in this lecture I will be going over the brain first of all when it comes to the brain the adult brain has roughly four regions of the brain of how we approach our study of the brain so the four main regions that we are going to be focusing on in this lecture begin with the cerebrum cerebrum is probably the part when people think about the brain it is the brain um it's this big convoluted area of tissue that sits on top or superior to the um all structures it's also going to be the largest portion of the regions and so when people think of a brain this is usually the structure that they jump to in their mind second structure is going to be the diyon the diyon as you can see is deep inside the brain tissue so it's very deep and interior to the whole structure of the brain third structure then is going to be the brain stem so the brain stem is a continuous of the brain but also is going to meet up with your spinal cord and then the fourth structure is going to be the cerebellum so the cerebellum is going to be positioned posterior and it's going to be more inferior as well please keep in mind that sometimes the cerebellum and the cerebrum are going to get um flipped from each other because they both begin with the letter c but your cerebrum is the larger portion of the brain the cerebellum is going to be the smaller portion next we need to talk about the protection so surrounding the brain you're going to first of course have the bone bone is going to be very strong to help protect the um tissue underneath it and so the bones that are going to be surrounding the brain we often time refer to them as the cranial bones because they have some sort of contact with the brain then surrounding the brain is going to be a continuation of benjes meninges are talked about in the spinal cord part because the meninges are going to be unique in the fact that they only are found around the brain and the spinal cord itself so it's pieces of tissue that help to protect both the brain and the spinal cord so essentially the central nervous system which means it's structurally and physically separated from the rest of the body so the meninges in of themselves are the ones that are identified as the one two and three so the three layers of the meninges from superficial to deep begin with the duramat so the Duram mat is this outermost tissue it's tough It's inelastic it's dense irregula tissue it's does not stretch it's very very strong then we have the arachnoid matter so the word arachnoid means spiderweb so this is going to be tissue that often times is going to look like a spiderweb because it's interweaving of all this mesh work and then we have the Deep Tissue on the surface of the brain called the pamat so the pamat is this thin delicate tissue and it sits directly on top of the brain and spinal cord and it here's the convolutions of those so those are the meninges in and of themselves then in between the menes there's going to be spaces so let's talk about the spaces because these are all of these layers as well as these spaces are the same ones that are found around the spinal cord we have the epidural space so the prefix Epi means superficial or outside Dural referring to that Dura space so this is going to be the space between the bone and the Duram matter that's why it's called an epidural space then we have subdural so sub means below so this is going to be the tissue found below the Duram mat and that's going to be between the Duram mat and the arachnoid m and then we have the sub arachnoid space meaning that also is going to be below so that's going to be the space between the arachnoid matter and the P matter now all of these spaces do serve a purpose uh but when it comes to sub aroid space what's important for you to take note of here is that the cerebral spinal fluid known as the CSF is what's going to be found here in cerebral spinal fluid so cerebral for brain spinal for spinal cord this is going to have this unique tissue that's only going to be found around the brain and the spinal cord and there's more information coming up about the CSF fluid in just a couple slides so here in this picture you can see those layers so of course we're going to have the bone so it's showing you here the parietal bone but then we have the meninges so we're going to have your Duram matter which is shown in the green the arachnoid matter which is going to be that spider Webby tissue and then the red tissue is going to be the Pia matter now obviously this is colorcoded to show you the differences because that's not what it looks like in real life um but that's going to be the three layers of the menes the only space that it's showing you here is this one called the sub arachnoid space so that's going to be the space below the arachnoid mod where that CSF fluid can flow a couple clinical applications of this that you might have heard about is called a epidural hematoma um all and as well as a subdural hematoma hematoma is a bruise so it's a pooling of blood in an area of the body so an epidural hematoma means it's a pooling of blood between your Dura mat and the brain tissue um and so that that blood is pooling there when that blood has no place to go it essentially is going to um be able to to cause pressure onto the brain tissue because brain tissue is somewhat of a similar texture to things like Jell-O so if you put any pressure on Jell-O it's going to separate it's going to change and that's what blood could do if it pulls in this area because it doesn't have excuse me any place to go because of the bonness of the brain tissue and then that um inelastic tissue of the dura so similarly for the subdural this is when you get blood pooling in the subdural space so between the dura matter and the arachnoid matter and it's the same idea here where that blood doesn't have any place to go and so it's going to create pressure on the tissue of the brain and that's what causes the issues here so then another clinical application is menitis so itis means inflammation meni refers to the menis itself so menitis is when those menis are inflamed and menitis can be caused by viruses can be caused by bacteria can be caused by fungi typically classic symptoms with menitis is a very severe headache a high fever and a stiff neck um when people can't turn their neck very well that is considered to be a very classic sign of menitis menitis though can cause extensive damage if it's not treated usually bacterial men gentis is going to be um much more severe symptoms and gratefully there are vaccines for lots of common causing bacterial strains um which is often given in your series of vaccines in childhood so here's a picture just showing you what I was talking about with when you get blood from those hematomas what it's going to do so an epidural hematoma is going to be between your um bone and your Dural tissue here and so that pooling of blood is to put pressure on the brain and that's going to cause damage to the brain tissue and could potentially kill somebody um same thing with the subdural hematoma so that's just going to be pulling a blood below the duramater layer and that puts pressure on the brain tissue so this can also result in somebody dying because that blood just like in the epidural hematoma has no place to go next we're going to talk about the big spaces in the brain so the brain is a lot of tissue but there's also quite quite a bit of space inside of it the space inside of it we call the ventricles the ventricles are the cavities or the spaces within the brain lining those spaces is cells called epidemi cells and epidem cells if you recall were talked about in the nervous system chapter and these are the cells that are going to help produce cerebral spinal fluid and so these cells lining in that space make sense for them to produce the cerebral spinal fluid which is often times again abbreviated c um SF and so that's going to be there in the brain ventricles because the brain ventricles job is to help um this to flow so what happens is that inside the ventricles this fluid is going to be produced but then it has to float around the brain as well as down through the spinal cord and just continue to bathe the brain and spinal cord with this fluid this fluid is unique to just the brain and the spinal cord which is why it's called the CSF so we have two lateral ventricles because in each of your cerebral hemispheres you're going to have this space and that's where your lateral ventricles are going to be positioned then those two ventricles are going to unite and they form the third ventricle so your third ventricle is connected to each of the lateral ventricles by a um piece of or a structure called the inter ventricular fmen so this is an opening and Inter means between so between ventricles foramen this is going to be the opening to connect your lateral ventricles to your singular third and then from there your fourth ventricle is going to be connected to your third by what's known as the cerebral aquaduct and so then from there the fourth ventricle will open up into the uh Central Canal which is down through the spinal cord or it's going to open up into the spaces surrounding the brain and so this is going to be a constant cycling of this fluid through producing it through the epidemi cells and then um into the ventricles and out around the brain so here are the ventricles of the brain so we have your two lateral ventricles so one in each of the hemispheres and then remember those are going to be connected to the third ventricle by the interventricular fan then the two lateral ventricles are going to unite to form a singular third ventricle and a singular third ventricle here and then from there we it will be connected to the fourth ventricle and that's the fourth ventricle here too via a structure called the cerebral Aqueduct and so the cerebral Aqueduct will connect the third to the fourth ventricle then from there the fluid is going to flow out of the fourth ventricle and it can flow down through the central Canal or can flow down around the outside of the brain and just continue to cycle through that so what is cerebral spinal fluid so cerebral spinal fluid also known as the CSF um this is going to again be a fluid that's going to be found just flowing through those ventricles it is a colorless liquid so it doesn't seem like it's going to do a whole lot but within that colorless liquid is where you're going to find all kinds of important nutrients that the brain and spinal cord need to be able to do their function and so this circulates through the um ventricles and then through the subarachnoid space and remember the subarachnoid space is that space in the meninges so it's going to be continuous from the brain down through the spinal cord not only in the central Canal but also around the exterior of it so your cerebral spinal fluid is going to be made through the epidemol cells that are in conjunction with your blood capillaries we call this the Cor oid plexus that production of this fluid then is going to help to do a couple main things the first thing is it's Pro going to provide a bit of buoyancy so the CSF fluid essentially allows your brain and spinal cord mainly your brain to float inside your uh cranial cavity and so every time you turn your head or if you banged your head on something the brain does not run into the bone because it's a buoy that's going to help to make sure that your brain is protected Additionally the buoyancy is going to make sure that your brain does not fall through the whole of the foramin Magnum so it helps keep it in the space of the cranial cavity second thing is that's to provide protection so like just like a buoy in the ocean or a body of water it's going to provide protection because that liquid fluid is going to protect the exterior of the brain and the spinal cord and then the third main thing is that's going to help to transport any nutrients and chemicals to the brain or the spinal cord tissue as it's needed so the CSF fluid again is going to be produced right here in your lateral ventricles and your lateral ventricles then are going to be connected to your third ventricle so lateral ventricle goes through the interventricular framan and it's going to end at your third ventricle which is right here in the middle then from there we get the connection down here to the fourth ventricle and then the fourth ventricle is going to open up down through the central Canal or it can come out and around the brain in the spinal cord tissue through that sub arachnoid space and so that's how it's going to flow around next we're going to talk about the four main parts of the brain so we'll talk about the cerebrum the cerebellum the brain stem and then the Dian seylon so the cerebrum is considered to be the largest um part of the brain it makes up about 83% of the entire brain mass reminder that this is usually the structure when people think about the brain this is what they think about but the cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres you have your right Hemisphere and your left hemisphere um and they are divided by a deeper Groove that we called the longitudinal fissure now they're not entirely divided because a structure called the Corpus colossum which is made of white matter if you recall white matter means the neurons are melinated which means they're faster is going to provide communication between those two hemispheres and so your hemispheres are not fully divided the Corpus colossum connects them um the cerebrum is somewhat separated in the fact that you have your right hemisphere that controls the left side of the body and the left hemisphere controls the right side so this is for motor movement meaning if I'm going to move my left hand that movement comes from neurons that originate on the right hemisphere just like if I'm going to move my right arm then my neurons come from my left hemisphere so it's a crisscrossing of the motor control but the cerebrum is where your personality is at so this is where we know that your intelligence and reasoning is at it's where your thought memory and judgment it's where you voluntary motor so controlling your movement your visual your auditory activities items that you can consciously be aware of often times happen here at the cerebrum going over those structures that we just talked about so we have your left cerebral Hemisphere and then the right cerebral hemisphere so the two hemispheres then it's going to be divided by this longitudinal fisure that's going to not fully separate it out because what's going to connect it is the structure called the Corpus colossum so the Corpus colossum is the c-shaped structure that's going to be white matter that's going to connect the two hemispheres so when it comes to this cerebrum some anatomical structures that are found on them is that your cerebrum is going to exhibit some folds that we call the gyri in between the gyri are going to be grooves or shallow depressions that we call the sulai essentially your brain tissue your cerebrum tissue is larger than the space of your cranial cavity so in order for it to fit inside the cranial cavity it folds upon itself and the folds are the gyri the spaces between the folds are called the sulai this is one of the reasons why humans and Homo sapiens and any other organism that has this folded brain tissue of the cerebrum usually is a higher order species with our analytical ability because it provides more surface area because it's folded if it was flat our heads would be ginormous and so the fact that it folds upon itself and fits inside our brain cavity gives us an advantage because it's a lot of surface area it's just folded when there are deeper grooves in between any structure in the brain we call them fissures so we already talked about the longitud fissure which is going to separate the two hemispheres that is fissures are different than sulai because sulai are shallow fissures are deep in the brain tissue there's going to be your gray and your white matter so your gray matter reminder is going to come from any neuron that doesn't have melinated tissue to it so cell bodies dorites and axons if they don't have any milin on it then it's called unmyelinated and that's gray matter white matter comes from the milin on axons and so it's not fully 100% only neurons that have white matter around them or the milin but large majority yes and in the central nervous system reminder that it's the oo dendrite cell that's going to form the white matter and so that's what we see happening in the brain and the spinal cord your white matter and your gray matter kind of flip-flop from spinal cord to brain tissue so your cerebrum actually has the gray matter on the outside white matter is deeper and then gray matter is even deeper to it and so that's the superficial midlevel and deep whereas the spinal cord is going to be white on the outside and Gray in the Deep matter so the very outermost tissue of your brain excuse me is called the cerebral cortex we call the cereal cortex often times the Executive Suite of the brain because this is is going to be the place where your conscious mind is happening it's your awareness of who you are it's your ability to have sensory perception your voluntary motor communication memory understanding it's your personality that occurs at the structure called the stuple cortex so cerebral because it's on the cerebrum cortex because it's a superficial layer it's a very very very thin layer it's about 2 to 4 millimet thick and it's composed of all kinds of neuron cell bodies dorid Glo cells blood vessels but there are no axons because this is not the place for the Relay of information it's for analytical integration that is happening here the axons are found in the white matter that's going to be deep to the cerebral cortex the cerebral cortex because it's so massive and it's so massive because of the folds of the cerebrum makes up about 40% of your total brain mass when it comes to your tissue here then you have your white matter that's on the outside and your gray matter that's going to be deep so that's a setup for your spinal cord whereas in the brain it goes your cerebral cortex which is the outermost tissue here that's going to be the gray matter then you have the Deep white matter and then you have even deeper gray matter so your cerebral cortex was just talked about that is that outermost superficial layer it's about 2 to4 mm thick and only gray matter so this is where analysis is happening whereas below this in the white matter this is the wiring so the wiring is the white matter the Computing is going to be the gray matter so on the cerebrum there's roughly four loes and the four loes are usually named for the overlying cranial bones so the frontal lobe is called that because it's positioned behind the frontal bone in general the contents of the frontal lobe include things like your voluntary motor functions so your ability to consciously Move Yourself where decision- making planning and a lot of your personality is found at excuse me it also is going to contain a location on the brain called the precentral gyrus I'll talk more about that in a couple slides the parietal lobe then is going to be positioned underneath your prial bone so much more Superior on on your head in general the tissue here is responsible for your sensory so your detection of sensory um the awareness of sensory your temporal lobe then is going to be positioned behind your temporal bone so this is oftentimes involved with your hearing and smell and then your occipital lobe which is going to be posterior because it's um positioned in front of your occipital bone this is for vision it's also for storing your visual memories additional structures that can be found on the external surfaces of the brain in that cerebral cortex is the prial occipital sulcus so this is going to be a Groove a shallow Groove that will separate out the parietal loobe from the occipital loob now most of the brains from person to person are nearly identical but there obviously are nuances that are unique to each person but your parial occipital sulcus as well as this next structure called the central sulcus are fairly Universal everybody has them and they're roughly in the same location on each person so the central sulcus is called Central because it's more medially located but it's going to divide your frontal lobe from your parietal lobe so therefore on either side of the sulcus because remember sulcus me Groove is the fold that we call the gyrus so the precentral gyrus is found in the Pari in the frontal lobe and that's going to be for your motor function so a lot of your control of your muscles voluntary control whereas the post Central gyrus post means behind this is going to be found in the parietal lobe so behind the Central sucus and this is going to be mainly for your sensory function so your detection of actual Sensations going on let's identify those structures on the surface of the cerebrum so this brain is colorcoded brains in real life obviously are not colorcoded so it makes it a bit more challenging to identify the structures but with a color-coded brain here you can see them so we have your frontal lobe and then we have your parial lobe we have your temporal lobe and we have your occipital lobe so reminded the frontal lobe is a lot of your personality memory planning um decision making your control over your voluntary muscles prial lobe is primarily for sensory detection occipital lobe is primarily for vision and temporal lobe is mainly for hearing and smell then those structures that we can make out on everybody's brain is the parietal occipital sulcus so the groove as you can see separates out your parial lobe from your occipital lob and then we have the universal Central sulcus which is centrally located it is that shallow Groove and in front of it we call it the precentral gyrus so the fold on the anterior portion post Central gyrus fold on the posterior side now we're going to dive a little bit deeper into specific areas of the brain and talk about some of the activity that occurs there so the first one is talking about the motor areas remember motor means movement so the motor areas of the brain are going to be responsible for controlling the voluntary motor function and by brain we're still in the cerebrum so we're talking about the area of the cerebrum many of your voluntary motor functions are house within the frontal load specifically a lot of it is positioned on a structure that we call the primary motor cortex because cortex means it's part of that cerebral cortex structure the outer superficial gray matter and we find that in position in the precentral gyrus of the L um this is a large place that's going to be controlling a lot of your voluntary skeletal muscle it's not exclusive this is not the only location but it's a big location for controlling now what we've been able to do with that motor neuron distribution is we can diagram it across the primary motor cortex and we call this the motor homunculus it is going to display the body but it's disproportionate because what it's reflecting is the amount of brain tissue brain neurons that are controlling each of those body parts so here you can see on the left side reminder that we're looking at the brain so anterior to posterior we're looking at the precentral gyrus so this is the map that's positioned in front of the central sulcus here's the body that's laid out across the brain and we can see here that we have a huge disproportionate amount of tissue specifically for the face the lips the mouth whereas the hands are much larger when it comes to your arms your legs your feet a lot more neurons dedicated that area if we were to take take all of those neurons and create a person based upon the proportion of it this is what we would look like now while and so what it showing you here that the places are very very large are the places where you see a large amount of motor fibers so you could say that your lips your tongue your hands you have a lot of motor neurons to those areas for the control that you are able to exhibit and do with those areas so just like you have motor you have to have sensory so sensory is going to be for um your perception your somatic sensory which means body perception your ability to consciously be aware most of it is housed within the parial lob and we can find a lot of it positioned on what we call the primary sensory cortex which is found in the post Central gyrus the somatic sensory lob then is going to be places where you can consciously feel things like touch pressure pain and temperature all of that's going to be positioned here and just like we had the motor homunculus we can have the sensory homunculus and the sensory homunculus allows us to see how much Sensory neurons is going to be dedicated to certain parts of the body so now on the right side in this picture we talked about the left side previously we have the post Central gyrus so the area behind the central sulcus in that parietal lobe and it's for sensory so just like the motor side the sensory is going to be mapped out and where we see a lot of neurons we are looking at that area so we're looking at the face the lips the tongue as well as a large proportion dedicated to the hands now one of the biggest differences when it comes to sensory that you're going to see in the next picture showing you the proportion in a person if we were to look like that is the genitalia notice that the genitalia has a lot of sensory neurons here but you don't see motor neurons on the motor side so here again is that sensory person that if we were to make a person based upon the proportion of neurons you see a lot of that happening in the lips and the tongue a lot of it happening in the hands and then the rest of the body looks very similar to the motor person except for the genitalia so two important other functional areas of the cerebrum is going to be these two areas found in the left hemisphere so you have the Wes areas and Broca's areas so War's area is going to be covering a area both between the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe War area is a key place in your ability to understand um language so it um it's your ability to understand um and comprehend something that's being spoken to you or something that's being written so people have injury to the Wares area they have great difficulty understanding what's being spoken to them or what it is that they're reading now also helping with your speech ability is an area called braa area Broca's area is most commonly found in the frontal Lo bra's area is going to be for motor speech directly involved in any muscles that are necessary for breathing and for controlling your voice and so those two areas work together now this is not exclusive meaning these are not the only Parts but these are primarily parts that are going to be helping with that notice that they're both on the left side though so there's nothing on the right side which means if there's damage down to the right side it commonly is not going to affect your ability to comprehend what's being spoken to you and what you're reading and your ability to talk but if it's happens to be an injury to the left hemisphere this is areas that could be impacted by that injury okay next division of the brain is going to be the Dylon so components of the Dylon basically include anything that contains the word Thalamus so we have the epithalamus the structure just called the thalamus and then the hypothalamus primarily your Thalamus areas epithalamus hypothalamus and just Thalamus are going to be the realiz stations so this is where neurons are going to come and be edited and sorted and moved to where they need to be um they're going to be organized they're going to be sent and it's also where a lot of control of internal organs a lot of Master Control is what's happening here so your epithalamus is going to be a location in the middle of the brain that's going to house a gland called the pineal gland so Epi um Thalamus is going to be usually a bit more posterior in the brain tissue um and that has the gland called the pineal gland the hormone that's being produced here is a hormone called Mel Onin and melatonin is an important hormone to help regulate your sleep awake cycle so melatonin is usually produced when it's dark outside because long before we had clocks and understood when it was time to be awake and time to be asleep is that we were connected to the sun when was sun sun was up our bodies are naturally going to get up when the Sun goes down our bodies would naturally go to sleep and part of that is because of melatonin melatonin is more active when it's dark outside helping you to fall asleep and stay asleep then we have the main structure called the phalus so on the right side is a picture of the phalus and interiorly we can see lots of collections of nerves grouping together and each one of those does a specific function for the body it is obviously not colorcoded in real life but your Thalamus is mainly responsible for being a relay station it's going to be sorting a ferent fibers so that's sensory as they approach the brain or come down from the brain so something will come up to the phalus and phalus will project it where it needs to go and that's what the Thalamus his job is going to do then we have the hypothalamus so hypo means below Thalamus referring to the thalamus structure now the hypothalamus is the place where there's lots of control over internal organ activities particularly it is the master control over a division of the nervous system called the autonomic nervous system and that's your sympathetic and parasympathetic we have a chapter entirely dedicated to the ANS coming up it's also going to be the master control the endocrine system and so what's fascinating about this is the hypothalamus is a dual organ it does both neuronal work and it does both endocrine work and when you get to the endocrine system you're going to learn about the connection of the hypothalamus to the endocrine so it's a dual organ for that the hypothalamus is primitive control over things like your body temperature regulation it's control of your emotional Behavior like your primitive emotions happy sad uh worried fear those are primitive emotions that's what's occurring here and then it's also going to be important for regulating food intake and water intake so the hypothalamus does a big job of controlling a lot of your basic and most important um activities of the body but it is so impactful not only for the nervous system but also for your endocrine system because the endocrine system with hormones is also another controlling system of the body on the right side again we see the hypo hypo means below Thalamus which is the structure right there in the middle I circled it's positioned below that and just like the picture of the thalamus it's not colorcoded so these collections of you know circular structures you see here just show you where some of those neurons are positioned but it's not actually color coded in real life next structure of the brain is the brain stem so the brain stem is going to be a continuation of your um Dian sephylon in the mid mid but also down to your spinal cord and so the three regions of your brain stem you're going to have your midbrain which is B positioned up here then you're going to have your ponds and then you're going to have your medulla oblongata so from Superior to inferior it goes midbrain ponds medulla oblongata one of the key identifiers of knowing that you are looking at which structure of the brain stem is the ponds because the ponds always sticks out just like a belly um this tissue is not defined mind as in it's not a specific starting and ending but we know these areas are going to be containing those structures that support the brain stem activity a lot of what the brain stem is going to do is be for automatic things and activities that occur inside the body as well as for for some reflexes so we're first going to look at the midbrain so a couple structures found in the midbrain that you need to know are these collections of tissue found on the posterior side of the midbrain that is is either called your tectum or sometimes it's called the corpor Quadra gemina quad because there's four there bulges on the posterior surface of the membrane what these do is these are going to be responding to a lot of your vision and your auditory stimulus and particularly referring to reflexes so the two top bulges we call Superior calculi this is for your vision reflex and tracking so if you um are looking at something or something catches your eye and you turn your head towards it that is because the nerves in your Superior calculus help you to recognize that whereas in your inferior calculus this is for your auditory so you hear loud sound and you turn your head in the direction of sound that is your inferior calculus doing those automatic reflexes so here you can see the Corporal quadr gemina also called the tectum positioned on the posterior surface of the midbrain and then those two bulges so you have the two Superior calculi two inferior calculi um creating the boulders of tissue then in the middle we have the ponds so the ponds is going to be pieces of tissue that's located superior to the medulla oblongata largely what the ponds is going to do is it's going to connect the brain to other structures in the brain so here you can see these radiating arrows showing you other places that this is going to communicate to and that's largely what the ponds does so it's mainly fiber tracks that pass through the ponds then the third and inferior division is called the medulla ablang so the medulla ablang is going to contain tissue called the pyramids pyramids are going to be this collection of tissue that's found on the anterior surface and the pyramids are going to be where your fibers that control motor information are going to cross and so we call this area the decussation of the pyramids meaning they're Crossing and it's motor fibers because it's going to be caring that motor movement that you are controlling this is that place then where your neurons on the right side of the brain control the left side of the body and the neurons on left side of the brain control the right side and that's because the crisscrossing happens right here at the medulla oblongata Additionally the medulla oblongata is a place where a lot of automatic things are going to occur for the functions so it's going to help to regulate and control the automatic heart rate respiratory rate vasil constriction of your blood vessels your ability to swallow cough vomiting sneezing hiccuping that is regulated in the medulla oblongata so here you can see in the medulla oblongata again not what it looks like in real life because it's not colorcoded but we can see those collections of neuronal tissue creating groups or centers for that activity to occur so then the final structure of the brain is the cerebellum so the cerebellum is going to be this convoluted surface of tissue and it's covered by a layer of the cerebellar cortex so cerebellum and then the outermost layer is called the cortex each of the layers of the cerebellum are going to be called the Folia so the Folia are the layers of the cerebellum um similarly to the cerebrum there are hemispheres of the cerebellum you have your left and your right hemispheres your hemispheres then can be partitioned into regions your cerebellar cortex is that outermost area of the cerebellum and then the internal white matter often times resembles a tree so we call it the arbor V Arbor for tree V for life so here is a picture of the cerebellum and each one of these kind of flattened layers that you see here where it looks like it's stacked that is called the Folia and then of course you're going to have your left and your right hemispheres um of the brain of excuse me of the cerebellum and then back here in this slice the gray matter along the outside is that cerebell cortex just like we had the cerebral cortex that was gray matter and then the white matter is called the arborite which means again tree of life and that's going to be the wiring of the cerebellum now what the cerebellum does for the body is the cerebellum is going to be important for coordinating and fine-tuning your skeletal muscles it's going to be a place where it's going to remember your ability to use your muscles for activities so things like if your muscles remember how to do a dance move can you ride a bike can you do a shooting a layup it's going to help to regulate that it's good for muscle memory it's also going to be helpful with your balance and equilibrium and it's going to monitor your muscular activity now some people um jump to the idea was if they're not very coordinated doesn't mean that their cerebellum is underdeveloped and that is not the case um your cerebellum's job is for mainly muscle memory helping you to function from a day-to- day and allow your body to know what you're doing okay so a division of the brain that's not necessarily a physical structure but is connected through lots of different divisions of the brain is called the lyic system so lyic system is found both in the cerebral hemispheres as well as the Dian sephylon and so it's this red structure that's outlined here um two main structures we're going talk about in the next slider right here so the amygdaloid body and then the hippocampus the function of the lyic system is to collectively process and experience your emotions those two main structures the hippocampus and the amydala a lot of times have to do with your ability to process and regulate your emotions so the hippocampus is going to assist in your storing of memories and helping to form long-term Memories the amygdaloid body is related to emotion and it can help store emotion depending upon your emotional context when people take um anti-depression anti-anxiety medications usually that is going to act on the hippocampus and or amydala body to regulate those emotions so one of the aspects that sets us apart as Homo sapiens from other creatures and organisms is our higher order brain functions the higher order brain functions include things like our ability to learn our memory our reasoning this is primarily found in that cerebral cortex the Outer Gray tissue of the brain but there's more than one brain region involved um when it comes to this so it's not exclusively found in one location this is going to include both your conscious awareness as well as unconscious processing that you have no idea what's happening your central nervous system um development is going to increase in its complexity with maturation your number of cortical neurons increases with your first year of life and then essentially stops the myelination of your neurons is going to continue mainly for through your first two years of life and then it's usually completed by your teenage years whereas your peripheral nervous system ation is completed past puberty your brain growth is nearly complete at age five and so when people talk about your brain changing or not fully developed when you're teenager to a young adult this is accurate information because physically we can see that it's not fully developed yet so again that Central excuse me Cal cortex out here outlined by the uh Green Arrow is going to be where that higher order brain function is going to occur