okay so this is a tutorial on the parts of the brain so this is a basic tutorial and I want to give you an overview of the different parts that make up the brain so there's not going to be huge amounts of detail here but this is just a tutorial to sort of orientate yourself um with regard to structures of the brain so we'll start off by looking at the brain stem so first of all I'll just point out what we're looking at here we're looking at a side view of the brain anterior is this side posterior is this side um and obviously Superior and inferior so you can sort of see the see the brain how it sits there so I'm just going to rotate it around and we'll take a look at the brain stem so I've just removed some of the nerves to make it a bit more clearer so the brain stem is this bit here and it consists of three parts you've got the medulla oblongata the pwns and the midbrain so the Medela oblongata is this bit here which um is um most distal or most inferior and it starts at the end of the ponds and it ends where the spinal cord begins so the spinal cord begins at the um opening of the skull at the fan Magnum and this is where the medulla oblongata ends so just above it you've got the ponds which is this bit here and above the ponds you've got the midbrain so what I'm going to do is just isolate the brain stem so I've just removed all the other structures we're looking at the exact same view you've got the Medill at the bottom the pwns and the midbrain above it so the midbrain is this this region here um and it consists of so at the front you've got these um bits which are called cerebral peed dunkles and at the back you've got these little sort of hills and these are called um the corpora quadr gemina and this is Latin for quad roulet bodies uh cuz obviously there's four four little um bumps so the top ones are called Superior calculi and the bottom two are called inferior calculi and the word calculi is Latin for um lower Hills because of their appearance um so the these calculi sit on the tectum so the tectum is sort of the roof of the midbrain so tectum means roof in Latin so these um corpora quadr gemina sit on the tectum of the midbrain so the midbrain is this structure here you've got the um cerebral ped dunal and you've got the tectum with the four um so in the midbrain you've got loads of nuclei so nuclei are um collections of cell bodies which are contained in the nervous system and sorry in the central nervous system whereas ganglia are um collections of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system so in the brain system there's lots of nuclei which are important for controlling functions like heart rate and blood pressure um and respiration as well as things like the level of Consciousness um and wakefulness and arousal and then you've got lots of cranial nerve nuclei um and nuclei related to the cerebellum which I'm just about to show you so I've just switched back to this mod uh model and I'll just show you the so the cerebellum is this this uh part of the brain which sits behind the brain stem so you can see it here sitting directly behind the brain stem and you can see it's it has these two loes so the cerebellum means little brain in Latin um and this has loads of connections with the brain stem and it's important in motor control um in coordination balance and muscle tone and that sort of thing so if I remove the cerebellum you can and I'll just remove the hemispheres as well so we can see the midbrain here so you can identify them by these um the calic um so that's the midbrain sitting and you can see well this is the dorsal surface of the um uh brain stem so the next part of the brain that we need to talk about is called the D enlon and this is the part of the brain that sits on top of the midbrain and it consists of the thalamus the hypothalamus and the pineale body um or the panal gland which is also called so I've just removed the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum and we're looking at um the back of the brain stem so remember you can see the midbrain here which is easy to notice and then below you've got them um the ponds and the medulla of blata so the midbrain is sitting just above this so you can see this paired structure these paired spher sort of not spherical these oval uh roundish structures these are called the thalami um and they're you've got two two Thalamus two thalami so one on each side and they're joined at the middle via the interthalamic adhesion um so just below the thalamus you've got the hypothalamus which is a little bit smaller um so the hypothalamus sits here so I just got rid of a few of those structures so you can see the the oval shaped Thalamus and the hypothalamus below it and at the back um just here you've got the panel gland so the thalamus is a really important structure to know about because it essentially acts as a switchboard or a Gateway um to the cerebral hemisphere so it relays connections to the cerebral hemisphere uh to the cerebral cortex um of the cerebral hemispheres um and it contains lots of nucleon so the thalamus sends and receives um fibers from the cortex and it's got thalamocortical loops and lots of reciprocal connections so it's important in um many things such as sleep and wakefulness um it's important in coordinating information from uh the various sensory systems um and it also has links to the basil gangula ganglia which I'll come on to talk about and also the cerebel so I've just switched to this lateral view I've removed various structures so you can visualize the thalamus right in the center very clearly so you get a lot of fibers projecting into the thalamus and the thalamus coordinates all this information and IT projects fibers into the cortex and it also receives fibers back from the cortex so you'll often hear the thalamus referred to as a relay or a switchboard or a Gateway um for this reason so the cerebral hemispheres are what most people think of when they think of the brain um so we're looking at this two cerebral hemispheres here you've got a um a right and a left cerebral hemisphere um and the cerebral hemispheres are responsible for higher functions so thinking memory um Consciousness language emotion movement and sensory perception this these kinds of things um so the cerebral hemisphere consists of an outer cortex which is made up of six layers of gray matter um and you've got the inner port portion of the cerebral hemisphere which is made up of white matter so I'm just going to rotate the brain around and I'm going to switch to a diagram uh to illustrate the cerebral cortex so if we take a so imagine just cutting the brain through this axis here so directly we're going to take a um a slice of the brain down here so we're looking at this cross-section of the slice we've just taken um so this is a coronal section um and what I wanted to show you on this um slice is the cerebral cortex so the cortex is the outer part of the cerebrum and it is gray matter so you can see this thin bit on the edge of the cerebrum um this is the cerebral cortex and it consists of up to six layers of neural tissue so um the neocortex is where the cortex has six layers any other parts with um less than six layers are um referred to as the Alo cortex um and this aloe cortex can be subdivided into an Ary cortex and a Paleo cortex so these are parts of the cortex with less than six layers but the neocortex is the one to um uh remember because this is the is the newer sort of evolutionarily newer part of the cortex and is responsible for higher functions like language and conscious thought so the neocortex has six layers so just looking at the outside of this cerebral hemisphere you can see um that there's these grooves and you've got um ridges so the ridges are called gye and the grooves are called suai and you've got lots of um lots of these different grooves and ridges as you can see um and they all have different names but two important ones to remember are the central sulcus which which I'm showing you here with the arrow and the lateral sulcus and I'll do another tutorial which um goes through all these different grooves and ridges but the reason I showed you these um the the two sulai the Central sulcus and the lateral sulcus is because these two suai can be used to um separate some functionally important uh loes of the brain so you've got four loes of the brain which are separated uh by various grooves so anterior to the central sulcus which I'm drawing along here you've got the frontal lobe CU it sits um behind the frontal bone of the skull so this is the frontal Lo that I've outlined in red posterior to the central sulcus you've got the parietal lobe um and this runs like this so I'm outlining this in yellow and this is called the parial Lo because it lies under the parial bone and inferior to the lateral sulcus which I'm drawing on in green we've got the temporal lobe so I'm just outlining the temporal lobe here and it runs like that and right at the back we've got this L here called the occipital Lo which I've just outlined in blue so this is actually this is quite a rough um illustration of the four lobes um but I wanted to show you that the how the Central sulcus and the lateral sulcus are important in um defining these different areas so anterior to the central sulcus you've got the frontal lobe posterior to it you've got the parial lobe and then you've got the lateral sulcus which inferior to the lateral ccus you've got the temporal lobe so the frontal lobe is important in decision making um problem solving and planning the temporal lobe is important in memory language emotion and hearing um and the parial lobe acts as a sort of in integrator of sensory information so it receives and processes sensory information and the occipital lobe um sitting at the back is responsible for vision so that's a very crude overview of their functions but it gives you an idea that different lobes have different functions