so it's a typical diagnosis of diphtheria and for diphtheria what is the culture is it nutrient agar no is it blood agar no is it algae medium no it's for TB no lock Plus serum slope we can think although it's not selective The Selective I was more happy if the option was telluride.thinsdale I was more happy but if they are not given it's okay we can go with lockless serum slope also although it's not selective but we can use it and here I told you the cream color colonies are formed so this is the approach you got it the approach is more important than directly jumping on the diagnosis so how I approach the question it's important what Clues I have taken how step by step I have done the approach the correct answer here is C the next question in front of you it's very easy Alex gel precipitation test of course it's used for diagnosis of which bacteria so the four options are in front of you everyone knows the answer I guess everyone knows that correct answer is corny bacterium dip theory of course in coronary bacterium dip3 we use Alex gel precipitation test it's antitoxin toxin precipitation test the next question is in front of you poached at Colony shows which type of um which type of strain of the Courtney bacterium is it Grievous mitis intermediates or Minimus I told you three things now Desi had poached egg and frog egg so I'm asking about the poached egg what is the answer yes the correct answer here is mitus you all are right I am changing the cushion instead of porch diagrams changing the cushion to frog egg you want to change your answer what is the answer now instead of poached egg if I say Pro gag in post deck the answer is my test in frog egg what is the answer let me see who's first yes in that case the answer is C yes very good and if I again change the question you got me right what I will change now DC head if I again change the question instead of that I am asking Daisy head Colony so what is your answer now of course in that case the answer will become Grievous so basically I want you to learn the three so we are done with basil is also diphtheria also the next is the clostridium the next we will take is the clostridioma you're ready for the clostridium let's start clostridium right these all are clostridium in our syllabus now this is the classification you have to learn I'm not reading it it will take time but I'm showing you based on what we divide the clostridia based on what we divide the closteria we divide the clostridia based on Robertson cooked meat agar in Robertson cook meat agar we will see the color of the meat pieces the color of the meat pieces are pink or black if the color of the meat pieces are pink or red means this bacteria is saccharolytic and the color of the meat pieces if it is black it means the bacteria is proteolytic you got my point so based on that we are dividing the clostridium under four categories the first is proteolytic but not sacralytic the second is saccharonitic but not proteolytic so here only proteolytic here only sacralytic here neither proteolytic nor sacralytic and the last category both proteolytic and secondolytic but predominant is what predominant is what so please I know this table is tough for you but I I advise you to read it before going to your exam you get mad at least read the exceptions I'm sorry clostridium cochlearium is neither proteolytic nor secretary it's a pyq or titini is only proteolytic not sacrolytic so you can learn these right so among these I'm not going to teach you of course all clostridia I will teach you only four clusterity on your syllabus the most important for clostridia one by one we will take them only the important mechanism of action of their virulence Factor their toxins and their diseases that's it so it's a small chapter clostridia the four clusteria clause the most important thing which I want to highlight here is their morphology first tibial morphology see all of them are non-capsulated this is an exception is capsulated restore closely are non-encapsulated right see the motility again all of them are motile but this is non-motile so this is an exception at both the ways I want to tell you so close all the other numbers are non-capsulated he's capsulated all the other numbers are motile but he is non-motile what about spores Sports may all are uniform so all have the sport there is no problem each and every one of them have sport everyone have sport everyone but the location of the Spore is different right so here it's subterminal here terminal here subterminal here terminal you know so here terminal it's like drumstick appearance let me draw it let me draw it okay so here this is the basilas and the Spore is like this here so it is looking like a drumstick it's looking like a drumstick so you have to learn this right you have to learn this so clostridium preferences is an exception at the two ways in the capsule under motility it's a very important P value so let's move ahead let me tell you the important points of the preferences first one by one I will tell you the important points of all four the first one is the perforinges you can see performances May on blood agar it should Target hemolysis what do you mean by Target Target means double you know Target is like this let me show you can you see there is the inner inner complete hemolysis followed by outer incomplete hemolysis this is known as a bull side Target right the inner complete is due to Theta Toxin and outer incomplete is due to Alpha toxin so Theta and Alpha key will just say it's known as double hemolysis so it is having Alpha and beta both hemolysis right it's very unique about the performances I am telling you very unique on blood I got the double immunosis Target hemolysis number one on Robertson cooked medium it shows pink colony it shows pink Colony on negle on um so it is having a toxin Alpha toxin which is having less ethinease enzyme so and on agiococcar around the colonies you will find a zone of opalescence around the colonies you will find the zone of populations because the colony have the Lesser thinnes enzyme that will degrade the last thin present in the media this is known as niggler's reaction so it is typical negloss reaction positive right and the last one it is showing reverse camp where I told you the camp by the way anyone can help me in revision where I can I told you the camp Camp reaction I told you in group b beta hemolytics that is I'm telling you here it's reverse Camp here also Arrowhead is there butterfly is there but the arrows are reversed you know the pointing is reversed that is reverse Camp reaction so can you tell me the four important reactions for claustodian performances I have enumerated on blood agar it shows double hemolysis Target the Theta and Alpha on what was the second one after blood agar yeah on RCM it shows pink color that is saccharolytic on egg yolk on egg yolk it shows zone of opelions around each colony that is negler's reaction positive and the last one was reverse Camp it is reverse cam positive all four are very unique for this and you can get multiple clinical uh question me clues regarding this so that is regarding the clostridium performances and yeah one more thing it shows stormy clot reaction what do you mean by that it Formed gas when it ferment the sugar so whenever it ferment the sugar it just suppose it is fermenting lactose so it is fermenting lactose it produces two things acid and gas what is lactose you take milk can you take milk in a test tube so this is the milk I have taken in a test tube I have taken milk milk is white color of course in a test tube and I'm mixed with the colonies or clostridium performances right or the specimen containing cloth sodium perfringes so closet the milk contain lactose quion normal contain lactose so the clostridium performances will act on the lactose will act on the lactose ferment the lactose and produce acid and gas right in the milk I have already mixed the litmus paper this is litmus milk you know litmus in presence of acid the litmus color changes so here the litmus color was blue color but whenever it produces acid the litmus from Blue to Red so it is converting the color from Blue to Red the acid is converting the color of the litmus so I have taken the milk I have I have put litmus in that that is purple color now I'm mixing the bacteria bacteria present uh is claustrian perfringes so lactose present in the milk it is fermented by the bacteria the acid is changing the color of the litmus and it is producing gas also it is producing the gas also so gas is coming in the form of the storms you can see the bubbles so imagine a test tube imagine a test tube let me draw it which is containing milk along with the litmus so it is purple color or blue color the milk along with the litmus as soon as you add the clostridium performan just one drop specimen in that you can see the color is changed to red and the bubbles are coming it is known as stormy fermentation what does it known as stormy clot reaction or stormy format it's very unique for this because it is producing gas acid and gas acid is changing the color and gas is giving the stormy feeling stormy means it's bubble full of bubbles give me a thumbs up if you got it in the virulence Factor not important pathogenesis it causes gas gangrene we all know what's gas gang rings so imagine this is a person who's who's driving on the road and he fell down he got a road traffic accident in the soil the spores of clostridium perfringes are present so the spores get enter in the wound he had a wound over the thigh and the spores get entered inside the spores of the clostridium parthens is present in the soil and they contaminate the wound now after going inside the wound they will germinate the bacteria will come bacteria will take sugar from the blood and ferment it you tell me the two things are formed acid and gas so all sugars will form acid and gas background sodium performances so glucose is present in the blood so they will ferment it into acid acid will cause necrosis and the gas will be seen in the form of the crippitant bubbles can you see now acid go on causing necrosis and the gas will be in the form of the cryptan bubbles it is typically known as gas gangrene prognosis is very poor the treatment is amputation the treatment is amputation LED salsa mcqs on clostridium performances the first question is in front of you can you tell me the answer fast non-motic clostridia which is non-motile I told you all prostody are motile except one except one who's the exception only one it's clostridium performances right so tell me the answer what's the correct answer and particularly all right Supriya don't worry thanks for the concern kindly tell me the answer what's the correct answer here who will tell me the correct answer yes very good very good the correct answer here is it so I told you only this is exceptional clostridium perfringes rest all are I'm sorry see the motility rest all are motile only closodium perfect is non-motile so this is the exception double Zone hemolysis double Zone Target hemolysis is shown by which bacteria so under complete Bahar incomplete double hemoresis the target hemolysis shown by step audience strepto Focus clostridium performances so just now I told you it's clostridium perfringes it's typically double hemolysis double hemolysis complete followed by incomplete because of the two different toxins very good so correct answer here is c can we go ahead the next question neglers reaction is due to which toxin of clostodium performances what is neglass reaction I told you you take AG media you take ad York media in the ad York media lesser thin is there you know lecithin is present in the area of media you try to grow the colonies of clostridium perfringes so these are clostridium perfringes colonies now clostridium percentages have eight type of toxin Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon there are many but the most important is Alpha the most important is alpha alpha is less the thinnes alpha is actually a enzyme it is lazy thinnes enzyme so the lacitin is secreted by Etna that will cause the degradation of lafathan so around each colony you will get a zone of opalisms and it is known as Nicholas reaction so you tell me which which toxin you all are right yes very good the correct answer is Alpha toxin Alpha toxin is lessithinase which causes the zone of opalescence in the lacetan containing media adjok so that is neglers reaction yes the correct answer is alpha alpha toxin is unique in two things here number one it gives neglass reaction and number two it is responsible for the gas gangrene this toxin is responsible for gas gang ring the next question is in front of you very easy question I guess most important organism responsible for gas gang ring so I told you is it clostridium perfringes do you know other name of philosophy and preferences by the way I forgot to tell you it's clostridium belt shy it's also known as clostridium well chai so claustodium difficult titanium so clostridium performances is the most common organism which causes gas gangrene we all know the answer correct answer is this let's come on the next class sodium clostridium Titanic causative is an agent of titanus titanus clostridium Titanite so on blood agar it shows swarming that one blood agar was showing double hemolysis this one on radagar is showing swarming what do you mean by swarming ah okay okay let me tell you I will show you swarming in a video Let's unless and listen everyone here clostridium titina is a motile bacteria right agree or not agree yes it is the motile bacteria you can see it is highly motile it is very motile so what do you mean by that as soon as you will put inoculum here at the center you will put the inoculum one drop of clostridium Titanic you will see circular cocentric rings are there right because the bacterias without microscope come on give the knackered as you can see the concentric rings that is known as swarming it is seen in highly motile bacterias like clostridium titanium Proteus Proteus vulgaris right so it is one of the bacteria show swarming you see swarming is like this can you see the swarming so you can see it can be concentric Rings or it can be club like like this right mushroom shaped so it is the movement we are seeing on the blood agar with Naked Eyes Without microscope that is swarming you will never forget glossodium Titanic shows swarming on bladdergar number one on RCM Robertson cooked meat media the meat pieces convert black because it is proteolytic I told you claustodian performances was converting red or pink color this one is black color because it is proteolytic and third on egg yolk it does not show zone of opelousness because it don't have Alpha toxin it don't have black thickness so this is a negative finding which differentiated from other clostridium right clostridium performances specifically so that is the thing and uh yeah coming on the toxin it is having two toxin which is the causative agent of Tetanus do you know what is titanos tetanus is a disease in which the body can go in spas complete muscles will go in the Spas it's a disease right so this toxin is secreted by the bacteria which causes the tetanus how does it causes the tetiness what's the mechanism of action so can you see in our brain in our nervous system we have two types of neurotransmitters the excitatory and the inhibitory do you know the names of inhibitory neurotransmitters what are the names of inhibitory neurotransmitters there are two inhibitory neurotransmitters ah Gaba and glycine right so we have a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters the excitatory one is the acetylcholine and the inhibitory one is Gaba and glycine so whenever I want to contract my muscle I am Contracting because of excitation whenever I want to relax my muscle I'm relaxing so message is coming from upwards from the brain from the spinal cord from central nervous system so I can extra I can contract I I can relax depending on my wish depending on the need I can use the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in a balanced way but whenever the toxin the tetanus toxin is present in the blood it will cause it will cause it will prevent the release of inhibitory one the two inhibitory one garban glycine is not released it is inhibiting the inhibitive one so inhibitory one will not come in roll so excitatory will predominant and the body will go in sparse you got my point normally there is a balance between extra Agonist and antagonist the excitatory and inhibitory but if the inhibitory is prevented only excitatory an opposed action is there so an opposed action of the excitatory leads to sparse spasmotic paralysis that is tetanus so it is the prevention of inhibitory neurotransmitters Glycine and Gaba that leads to spasmic spasmotic muscle contraction can you see this is the inhibitory neurotransmitters Gaba and Glycine and this is the toxin the toxin is preventing their release so only excitatory are there inhibitory are not there so unopposed excitatory leads to spasm what's the first symptom of tetanus the first symptom of tetanus is jock Lord or lock job the jaw is unopposedly locked the patient is like you know clinching the teeth unable to close the mouth it is known as lock jaw it is the first symptom lock job after that the complete body can go in the spasm right the complete body and this is a complication you know it is known as office position what is Officer Turner's position it is a bow like the complete body is in his past not only one muscle can you see the complete body is in his past appreciate the complete body is in spasm it is known as office position so finally this can happen it's a complication and death can happen because of the paralysis or spasm of the respiratory muscle that can lead to death right prevention of the titinos you already know I guess I am skipping it you know when to take the Toxin and when to take the uh this thing vaccine so I'm skipping the vaccine thing so let's solve some Piva cues on tetanus the first question is in front of you can you tell me the answer pour with drumstick appearance drumstick I told you so here this is the bacteria and the spores are terminal the spores are terminal bulging and spherical it looks like a drumstick so yes what is the correct answer is it clostridium biper mantis clostridium performances clostridium Titanic or clostridium tertium so I told you yes very good very good oh what happened I'm sorry give me a minute you can see the typical diagram here you can see these are the typical drumstick appearance this is drumstick appearance the next question is in front of you swarming swarming growth on the culture is a characteristic of which gram positive organism swarming so where swarming is seen tell me a gram positive organism in which swarming is seen so can you tell me the answer please what's the correct answer is it clostridium Wiltshire clostridium titty nine clostridium or bacillus or clostridium metabolas yes the correct answer is told you what is swarming the next question what is the mechanism of action of titanospasmin what is the mechanism of action of titanospasmen so is it inhibition of Gaba is it inhibition of cyclic amp is it inactivation of acetylcholine or is it inhibition of cyclic GMP what is the correct answer yes yes inhibition of Gaba release the inhibitory neurotransmitter Gaba and glycine you all are correct the correct answer here is a very good very good so most common symptom of tetanus the first symptom most common symptom is it Tony clonic scissors is it tamiplegia is it block job or is it a pistotonous what is the correct answer I am asking the most common in the first symptom so of course you all are right the cushion is very simple what's the correct answer yes it's lockjaw the correct answer is log jaw you can see this is the first symptom log job next question okay this is based on vaccine we can skip the next is clostridium botulinum clostridium botulinum on blood agar it shows beta hemolysis on RCM it can be proteolytic it can be psychologic and on egg yolk it again produces zone of Opelousas like the clostridium performances nothing important you can skip also so yeah the clostridium botulinum secreted toxin known as botulinum toxin what is the mechanism of action of tetanus toxin I told you tetanus toxin was inhibiting the inhibitory neurotransmitter what was that Gaba and glycine the bottlingam toxin is inhibiting the excitatory neurotransmitter that is acetylcholine that was inhibiting the inhibitory neurotransmitter so unopposed excitation was occurring that is spasmotic paralysis this one is inhibiting the excitatory neurotransmitter so no excitation only inhibition that is leading to flaccid paralysis the two opposite paralysis spasmotic and Placid I cannot simplify More Than This appreciate my efforts you got my point so tetanus toxin bottlingum toxin tetanus toxin in a bit Gaba glycine which are inhibitory neurotransmitter no inhibitory neurotransmitter only excitatory leading to spasmodic paralysis bottlingame toxin it inhibits the excitatory neurotransmitter that is acetylcholine so no excitatory only inhibition it will lead to flaccid paralysis yes say you got it you got it so it leads to Placid paralysis you can see here is the blockage of acetylcholine no acetylcholine is coming out no excitatory only inhibitory right so that is clostridium botulinum right there are three type of botulinum the fourth Bond Bond botulinum and infant botulinum let me show you the foodborne just a second the fourth Bond specially occur in canned food it will be a clue given to you the food is cane put someone is consuming the cane put and after that having the paralysis so that is the food Bond it can be bone Bond so the person is having an accident the spores are present in the soil and spores are contaminating the wound number two and number three it can be infant in the infant you know in the In some cultures honey is given to the infants honey usually contains the spores of clostodium bottle numb so beware if you give honey to any infant before that be sure it is not contaminated with the spores of clostodium bottle numb if you give that the infant will have a flaccid paralysis there is no tone in the infant it is known as floppy baby syndrome what is it known as C it is complete uh flaccid paralysis compete because of inhibition of acetylcholine inside it is known as floppy baby syndrome floppy baby syndrome because of the Placid paralysis so what is the entry of the uh spores inside the body there can be three type of entering via food the cane food buy a wound and buy a infant by a honey honey so you can see it is resulting in floppy baby syndrome let's solve some mcqs based on clostridium botulinum so the first question is in front of you can you tell me the mechanism attraction of botulinum toxin what's the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin yes so what is the mechanism of action yes so is it increased cyclic amp increase cyclic GMP inhibition of acetylcholine or inhibition of non-adrenaline yes you all are right the correct answer is inhibition of the excitatory neurotransmitter that is acetylcholine so no excitation only inhibition yes only inhibition yes the correct answer here is the very good very good uh it is reversible till the new acetylcholine synthesis someone is asking now is it reversible it is not permanent uh it is reversible when the new acetylcholine is released and the toxin there is no more toxin to opposite then it can be reversed the correct answer here is see you all are right can you tell me the next question botulinum causes what it causes descending plastic paralysis descending paralysis or ascending paralysis or ascending paralysis what does it causes so it typically causes Placid paralysis not paralysis is caused by Titanic this one causes flaccid parallel right it causes Placid paralysis you got no point so correct answer here is a right have you got it can I go ahead right so we are done with closet and botulinum also the last velocity I'm only one line clostridium difficult clostridium difficult it causes pseudo membrane formation inside the colon right it causes pseudo membrane formation in the colon It causes a diarrhea in the colon that is pseudo pseudo membrane formation and pseudome membrane ulcerative colitis is the name of the disease how does it causes now humans have colon in the colon we are having good bacteria you know inside our colon let me draw the colon in the colon we are having I'm I'm talking about the colon we are having the good good bacteria we all have good bacteria the common cell bacteria inside our colon what is the good bacteria they do they prevent the infection by the harmful bacteria so this is a good bacteria we all have in our colon that prevent the infection by the harmful bacteria so they create a symbiosis now if someone is having some infections just suppose I'm having a patient he's having any infection in human body any infection he's having pneumonia abscess anywhere any infection for that I am giving antibiotics to the patient antibiotics and I am giving a long duration antibiotics long duration I'm giving for more than 10 days more than 15 days I'm giving antibiotic so what the antibiotic is supposed to do it will kill the bacteria so the person is having some infection pneumonia abscess that's why I'm giving the antibiotic it will kill that bacteria but it will kill the good bacteria also in the colon so in the colon all the good bacterias are killed if we give prolonged course of antibiotic to treat some other disease so what this will happen here the bad bacteria especially clostodium difficult can get the entry and that can form the ulcer in the colon that is known as and it will form a membrane-like it is again a pseudo membrane not a real membrane it is known as pseudo membranous colitis pseudo-membrane colitis in the in the um colon typically it will occur after antibiotic use so you will get a typical clinical question prolonged antibiotic use followed by that patient have abdominal pain and diarrhea abdominal pain and diarrhea due to the ulcer and the pseudo membrane formed by clostridium difficult you got the mechanism yes so prolonged antimatter use is the biggest glue you will get in the question so we will solve a question based on that I'm sorry the question is in front of you can you help me answering a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia a patient is having Al because of the AL patient have neutral neutropenia not the neutropenia patient is susceptible to infection patient is highly susceptible to infection so I'm giving prolonged course of amoxicillin for 10 and this after that which of the following organism is most likely to the positive agent the patient there was diary after that so there is a patient of all having neutropenia I am giving amoxicillin for more than 10 days right for more than 10 days and now the patient develops diarrhea so what's the most common so biggest clue is the antibiotic used for a prolonged time and after that patient have diarrhea so of course of course the answer is clostridium difficult right so I am done with clostridium also with this I have finished gram positive basili also right so we have covered gram positive cocci gram negative cocci and gram positive basili the three categories we have finished here right so yeah listeria is a small one is remaining actinoma series is remaining and these all are still remaining so it will take I guess one and half or two hours more So currently I would like to stop this session this is the remaining bacteria I will cover in part two soon so these are the bacterias which we have covered today the gram positive is the only category which is left with us and currently I would like to stop here thank you for being with me have you enjoyed the session have you enjoyed the session kindly let me know just a second okay ah it's not working just a second so just a second let me tell you something then you people can go okay okay so thank you so much for being with me now I guess you all have exams in the next few days so just before your exams I would like to tell you something so avoid fomo before exam most of the students the problem I found they are facing right now they are they are having fear that they are missing the things now in the last day during the last few days of the exam preparation don't read any new content whatever you have revised now whatever you are read throughout the year throughout your preparation just revise that blindly don't follow any other new source any other new book and don't don't develop fomo in yourself that is the only advice before your exam I would like to give I want you to give your feedback do you find it useful the bacteriology so three categories we have already covered so more than 60 70 bacteriology is done now we are left only with Glam negative basically so we can cover it in one and half hour if you wish I can arrange a session soon and I can cover that also in the similar way we can cover entire virology in the similar way we can cover entire parasitology and mycology in this way we can of an entire microbiology right bacteriology is the biggest portion and we can revise it very quickly like this do you find the session useful yes thank you so much thank you so much for the feedback and thank you so much for your patience for your cooperation and attending the session and giving your precious time to me right and I just want to assure you whatever how many bacterias I taught you today you will get nothing extra in your exam apart from that whatever I have taught you that is more than sufficient you can blindly follow my notes the notes will be available on the telegram channel of the um cerebellum and you can follow that thank you so much study hard bye bye wishing you all the best product for your exams I know you all are going to rock right bye