Overview
This lecture covers the process of scientific inquiry, focusing on how observations lead to hypotheses, predictions, and the iterative nature of scientific research.
Observation and Senses
- We sense the world using sight, hearing, touch, taste, and other senses.
- Observations form the basis for questions about what we have sensed.
Forming a Research Question and Hypothesis
- An observation leads quickly to forming a research question.
- A hypothesis is a general idea or explanation for the observed phenomenon.
- Predictions are statements like "If this happens, then that will happen," derived from the hypothesis.
Conducting Research
- Research can involve experiments or observational studies, especially when experimenting is not possible or ethical.
- Once research is conducted, results are collected and analyzed.
Results and Reporting
- Results are analyzed to determine if the hypothesis is supported or not.
- Both positive and negative results are reported in scientific literature.
- If the hypothesis is not supported, it leads to revising the hypothesis and repeating the process.
The Iterative Scientific Method
- The scientific process involves repeating steps: observation, hypothesis, study, analysis, and revision.
- Seeking valid explanations for observations requires repeated testing and refining of hypotheses.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Observation — Noticing or detecting something using the senses.
- Research Question — The specific question that arises from an observation.
- Hypothesis — A proposed explanation for an observation, which can be tested.
- Prediction — What is expected to happen if the hypothesis is correct, typically in "if...then" format.
- Experiment — A controlled test or investigation to assess a hypothesis.
- Observational Study — Research that involves collecting data without manipulating variables.
- Iterative — Repetitive; involving cycles of repeating the scientific steps.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the steps of the scientific method.
- Practice forming a hypothesis and making predictions based on an observation.
- Prepare to discuss examples of observational versus experimental research in the next class.