The French Revolution was a pivotal moment in history, marking a shift in social and political structures.
Maximilien Robespierre became a key figure, facing execution in 1794 for his role in the revolution.
Context and Prelude
Conciergerie Prison: Known as "death's antechamber."
The revolution aimed to recreate French society and alter human nature through political action.
The French Revolution is often regarded as the most important event in Western history.
The Rise of the Monarchy
Chateau of Versailles: Symbol of monarchy; King Louis XIV established the royal court here.
Louis Capet (Louis XVI): Became king at a young age, described as shy and indecisive.
Marie Antoinette: Arrived in France as a political gesture, struggled to assimilate into the royal court and faced criticism for her extravagant lifestyle.
The royal couple's inability to produce an heir led to widespread gossip and dissatisfaction.
Economic and Political Crisis
Years of mismanagement under Louis XV left the country in chaos.
Population growth strained resources, leading to hunger and unrest.
The aftermath of the Seven Years' War resulted in financial strain on the monarchy.
Enlightenment and Revolutionary Ideas
The Age of Enlightenment challenged traditional authority and class structures.
Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau influenced political thought.
Louis XVI's involvement in the American Revolution exacerbated France's financial problems.
The Estates General and National Assembly
Louis XVI called the Estates General for the first time in 175 years due to financial crisis.
The Third Estate represented the common people and sought a fair voice in government.
Tennis Court Oath: Deputies vowed not to disband until a new constitution was established.
The Storming of the Bastille
July 14, 1789: The Bastille, a symbol of royal tyranny, was stormed.
The act marked the beginning of the revolution and the people's defiance against the monarchy.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man
The National Assembly proclaimed the Declaration of the Rights of Man, asserting sovereignty belonged to the people.
Focus on equality, justice, and civil rights.
The Rise of Radicalism
Maximilien Robespierre: Elected to the National Assembly; became a leading revolutionary figure.
The Jacobins, led by Robespierre, pushed for radical changes and targeted perceived enemies.
The guillotine became an emblem of revolutionary justice, initially seen as a humane execution method.
The Reign of Terror
As the revolution progressed, paranoia grew; anyone suspected of counter-revolutionary actions could face execution.
Robespierre became associated with the terror, arguing it was necessary for the republic's safety.
Danton vs. Robespierre: Danton sought to moderate the terror, but Robespierre viewed him as a threat.
Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
Louis XVI was executed in January 1793. His death marked a significant turning point for the revolution.
Marie Antoinette was tried and executed in October 1793, symbolizing the fall of the monarchy.
The Fall of Robespierre
The Great Terror continued until Robespierre himself was arrested and executed in July 1794.
His death marked the end of the Reign of Terror and a turning point in the revolution.
Legacy of the French Revolution
The revolution established the foundation for modern democracy and set a precedent for future revolutions worldwide.
The enduring questions raised include the justification of violence for societal change, the rights of people against oppressive systems, and the lasting impact of revolutionary ideals.