Jeffersonian America: 1800-1812

The Election of 1800

John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson (rematch).
Outcome: Federalists lose presidency and Congress.
Significance: First peaceful transfer of power; referred to as the "Revolution of 1800."
Jefferson's inaugural address: "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists."

Key Case: Marbury sued for his commission.
Ruling: Parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 were unconstitutional.
Established Judicial Review: Supreme Court can declare federal laws unconstitutional.

Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party: Founded by Jefferson and James Madison.
Principles: Strict interpretation of the Constitution, limited federal government, focus on agriculture.
Key Actions:
- Eliminated excise taxes, including whiskey tax.
- Reduced national debt and military size.
- Pardoned Sedition Act arrests.
- Kept Federalist Policies: Maintained the Bank of the United States, Assumption Plan.

Background: Spain revoked the right of deposit in Pickney's Treaty; France regained control over Louisiana.
Purchase Details:
- Monroe sent to buy New Orleans for $10 million.
- Napoleon offers all of Louisiana Territory for $15 million due to conflicts in Haiti and with England.
Significance:
- Doubled the size of the U.S.
- Supported Jefferson's vision of an agrarian society.
- Avoided the threat of a French empire in North America.
- Weakened the Federalist Party.
Lewis and Clark Expedition: Explored the Trans-Mississippi West, laid claim to Oregon Territory.

Burr dropped from Jefferson's second term.
Plotted to secede New England states, duel with Hamilton leading to Hamilton's death.
Burr acquitted of treason.

Impressment: Force enlistment of Americans into British Navy; seizure of ships.
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807): British attack on American ship, leading to U.S. outrage.
- Jefferson responds with the Embargo Act of 1807: Banned all U.S. trade with foreign nations.
Consequences of the Embargo Act:
- Economic downturn, especially in New England.
- Increased smuggling and fueled the Industrial Revolution.

Non-Intercourse Act (1809): Allowed trade with all nations except France and England.
Macon's Bill No. 2: Offered to end embargo if France or England respected U.S. neutrality.

Key Figures: John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay.
Advocated for war against England for reasons including:
- Stopping British harassment of American shipping.
- Wiping out Native resistance on the frontier (seen as supported by British).
- Expansion into Canada.

Tecumseh and the Prophet: Organized tribes against American expansion.
Battle of Tippecanoe (1811): Led by William Henry Harrison, a key victory for the U.S. against Native resistance.

Reasons for War Against England:
- British support of Native resistance.
- Continued violations of U.S. neutrality after the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair.
- Pressure from War Hawks and desire for expansion.
- Democratic-Republican favor towards France.